Metrological Concepts Research Articles

A Morse theoretic approach to the geometrical feature terms specified in ISO 25178-2 and ISO 16610-85

Morse theoretic concepts are today widely employed for the formal characterisation of surfaces and surface features. Although nowhere explicitly mentioned, several core concepts of surface metrology, such as the geometrical feature terms being specified in ISO 25178-2 and ISO 16610-85, are also closely related to Morse theory. The current lack of adequate formal definitions, however, implies that several inconsistencies and ambiguities can actually be found within the two standards. As a consequence, in the present paper the focus is laid on (a) the investigation of the interrelationships between Morse theory and the geometrical feature terms and (b) the presentation of some modifications of the existing definitions in order to eliminate the addressed ambiguities. Apart from the benefit of a consistent topological framework with respect to the definitions of the geometrical feature terms, the application of Morse theory would have the additional advantage that a powerful mathematical tool could be exploited in order to gain new insights into surface structures.

Towards a new generation of digital calibration certificate: Analysis and survey

Calibration Certificates (CC) are essential for maintaining the accuracy of measurement instruments, which in turn are necessary to maintain the quality of products and services. Such certificates are mainly used in legal metrology for quality audits, accreditation and examination processes; and also in the operational metrology to adjust measurement results according to device uncertainty. Paper-based CC (PCC) or a digital copy of the paper format has been successfully used for this purpose for many decades. However, the PCC starts to fail short with the emergence of new technologies and applications that require automated creation, processing and updates of the calibration certificates. The last years have witnessed an intense effort on digital transformation in metrology and especially developing Digital Calibration Certificates (DCC). Until recently, we noticed the lack of agreement on the nature and the usage of such important new metrology artifacts as well as some repetition in the work by different researchers. To help reaching a minimum consensus on the subject, we present in this paper, a thorough analysis of the calibration certificate and the calibration process. Besides that, we aim by this work to provide an overview of the carried research on that point to help peer researchers to view the big picture and to avoid wasting their efforts in repeating same work on same ideas. Consequently, they can recognize the peer researchers and organizations working on the same topics, find available resources, identify research gaps and identify the best potential directions of their efforts as well. Finally, our paper aims also to establish a bridge between the metrological concepts and information technology concepts such that more computer science researchers can be involved in solving the problem.

Estimation of the measurement uncertainty and practical suggestion for the description of the metrological traceability in clinical laboratories.

Clinicians request a large part of measurements of biological quantities that clinical laboratories perform for diagnostic, prognostic or diseases monitoring purposes. Thus, laboratories need to provide patient’s results as reliable as possible. Metrological concepts like measurement uncertainty and metrological traceability allow to know the accuracy of these results and guarantee their comparability over time and space. Such is the importance of these two parameters that the estimation of measurement uncertainty and the knowledge of metrological traceability is required for clinical laboratories accredited by ISO 15189:2012. Despite there are many publications or guidelines to estimate the measurement uncertainty in clinical laboratories, it is not entirely clear what information and which formulae they should use to calculate it. On the other hand, unfortunately, there are a small number of clinical laboratories that know and describe the metrological traceability of their results, even though they are aware of the lack of comparability that currently exists for patient’s results. Thus, to try to facilitate the task of clinical laboratories, this review aims to provide a proposal to estimate the measurement uncertainty. Also, different suggestions are shown to describe the metrological traceability. Measurement uncertainty estimation is partially based on the ISO/TS 20914:2019 guideline, and the metrological traceability described using the ISO 17511:2020. Different biological quantities routinely measured in clinical laboratories are used to exemplify the proposal and suggestions.

Infrastruktura za bezbednost i kvalitet hrane

The METROFOOD-RI is a new European infrastructure that provides high-quality services to the food sector particularly for food quality and safety. Hub and Node model is selected, with a Central Hub in Italy and a network of 48 institutes from 18 countries. The operational part of the physical infrastructure is developed through inventory of equipment, during the METROFOOD-PP project. The state-of-the-art equipment is selected for the service provision particularly for determination of the actual parameters for food safety and quality according to EU and/or National Regulations, and for that purpose is selected e.g., gas and liquid chromatography GC-MS (/MS), and/or LC-MS (/MS)) than ICPMS (/MS), Orbitrap, TOF, Ion trap mass spectrometer (MS), laser-induced plasma spectroscopy, and others. The main parameters in estimating food quality are determination of content of proteins, fat, fatty acids, carbohydrates, fibers, vitamins, microand microelements and providing information about nutritional values, physico-chemical analysis, bioactive compounds, and authenticity. The most important parameters in assessing food safety are the determination of contaminants (mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, trace elements), pesticides and additives, which are regulated by the European regulations: Regulation 1881/2006 for contaminants, Regulation 396/2005 for pesticides, and Regulation 1333/2008 for additives. For addressing all these issues, analytical methods with a high degree of accuracy, precision and sensitivity, and a harmonized system for their application in analytical laboratories are required. Moreover, metrology concept must be applied to provide the basis for reliable measurements and confidence in measurement results, thus impacting the economy and society. Therefore, this pan-European Infrastructure will act in a dynamic way and its services will be adapted to the society needs to offer the best measurement results for ensuring food quality and safety.

Estimativa da Incerteza de Medição Analítica para Quantificação de Carbamato de Etila em Cachaça por GC- IDMS Recalculada com Base em Conceitos Metrológicos e Estatísticos Consistentes

Estimativa da Incerteza de Medição Analítica para Quantificação de Carbamato de Etila em Cachaça por GC- IDMS Recalculada com Base em Conceitos Metrológicos e Estatísticos Consistentes

State primary special standard of length in the field of measurements of deviations from straightness and flatness GET 130-2019

The information on content, theory of operation and metrological concepts of the State primary special standard of length unit in the field of measurements of deviations from straightness and flatness, GET 130-2019, conducted in 2019, is provided. The results of metrological characteristics research of the measuring interference system included in GET 130-2019 are described. With the help of an additional measuring interference system, the unit is reproduced on the basis of fundamental physical constants and the properties of matter – interference, which eliminates additional instrumental sources of errors (uncertainties). The transfer of length in the field of measurements of deviations from straightness and flatness in the range from 0 to 50 μm on the length of the measured surface up to 30 m with the highest accuracy in Russia is ensured. The conducted comparisons proved that metrological characteristics of GET 130-2019 correspond to those presented in the database of measuring capabilities of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) on the already confirmed by means of stationary and autonomous measuring profile length to 5 m, as well as the level of foreign standards, presented in BIPM on the length to 30 m.

Formation of the architecture of Ukraine based on longstanding measurement standards

The article, on the basis of a fundamental study of literature and its thorough analysis, highlights the importance of measurements in the cultural aspect of the development of the country and types of art. The analysis of literary sources is carried out, which confirms the influence of the formation of measurement standards on the development of the main types of art. The relevance of the topic is to show the connection between the development of technical thought and the formation of art forms, which has become one of the foundations of the general development of the culture of the state. I. Babenko, M. Bieliaiev, D. Mendelieiev, E. Kamentseva, B. Rybakov and others made a great contribution to the formation and development of measurement standards that influenced the cultural development of the state. In their fundamental works one can find information on the influence of measurement on formation and development of architecture, arts and crafts. But these materials do not give a complete picture of the conceptual significance of the influence of technical thought on art and the cultural development of the state. The purpose of the article is to show the influence of the technical thought development, namely the metrological foundations, on the development of the arts. The centuries-old history of metrology is useful for the development of society, although its origin and development are covered only in scattered sources. One of the fundamental studies of the origin of measures was the works of I. Babenko “Metrology”, M. Bieliaiev “On ancient and modern Russian measures of extension and weight”, and B. Rybakov in his writings presented fathoms as geometric lines of the calculation table of architects (Babylon). The history of measurements is highlighted in the literature and is mainly devoted to the processes on the formation of metrological concepts among the Skifiia, Sarmatiia, the Zarubinets and Cherniakhiv cultures, the Northern Prychornomoria, of Kyivska Rus, Moskoviia and other. Neither in the ancient world, nor in the Middle Ages there was a metrological service, but there is information about the implementation of standards and storage of measures, as well as about the verification of measuring instruments. Accurate measurements and calculations allowed the architect to achieve harmony in the creation of architectural monuments.

Metrology in chemistry: some questions and answers

This article presents some typical questions from practitioners, trying to implement metrological concepts in their everyday chemical analysis work, and answers to them by the authors, in the context of the authors’ pragmatic view on applying the metrological principles to chemical analysis. Several of the presented questions are staples at training seminars and during on-line courses. The answers to the questions reflect the authors’ opinions and are not always fully in line with the generally accepted positions.

Self-organized synchronization of mechanically coupled resonators based on optomechanics gain-loss balance

We investigate collective nonlinear dynamics in a blue-detuned optomechanical cavity that is mechanically coupled to an undriven mechanical resonator. By controlling the strength of the driving field, we engineer a mechanical gain that balances the losses of the undriven resonator. This gain-loss balance corresponds to the threshold where both coupled mechanical resonators enter simultaneously into self-sustained limit cycle oscillations regime. Rich sets of collective dynamics such as in-phase and out-of-phase synchronizations therefore emerge, depending on the mechanical coupling rate, the optically induced mechanical gain and spring effect, and the frequency mismatch between the resonators. Moreover, we introduce the quadratic coupling that induces enhancement of the in-phase synchronization. This work shows how phonon transport can remotely induce synchronization in coupled mechanical resonator array and opens up new avenues for metrology, communication, phonon-processing, and novel memories concepts.

Metrological and quality concepts in analytical chemistry

Metrological and quality concepts in analytical chemistry

Certifying the intrinsic character of a constitutive law for semicrystalline polymers: a probation test

A study of methodological nature demonstrates the efficiency of a probation test allowing for the intrinsic character of a rheological constitutive law to be assessed. Such a law is considered here for semicrystalline polymers exhibiting necking and for large deformation. In the framework of a law of behavior of $( \dot{\sigma },\sigma , \dot{\varepsilon },\varepsilon )$ , tensile experiments conducted at an imposed constant strain rate $\dot{\varepsilon }_{0}$ bring true stress responses, from which the constitutive (material) parameters can be identified from model-based metrology concepts. The same experiment repeated at various strain rates gives an access to the dependence of the nonelastic parameters on the strain rate. Then the intrinsic law is tested severely by considering a new set of experiments carried out for constant displacement rates of the grips. In that case the specimens show local strain rates that evolve strongly during the test (by a factor of 5–10). The parameter identification process requires the introduction of the exact realized input strain and strain-rate command into the model. Accounting for strain rate dependency additionally requires the knowledge of the preliminary identified strain rate dependence of the nonelastic constitutive parameters for good predictions of the experimental response directly. This is what is proven here. The conclusion speaks in favor of a possible upgrade of international standards for the mechanical characterization of polymers based on constant strain-rate tensile tests and properly applied model-based metrology.

Measuring measurement – What is metrology and why does it matter?

Metrology remains a uniquely important endeavour. A sign of its success and robustness as an infra-technology is that it usually goes unnoticed. This means that it is in danger of being under-valued and under-appreciated. The sure-footing that metrology provides to the quality infrastructure will be especially important as the world grapples with the aftereffects of the COVID-19 pandemic, rebuilding global economies and also re-focusing on addressing global grand challenges and exploiting emerging technologies. In this context it is important and timely to re-examine the concept of metrology and how it relates to the quality infrastructure that it serves, but differs to measurement in general. The concept of metrology as ‘measuring measurement’ is proposed, emphasising the characteristic meta-thought associated with the discipline that distinguishes it from routine measurement.

Optimal estimation of parameters for Schwinger effect

We study the optimal estimation of quantum parameters, in the framework of local quantum estimation theory, for excitations of Dirac field under a strong electric field. The study is carried out by employing the key concept of quantum metrology–quantum Fisher information. We find that the quality of estimation is very sensitive to characteristic parameters of the Dirac field. By suitably designing the characteristic parameters, such as the strength, momentum, mass, charge of the Dirac particles, high-precision estimation of parameters may be realized. Both the constant and pulsed electric field Schwinger effects are considered.

PROBA-3 mission and the Shadow Position Sensors: Metrology measurement concept and budget

PROBA-3 is a space mission of the European Space Agency that will test, and validate metrology and control systems for autonomous formation flying of two independent satellites. PROBA-3 will operate in a High Elliptic Orbit and when approaching the apogee at 6·104 Km, the two spacecraft will align to realize a giant externally occulted coronagraph named ASPIICS, with the telescope on one satellite and the external occulter on the other one, at inter-satellite distance of 144.3 m. The formation will be maintained over 6 hrs across the apogee transit and during this time different validation operations will be performed to confirm the effectiveness of the formation flying metrology concept, the metrology control systems and algorithms, and the spacecraft manoeuvring. The observation of the Sun’s Corona in the field of view [1.08;3.0]RSun will represent the scientific tool to confirm the formation flying alignment. In this paper, we review the mission concept and we describe the Shadow Position Sensors (SPS), one of the metrological systems designed to provide high accuracy (sub-millimetre level) absolute and relative alignment measurement of the formation flying. The metrology algorithm developed to convert the SPS measurements in lateral and longitudinal movement estimation is also described and the measurement budget summarized.

Laser metrology concept consolidation for NGGM

The measurement of the static and temporal variation of Earth’s gravity field yields important information on water storage, seasonal and sub-seasonal water cycles, their impact on water levels and delivers key data to Earth’s climate models. The satellite missions GOCE (ESA), GRACE (US-GER) and just recently GRACE Follow-On (US-GER) resulted in a significant improvement on our understanding of the system Earth. To further improve the measurement accuracy of the time-variable gravity field, ESA is investigating the concept of a ‘Next Generation Gravity Mission’ (NGGM), consisting of two pairs of satellites and a heterodyne laser interferometer for inter-satellite ranging. Based on the heritage of the development of the laser ranging interferometer for GRACE Follow-On and the former and ongoing studies for NGGM, two schemes for the Laser Metrology Instrument (LMI) for NGGM, namely the transponder and the retroreflector scheme have been investigated and are presented in this paper. The results include the instrument ranging performance analyses, the laser link acquisition, an instrument reliability assessment and redundancy approach as well as the Technology Readiness Level assessment of the individual instrument units.

METROLOGY IN ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL SCIENCES: HISTORICAL AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE

Coverage of the problem of metrology in accounting and analytical sciences allows you to create theoretical and methodological foundations of accounting-analytical systems of economic entities in the modern economy. In particular,the content and structure of metrology in accounting and analytical sciences are investigated, directions of development of metrological approaches are revealed and their analysis is carried out. Metrology is generally considered by science to be practical. However, it is based on a theoretical foundation that is closely linked with practice intertwined and interdependent and unity, which is fully reflected in metrology concepts. In accounting and analytical practice, regardless of areas human activity, at the basis of any measurement used parameters of the human body, namely: the thickness of the finger; palm width; length elbow; foot length; step width. Important role in the economy of highly developed centers of civilization played calendars that use for time digit. At the same time in content the calendar should be seen as a form of systematic accounting of time. The phenomenon of metrology in time dimension and emerging calendars is analyzed in the Ancient World, constantly being refined and modified, playing an important role in accounting practice. Grouped by meaningful classification criterion, metrological basics time and cost indicators, and this is the basis for the author's suggestion periodization of the development of accounting and analytical sciences. This periodization covers everyone periods of use of different value meters: ancient Greek systems; the ancient Roman system; monetary systems of the Middle Ages; monetary systems of modern time; today's monetary system of Ukraine. Metrology is largely related to the standardization of accounting and analytical sciences. Standardization in accounting and analytical sciences is development and establishment of requirements, rules, norms, characteristics for the purpose achieving optimum coherence in a particular industry, the result of which is increase the degree of compliance of accounting entities with metrics that formed at the level of government. National standards set appro­pri­ate requirements for the process of accounting for assets, their valuation and summarization in the financial statements, as well as the application of standard documentation and flow charts. The results of the study broaden the range of metrology perception in accounting and analytical sciences, taking into account historical experience and systematic approach, which can be used to solve today's problems of accounting and analytical process organization. Keywords: metrology, measuring instruments, accounting and analytical sciences, indicators.

Meteorology and metrology: Evaluating parallels in the Ethiopic Parables of Enoch and 2 (Slavonic) Enoch

This article will examine a set of distinctive conceptual and terminological combinations in the Ethiopic Parables of Enoch and the Slavonic 2 Enoch, associated with the meteorological elements and their angelic custodians/managers. These texts contain extended accounts of the storehouses (or treasuries) within which the elements are stored, and they exhibit a particular interest in how their angelic custodians distribute the elements to the earth; the imagery of distribution is, in turn, connected to metrological concepts informed by the imagery of a righteous balance (or scales). We will consider how other texts offer limited parallels to these combinations, a comparison that will help to illustrate the particularly close connection between the Parables of Enoch and 2 Enoch. The closest parallels are found in 3 Enoch, though here we will also see some striking developments that suggest the Ethiopic and Slavonic works preserve traditions from an earlier point of evolution. Some suggestive parallels will also be noted in works of Syrian origin, which might cast new light on the provenance or transmissional pathways of the Parables of Enoch and 2 Enoch.

Applying the science of measurement to biology: Why bother?

Both basic and translational research are continuously evolving, but the principles that underpin research integrity remain constant. These include rational, hypothesis-driven, and adequately planned and controlled science, which is carried out openly, honestly, and ethically. An important component of this should be minimising experimental irreproducibility. Biological systems, in particular, are inherently variable due to the nature of cells and tissues, as well as the complex molecules within them. As a result, it is important to understand and identify sources of variability and to strive to minimise their influence. In many instances, the application of metrology (the science of measurement) can play an important role in ensuring good quality research, even within biological systems that aren’t always amenable to many of the metrological concepts applied in other fields. Here, we introduce the basic concepts of metrology in relation to biological systems and promote the application of these principles to help avoid potentially costly mistakes in both basic and translational research. We also call on funders to encourage the uptake of metrological principles, as well as provide funding and support for later engagement with regulatory bodies.

Quantifying quantum invasiveness

We propose a resource theory of the quantum invasiveness of general quantum operations, i.e., those defined by quantum channels in Leggett-Garg scenarios. We are then able to compare the resource-theoretic framework of quantum invasiveness to the resource theory of coherence. We also show that the Fisher information is a quantifier of quantum invasiveness. This result allows us to establish a direct connection between the concept of quantum invasiveness and quantum metrology, by exploring the utility of the definition of quantum invasiveness in the context of metrological protocols.

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analysis of InGaAs nanostructures

In this work, the authors demonstrate that Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) can be extended from a metrology concept applied to blanket films toward a method to analyze confined nanostructures. By a combination of measurements on an ensemble of devices and extensive simulations, it is feasible to quantify the composition of InGaAs nanostructures (16–50 nm) embedded periodically in an SiO2 matrix. The methodology is based on measuring multiple fins simultaneously while using the geometrical shape of the structures, obtained from a transmission electron microscopy analysis, as input for a multitude of trajectory calculations. In this way, the authors are able to reproduce the RBS spectra and to demonstrate the sensitivity of the RBS spectra to the quantitative elemental composition of the nanostructures and to variations of their shape and mean areal coverage down to one nanometer. Thus, the authors establish RBS as a viable quantitative characterization technique to probe the composition and structure of periodic arrays of nanostructures.