Metric Tons Of CO2 Research Articles

Innovation in clean energy from man-made wind and small-wind generation

The need to reduce global emissions leads us to look for various sources of clean energy. In recent decades, wind technology has advanced significantly, enabling large-scale power generation in both marine and terrestrial environments, as well as the development of mini-wind solutions. However, we often underestimate the capacity of certain human activities and production processes to generate clean energy, wasting their true potential. This work focuses on using artificially generated wind gusts to transform them into clean electricity through small wind turbines. The proposal is developed in four phases: (1) identify activities that generate wind, (2) collect data on wind speed and direction, (3) perform a descriptive statistical analysis of the wind resource, and (4) select the appropriate technology to calculate the electricity generation. The proposal is evaluated using the air flow produced by the air conditioning systems of a data center in Colombia. The results are analyzed from technical, economic, environmental, and political perspectives. Through small wind power, an annual production of approximately 468 MWh is estimated, avoiding the emission of 300 metric tons of CO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{CO}}_2$$\\end{document}.

Harnessing the Power of Renewable Energy: A Study of Sustainable Sources and Technologies

This research investigates the capacity of renewable energy technologies to fulfill global energy requirements while mitigating environmental effects, concentrating on primary sources like sun, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. It evaluates the efficacy of various technologies for energy production, efficiency, economic viability, and reduction of carbon emissions. The findings underscore notable progress in solar and wind energy, demonstrating considerable efficiency enhancements (5% for solar PV, 10% for wind turbines) and cost reductions (67% and 64%, respectively) during the last decade. Hydropower is the most efficient energy source, converting 90% of available energy, albeit it is geographically constrained. The research highlights the environmental advantages, noting that renewable technologies substantially decrease CO₂ emissions—hydropower and wind energy prevent 250,000 and 120,000 metric tons of CO₂ annually, respectively. Nonetheless, obstacles such as the variability of solar and wind energy, elevated expenses associated with biomass and geothermal energy, and regional variations in implementation persist as substantial impediments. The research highlights the need for further developments in energy storage, grid modernization, and legislative assistance to expedite the worldwide shift towards renewable energy. This study synthesizes current statistics and trends, emphasizing the vital role of renewable energy in attaining a sustainable, low-carbon future, while also tackling ongoing economic and infrastructural problems.

Land Use and Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Kou Watershed, Burkina Faso

Background: Soil organic carbon is an indicator that must be considered when assessing the sustainability of agroecosystems. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the impact of different land use patterns on soil organic carbon stock and the contribution of this component to climate change mitigation. Methodology: soil samples were taken from depths of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm along diagonal transects of study plots, with seventy-two composite samples collected in total. Results: Soils in the riparian zone (23.77%) and irrigated crops (25.73%) were found to be the richest in clay. Only clay content was positively correlated with soil depth (r=0.104). The Kruskal-Wallis test shows that the amount of carbon varies significantly (p-values between 2.510-4 and 7.910-4) across land use/land cover classes (LULC). Wetland (28.91 ± 2.83 t/ha) and woody savannah (28.53 ± 4.24 t/ha) had the highest carbon stock, and shrub savannah had the lowest (12.77 ± 0.82 t/ha). The carbon stock at a depth of 0-15 cm exceeds that found at 15-30 cm. Over the 1,330.80 ha of the Kou River riparian buffer zone, the total atmospheric carbon sequestered in the soil was 119,833.27 metric tons of CO2. Conclusion: The carbon sequestration capacity of the Kou River’s riparian zone is significant in the context of climate change mitigation.

Too Far? Autonomous vehicles, travel demand, and carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden

This article envisions that by the middle of this century fully self-driving Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are available for private use. By considering how AVs can affect the utility of being in the vehicle, and accounting for the utility of being able to transport oneself to and from various locations, we derive the consumer surplus of having an AV and evaluate that against the cost of adopting the technology. This break-even calculation is used to evaluate AV purchase and consequent impacts on increase in travel demand and lifecycle CO2 emissions for different income groups for different assumptions concerning the Value of Travel Time, transport demand elasticity, AV technology costs, interest rates, and the possibility to work in the car or not. The modelled results show that all income groups purchase AV given low technology cost, and the highest income groups purchase AV under most conditions. Changes in demand elasticity and the value of travel time have the largest effect on vehicle miles traveled, which could be as much as 50 additional kilometers daily per driver. Even in a scenario consistent with the Paris Agreement, this implies an annual carbon footprint of 0.42 – 0.86 metric tons of CO2 per driver from personal car travel in Sweden.

Atmospheric alchemy: The energy and cost dynamics of direct air carbon capture

Abstract Amid a relentless global climate crisis, the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) spotlighted Direct Air Carbon Capture (DACC) as a key intervention to mitigate escalating temperatures and CO2 levels. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) underscores the urgency of this challenge, stipulating the need for robust CO2 removal strategies. It sets a daunting yet crucial target: capture 85 million metric tons of CO2 by 2030, escalating to 980 million metric tons by 2050, to achieve net-zero emissions (IEA, Executive Summary—Direct Air Capture 2022—Analysis. https://www.iea.org/reports/direct-air-capture-2022/executive-summary). Despite this imperative, the existing 19 operational DAC facilities globally face significant barriers, including prohibitive costs and stringent regulations, which impede their large-scale application (Ozkan et al.). Current status and pillars of direct air capture technologies. Iscience (2022). While COP28 stopped short of delineating a definitive roadmap for DAC, this article addresses a vital aspect of this technology: DAC processes’ substantial energy and heat requirements, which are integral to their operational efficiency and economic viability. This article illuminates pathways for future technological evolution and cost optimization through an in-depth analysis of these requirements, thereby charting a course toward a more effective and scalable DAC infrastructure. Graphical abstract Highlights With atmospheric CO2 exceeding 420 ppm, the clock is ticking on the climate crisis. DAC offers a revolutionary approach to directly remove this excess CO2, acting as a critical tool in our fight for a sustainable future. However, current DAC systems face the challenge of high energy consumption. Continuous fan operation for air intake and sorbent material regeneration, consuming nearly 2000–3000 kWh per ton of CO2 captured, are major contributors. Optimizing these processes is crucial. Advancements in sorbent efficiency, system design that minimizes parasitic energy losses, and seamless integration with renewable energy sources are key to slashing DAC’s energy demands. By reducing its carbon footprint and enhancing economic viability, these advancements can unlock the full potential of DAC to become a game-changer in combating climate change and securing a cleaner future for our planet. Discussion Given the significant energy and heat requirements of DACC processes, what technological innovations are necessary to make these systems more energy efficient and economically viable? Considering the substantial energy demands of DACC processes, what are the most promising avenues for reducing these requirements to enhance the technology's scalability and cost-effectiveness? How can current technological limitations be overcome to scale up DACC effectively? What role could renewable energy sources play in meeting the energy and heat demands of DACC facilities, and how might this integration impact the overall carbon footprint of the carbon capture process? How do the energy and heat requirements of DACC technologies influence their location and infrastructure needs, particularly in relation to energy sources and heat sinks? What technological innovations or advancements are currently being explored to optimize the energy and heat efficiency of DACC processes, and what challenges do they face in terms of implementation and scaling? Given the significant role of DACC in achieving net-zero emissions targets, how can policy and regulatory frameworks be designed to support the development and deployment of energy-efficient DACC solutions?

A techno-economic assessment of conventional and modified Solvay processes for CO2 capture and reject brine desalination

The ongoing discharge of desalination reject brine and emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment pose a major threat to the ecosystem. In this context, the Solvay process presents a potential mitigation scheme for reducing reject brine salinity while simultaneously sequestering CO2. This work reports for the first time a systematic techno-economic assessment of the conventional (ammonia-based) and modified (calcium hydroxide-based and Potassium hydroxide-based) Solvay processes. The model evaluates the effect of reactor conversion, inlet CO2 weight%, inlet CO2 temperature, gas/liquid ratio, and brine flow rate on the CO2 and Sodium ions removal. In addition, the process cost associated with each parameter was analyzed, and the impact of implementing carbon tax on process profitability was investigated. Furthermore, the Solvay processes were evaluated using economic metrics including Net Present Value (NPV), economy of scale, and Levelized cost of water. The results suggest that the calcium hydroxide-based modified Solvay process outperforms other processes in terms of CO2 and Sodium ions removal. Moreover, for the studied parameters, the calcium hydroxide-based modified Solvay process demonstrated economic viability, yielding a decent annual profit. However, the conventional Solvay process requires a remarkable amount of expenses, yet after the implementation of 40 dollars per metric tons of CO2 as a carbon tax, the conventional Solvay reaches the break-even point. These findings underscore the importance of implementing environmentally friendly practices in the industry, as the modified Solvay process proves to be a promising solution for mitigating environmental threats and promoting sustainable operations.

Navigating sustainability in the US: A comprehensive analysis of green energy, eco-innovation, and economic policy uncertainty on sectoral CO2 emissions

The United States is the world's second-largest polluter, generating 4.7 billion metric tons of CO2 in 2020. To combat it, the US is targeting a precise goal of 50–52 percent decrease in net CO2 emissions from 2005 levels by 2030. Hence, it is vital to determine the critical factors contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With this motivation, this study examines dynamic link between green energy transition, eco-innovation, economic policy uncertainty, energy use, economic growth, and sectoral CO2 emissions (SCO2) in the United States from 1980 to 2020 by using novel Quantile-On-Quantile Regression (QQR) and Granger causality in quantile approaches. The results show that the quantiles of the green energy transition are positively related to all SCO2 quantiles. While eco-innovation and SCO2 are marginally favorable in the lower to higher quantiles, positive slope coefficients showcase the effect of economic policy uncertainty on SCO2 in the 0.2–0.95 quantiles. Similarly, SCO2 and the energy use showed positive and negative results across quantiles, whereas QQR slope coefficients between SCO2 and economic growth are positive and negative throughout the quantiles. Suggests that investment in green energy and eco-innovation also reduces economic policy uncertainty by delivering energy for all sectors is vital if SDG-7 is executed by 2030.

Bangladesh towards green growth: a review of environmental sustainability indicators

Pursuing green growth is crucial for Bangladesh to transition from an unsustainable economic trajectory to a more sustainable and inclusive one. Bangladesh is picked for this study because of impending and severe economic and environmental threats. This study intends to review the present scenario of various environmental sustainability-related indicators in Bangladesh, focusing on renewable energy consumption, freshwater resources, water productivity, CO2 emissions, energy intensity, air pollution, and natural resource rents. The World Bank database has been utilized to obtain secondary time series data of Bangladesh spanning from 2000 to 2020. As a descriptive study, cross-sectional and observational research methods as well as descriptive statistics and figures are used to elucidate the secondary data. Data demonstrate that Bangladesh now generates 41.16% of its energy from renewables, despite considerable variability. Regardless of the variation in freshwater availability, averaging at 708.19 cubic meters per capita, efficient water productivity remains consistent, indicating a robust water management system. The country demonstrates a relatively low carbon footprint, emitting 0.35 metric tons of CO2 per capita, alongside varying energy intensity levels, highlighting the need for enhanced efficiency measures. While pervasive PM2.5 air pollution poses a significant health risk, Bangladesh's reliance on natural resource rents underscores the importance of sustainable resource management practices for long-term economic stability. The observations of this study might assist in the formulation of policies of water management systems, air pollution control initiatives, and conservation of ecology to promote Bangladesh's long-term sustainability objectives and formulate policies.

Assessment of solar-biomass hybrid power system for decarbonizing and sustainable energy transition for academic building

Solar-biomass hybrid power system is a feasible approach for decarbonizing and achieving a sustainable energy transition in an academic building. This cutting-edge technology generates clean, sustainable power by fusing the advantages of biomass and solar energy. The present research analyses and optimises a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) for the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University (located at 28°44' N and 77°06' E). Hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) software is employed for simulation, and analysis primarily focuses on the techno-environomic assessment of the system. HRES is designed to fulfil daily energy consumption of 588 kWh at a peak load of 65 kW. System generates 3,76,780 kWh of power every year. The cost of energy (COE) is ₹16.96 (US$ 0.207)/kWh and the gross net present cost (NPC) is ₹41,603,969.8 (US$ 5,07,737). Throughout lifetime (25 years), biomass gasifier and solar PV contribute 23.4 % and 76.6 % of the total energy production. Around 161 metric tons of CO2 is prevented from entering the atmosphere. Therefore, proposed HRES is technically consistent, dependable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable.

Private Landowner Willingness to Manage Their Land for Carbon Sequestration in New York State

Abstract Efforts to enhance carbon sequestration, including afforestation and reforestation, are critical strategies to meet the New York State (NYS) climate goals. In NYS, converting underutilized lands to mature forests can mitigate 4.9 million metric tons of CO2 annually, but 97% of suitable lands are privately owned. These mitigation figures do not consider landowner willingness to grow mature forest. Drawing on a survey of 979 NYS landowners, we explored interest in growing mature forest, potential barriers, and how they can be mitigated. Survey results indicate landowners seem reasonably interested (about one-third were “very interested”) in converting at least some of their land to mature forest for carbon sequestration. Respondents were most willing to convert land in young forest and shrubland and least willing to convert fallow fields, grassland, and agricultural land. Key barriers are related to inadequate labor and financial resources. Incentives focused on finances most increase willingness but only modestly so. Study Implications: Land availability for carbon sequestration can only be realistically understood if we consider private landowner willingness to grow forests. We observed relatively strong enthusiasm for converting young forest and shrubland. Land conversion proponents could tailor management and communication strategies to owners of these land types. Conversion is tied to overcoming negative attitudes about the potential conflict between current management and managing for carbon sequestration and providing resources for conversion. Landowner willingness was less when the agricultural footprint was greater. With much farmland in NYS, the amount of land available for reforestation may be lower than what landcover-based estimates suggest.

Evaluation of the Carbon Footprint of Wooden Glamping Structures by Life Cycle Assessment

Despite the increasing popularity of glamping structures, empirical studies often overlook the carbon impact of wood in these constructions, creating a significant research gap. Understanding the net carbon effect of wood in glamping structures is crucial for informing sustainable building practices. This paper aims to quantitatively compare the net carbon impact of wood in glamping structures, filling a notable gap in the current research literature. The investigation undertakes a thorough evaluation employing a life cycle methodology, appraising the emissions linked with the complete glamping life span. Seven Romanian companies are examined vertically within the glamping production chain and horizontally across the supply value chain. The investigation unveils a notable discovery: the integration of wood within glamping yields considerable carbon sequestration, wherein the wood employed sequesters 36.83 metric tons of CO2 per glamping unit. This surpasses the carbon emissions entailed throughout the entirety of the glamping life cycle, ranging from 9.97 to 11.72 metric tons of carbon. Remarkably, a single wood-incorporated glamping structure has the capacity to sequester approximately 25 metric tons of carbon within a span of 50 years. In summary, the investigation underscores the capacity of responsibly sourced timber to function as a carbon reservoir, proficiently counterbalancing emissions across the entirety of the construction life cycle. The findings underscore the importance of sustainably sourced wood in achieving carbon neutrality and provide valuable insights for promoting sustainable building practices. This methodology has broad applicability beyond glamping structures, holding potential for replication and scalability across various sectors and regions, thereby contributing to global efforts towards mitigating climate change and fostering positive environmental change.

Carbon footprint and associated environmental impacts of fisheries on the Pulicat region, Southern India: A preliminary study

The current research analyzed carbon emissions resulting from fossil fuel consumption in the Pulicat region. This area is home to approximately 3500 motorized boats dedicated to fishing activities. Through this comprehensive study, we assessed the fuel consumption and subsequent carbon emissions within the motorized fishing sector. Our investigation revealed that traditional fishing methods in Pulicat Lake consumed 148,515 L of fuel whereas fishing methods along the Pulicat coast consumed a substantial 1650,429 L of fuel during the study period spanning from June 2022 to May 2023. In total, the Pulicat region accounted for the consumption of 1798,944 L (1547.1 metric tonnes (MT)) of fuel, contributing a mere 0.00004% to the global fuel consumption levels attributed to the small-scale fishing sector. Furthermore, the cumulative CO2 emissions resulting from fishing activities in the Pulicat region amounted to 4731.23 MT, representing a 0.001% of the overall CO2 emissions attributed to the Indian fishing sector. Remarkably, the Pulicat region emitted 1.05 MT of CO2 to capture 1 t of fish during the study period. The average CO2 emissions of fish stood at 1.08 MT of CO2/ ton of fish. Our analysis revealed that October 2022 recorded the highest carbon emissions per ton of fish at 1.45 MT of CO2 whereas May 2023 exhibited the lowest carbon emissions at 0.54 MT of CO2/ ton of fish. Within the Pulicat region, the use of crab lift net fishing methods in the lake (0.10 MT of CO2 per ton of fish) and purse seine techniques along the coast (0.65 MT of CO2/ ton of fish) emerged as the most energy-efficient fishing methods among the various alternatives. This study offers an in-depth exploration of carbon emissions originating from the Pulicat region’s fishing activities, providing valuable insights into the environmental impact of this crucial sector.

Harnessing Biogas in India: A Sustainable Pathway for Sustainable Energy Development

The review underscores the pivotal role of the Indian biogas sector in addressing the challenges posed by inadequate sanitation practices, exploring how the biogas sector is a potentially transformative force for waste management and energy production. Decentralized biogas facilities utilizing various organic materials, including agricultural waste, kitchen waste, organic industrial waste, sewage sludge, and floral waste, have reshaped rural landscapes. These facilities electrify remote villages, benefiting over 5 million residents and reducing energy expenses by 40%. Critically, these efforts preserve vital ecosystems, exemplified by the rejuvenation of 10,000 hectares of mangroves in the Sundarbans, sequestering an impressive 500,000 metric tons of CO2 annually. Innovative technologies, such as the anaerobic digestion process and advanced biogas production systems featuring improved gas purification techniques, two-stage digesters, and optimized feedstock mixtures, play a crucial role in this sustainability journey. These advancements boost biogas yields by 20%. Importantly, byproducts like digestate are efficiently upcycled into 500 Mt of high-quality biofertilizers annually, significantly enhancing crop yield, particularly wheat and maize, by 15%. Moreover, the transformative impact extends to environmental sustainability by converting digestate into 1,000 Mt of biodegradable plastics, leading to a 30% reduction in traditional plastics usage. Government support and well-crafted policies have been instrumental, with subsidies driving the adoption of biogas digesters in 50,000 households, creating 5,000 jobs, and reducing methane emissions by 2 MMt annually. Biogas catalyzes integrated sustainability, accompanying cleaner environments, improved livelihoods, and resilient ecosystems by harmonizing sanitation, energy, and ecosystem preservation.

Pediatric telemedicine visits reduce greenhouse gas emissions

IntroductionThe planet is facing a substantial crisis of global warming from the burning of fossil fuels. The global healthcare system contributes to 4.4 % of global emissions part of which can be attributed to patient travel. Telemedicine has the opportunity to provide care while obviating the need for travel. We hypothesized that the use of pediatric telemedicine will decrease carbon emissions. MethodsWe performed a review of a prospective electronic medical record system of all children that presented to an outpatient children's hospital center from August 2019 through February 2022. The primary outcome was the number of telemedicine visits that occurred per month during the time period. The home zip code for each patient was included and used to calculated the median round trip distance to travel to the outpatient clinic. The EPA greenhouse gas equivalents calculator was utilized to convert car emissions data to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions data. ResultsOver the investigation period, there were 20,845 pediatric telemedicine visits. The travel distance that was eliminated was 1,562,716 miles (roundtrip). Using an estimate of 22.5 miles per gallon, this represents a savings of 69,454 gallons of fuel, which translates to 618 metric tonnes of CO2 saved. ConclusionIn children, telemedicine can decrease time away from school, work for parents, need for childcare, as well as the cost and time for travel. Pediatric telemedicine use can benefit the environment through the substantial reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.

Transforming the transportation sector: Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through electric vehicles (EVs) and exploring sustainable pathways

Transportation-related emissions in Pakistan have been rapidly increasing in recent years. This study aims to determine how important it is to electrify road transportation in Pakistan to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. Motivated by the need to tackle the growing environmental issues related to conventional fuel-powered automobiles, this research explores the application of electrification techniques in the context of Pakistan’s transportation system. During the 2019 fiscal year, the transportation industry in Pakistan consumed 23 × 106 tonnes of energy from the burning of fossil fuels and produced 52.9 × 106 metric tons of CO2, which made up 31% of the country’s total carbon emissions. In this research, different scenarios, such as business as usual, low carbon, strengthen low carbon, and Pakistan National Electric Vehicle Policy 2040, are evaluated for the transportation sector of the country. Using the LEAP model, this study projects the effects of electrification on Pakistan road transportation over 30 years. When estimating how electrification will affect road transportation in Pakistan over the next 30 years, several factors were taken into account, including policy frameworks, changing consumer behavior, technology advancements, and infrastructure improvements. The analysis covered the emission levels, adoption hurdles, and possible advantages of transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs). The outcomes illustrate that adopting EVs can produce substantial drops in fuel consumption and environmental emissions, providing a sustainable solution to mitigate global warming. This work is directly associated with various Sustainable Development Goals, including SDG3 (good health and well-being), SDG7 (affordable and clean energy), and SDG13 (climate action). The results of this study highlight the considerable potential for GHG reduction associated with the widespread adoption of EVs, offering crucial insights to stakeholders and policymakers.

Green production management in the aluminum industry: A sustainable approach towards environmental performance

Implementing green production management (GPM) practices has become increasingly vital for ensuring a sustainable future. Integrating green scientific research into the aluminum industry is imperative for achieving economic and environmental benefits. Despite being touted as a "green metal," the aluminum production process presents significant sustainability challenges. Notably, the industry contributes a substantial 3% to global carbon emissions, with the production of one metric ton of primary aluminum releasing 10-20 metric tons of CO2. Thus, reducing these emissions is critical to promoting environmental sustainability within the industry. This article meticulously examines this pressing issue and analyzes potential strategies to foster a greener aluminum production process. The intrinsic value of this study lies in its capacity to make substantive contributions towards environmentally sustainable practices in this specific industrial domain.

3D Quantification of Pore Networks and Anthropogenic Carbon Mineralization in Stacked Basalt Reservoirs.

Basalt formations are promising candidates for the geologic storage of anthropogenic CO2 due to their storage capacity, porosity, permeability, and reactive geochemical trapping ability. The Wallula Basalt Carbon Storage Pilot Project demonstrated that supercritical CO2 injected into >800 m deep Columbia River Basalt Group stacked reservoir flow tops mineralizes to ankerite-siderite-aragonite on month-year time scales, with 60% of the 977 metric tons of CO2 converted within 2 years. The potential impacts of mineral precipitation and consequent changes in the rock porosity, pore structure, pore size, and pore size distributions have likely been underestimated hitherto. Herein, we address these knowledge gaps using X-ray microcomputed tomography (XMT) to evaluate the pore network architecture of sidewall cores recovered 2 years after CO2 injection. In this study, we performed a detailed quantitative analysis of the CO2-reacted basalt cores by XMT imaging. Reconstructed 3D images were analyzed to determine the distribution and volumetric details of porosity and anthropogenic carbonate nodules in the cores. Additional mineralogic quantification provided insight into the overall paragenesis and carbonate growth mechanisms, including mineralogic/chemical zonation. These findings are being used to parametrize multiphase reactive transport models to predict the fate and transport of subsurface CO2, enabling scale-up to commercial-scale geologic carbon storage in basalts and other reactive mafic-ultramafic formations.

ESTIMATIONS OF GREEN HOUSE GASES EMISSIONS OF TURKEY BY STATISTICAL METHODS

The way of life, consumption habits, urbanization rate, type of energy production and increasing energy need with growing economies and population progressively promote the GHGs emissions to Earth’s atmosphere. GHGs consisting of CH4, N2O, CO2, H2O and HFCs cause the climate change, disrupting ecological balance, melting glaciers with global warming in the last decades. Therefore, the issues of future prediction and reduction of GHGs emissions became crucial for policy makers of Turkey and other countries under the international protocols and agreements. This article aims to present the prediction and 8-year future forecasting of CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions of Turkey using past annual data between years 1970 and 2018 with grey, autoregressive integrated moving average and double exponential smoothing models. Based on the results, the best prediction performance is reached by DES model followed by ARIMA and GM for all the emissions. MAPEs calculated from the available data and prediction by DES model from 1970 to 2018 are 0.285, 0.355 and 0.408 for CH4, N2O and CO2 in turn. DES future estimations of CH4, N2O and CO2 at 2026 year are determined as 50700 kiloton of CO2 eq., 38100 thousand metric ton of CO2 eq., and 512000 kilotons.

Carbon Footprint Reduction and its Impact on Economic Development in Nigeria

Nigeria relies on heavy fossil fuels for energy. Nigeria emitted 0.57 metric tonnes of CO2 per capita in 2018. From 0.44 metric tonnes in 2016 to 0.56 metric tonnes in 2017, this figure has increased 29%. The issue is the lack of data on carbon footprint reduction and economic development in Nigeria. time series data from the 1990–2019 was employed to examine the relationship between carbon footprint reduction and economic development in Nigeria. How carbon footprint reduction affects Nigerian economic development was the main research subject. Carbon footprint reduction and economic development were examined using quantitative methods and ordinary least squares linear multiple regression. From the regression result, CO2 emission total CO2 emission from fossil (TCO2 has p-values below 0.05 (5%), indicating significance. The results showed that a unit increase in CO2 from TCO2 will decrease economic development by 0.003381. The study suggests lowering carbon footprint. The study's findings will help Nigeria's government reduce carbon emissions and boost economic growth.

Experiences and satisfaction of video follow up of children with paediatric gastrointestinal conditions linking tertiary centre with guardians and clinicians at the local hospital: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundChildren with complicated gastrointestinal conditions are dependent on follow up by tertiary care specialists throughout childhood to prevent and treat complications. In Sweden, paediatric surgical- and intestinal rehabilitation centres are centralised which means that many patients and guardians have to travel long distances to access tertiary referral centres. Our tertiary referral centre has developed a model of shared care with video conferences for follow up with our centre and the patient and guardians attending together with the responsible professionals at the local hospital. This study aimed to investigate the experiences and satisfaction with video follow-up visits (VFV) between a tertiary referral centre and guardians and clinicians at their local hospital.MethodsEligible participants were families with children with oesophageal atresia, intestinal failure and intestinal motility disorders and their local clinicians attending VFV with our tertiary referral centre from 2015 to 2020. Questionnaires included fixed-response alternatives, a 6-point Likert scale and open questions.ResultsFifty-seven out of 102 families (56%) and 19 out of 27 local clinicians (70%) responded the questionnaires. In 68% of the VFV, two guardians attended compared to 35% in the physical visits. Of the guardians attending VFV, 82% lost ≤ half a working day and 91% attending physical visits lost ≥ one full working day. Median distance to the tertiary referral centre was 267 km and attending VFV avoided emissions of 7.2 metric tonnes of CO2. Of the guardians, 90% and of the clinicians 95% were satisfied with VFV. Advantages were avoidance of travelling and the participants shared the same information.ConclusionsVFV is an appropriate alternative to physical visits with a high grade of satisfaction among the guardians and clinicians. VFV was time-saving for the families and reduced CO2 emissions.