Pollutant Methylene Blue Dye Research Articles

Superior adsorptive uptake of methylene blue pollutant by nanobiochar- impregnated-layered double hydroxides

Design and assembly of novel, sustainable, ecofriendly and low-cost nanobiosorbents by facile and green approaches are generally aimed to apply in remediation of toxic and nonbiodegradable pollutants from aquatic systems. Hence, the current study is directed to synthesize a novel nanobiosorbent by a facile solid–solid and microwave-assisted approach for direct impregnation of derived nanobiochar from pomegranate peels waste feedstock (PPNC) onto magnesium (II) aluminum (III)-layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) for the generation of MgAl-LDHs@PPNC. This was initially characterized by several techniques to confirm the morphological and structural features. The particle size range was identified (13.47–41.78 nm) and the concluded elemental compositions were Al (9.49 %), Mg (19.33 %), C (25.4 %), and O (45.78 %) according to the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The Fourier Transform-infrared (FT-IR) study denoted to several incorporated surface functionalities as –COOH, –OH, metal–O and others functionalities. MgAl-LDHs@PPNC exhibited a good surface area 275.57 m2g−1, while the zero-charge point was also detected at 6.0. Some experimental impacting conditions were testified and optimized by the batch removal system of methylene blue dye pollutant (MBDP) by MgAl-LDHs@PPNC. The concluded optimum conditions were figured out at pH 7.0, 15 min reaction duration, 25 mg nanobiosorbent dosage and 25 °C reaction temperature. Related expressions to isotherm and kinetic investigations were testified to confirm the most correlated experimental data to both Freundlich and pseudo-2nd-order expressions. Thermodynamic parameters were additionally computed to refer to the exothermal spontaneity trends in adsorptive reaction of MBDP onto MgAl-LDHs@PPNC. The evaluated nanobiosorbent is therefore, labeled with high stability to providing highly acceptable efficiency at 82.7–99.2 % (5 mgL−1) by the first-fifth regeneration processes. MgAl-LDHs@PPNC was finally afforded excellent removal uptake of MBDP (5 mgL−1) from real contaminated waters giving 93.17–98.27 %.

Photodecoration of tungsten oxide nanoparticles onto eggshell as an ultra-fast adsorbent for removal of MB dye pollutant

Nowadays, the use of natural wastes and adsorbents along with their modification by simple and new methods based on metal oxides to remove dye pollutants has been the focus of many researchers. In this study, for the first time, simple and low-cost modification of eggshell (EGS) with tungsten oxide (WO3) based on the photochemical modification method as a green, ultra-fast, cost-effective, and biodegradable adsorbent is reported to remove of methylene blue (MB) dye pollutant. The EGS modified by WO3 was investigated by EDX, EDX mapping, XRD, FE-SEM, and UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance (DRS) analyses. The obtained results show that the modified EGS by WO3 has more than ten times (78.5%) the ability to remove MB dye pollutant within 3 min compared to bare EGS (11%). Various parameters including dye pollutant pH, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and reusability of the WO3/EGS adsorbent for removal of MB dye pollutant were investigated and the result show that the adsorbent capacity of WO3/EGS is 1.64 mg g−1. EGS adsorbent The synthesis of WO3/EGS adsorbent with a novel photochemical method as a fast and very cheap adsorbent with excellent efficiency can be a promising alternative adsorbent for various purposes in removing dye pollutants from water environments.

Improving Photocatalytic Performance through Incorporation of Various Cations in A-site of Double Perovskite Material (Cs0.50MA0.50)2SnI6 for Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye Pollutant under Visible Light Irradiation

In this article, undoped double perovskite materials like caesium tin iodide (Cs2SnI6), methyl ammonium tin iodide [MA2SnI6: MA denotes CH3NH3+] and mixed double perovskite material [(Cs0.50MA0.50)2SnI6] were synthesized using a wet chemical methodology. The crystal structure confirmation, optical properties, thermal properties, surface morphology and presence of elemental composition of the prepared samples using XRD, UV, TGA and FESEM-EDAX analyses were thoroughly investigated. The synthesized materials were employed as photocatalysts to degrade methylene blue dye within 120 min under visible light. An increase in the optical properties of the synthesized double perovskite materials was confirmed by ultraviolet (UV) analysis, which showed that the introduction of various cations into the perovskite material at the A-site shifted the photoluminescence (PL) emission peak to the red. TGA results demonstrated that (Cs0.50MA0.50)2SnI6 has greater thermal stability, which was confirmed by the presence of 43% of sample despite the temperature reaching almost 870 ºC. Doped double perovskite material (Cs0.50MA0.50)2SnI6 exhibited increased photocatalytic activity, with methylene blue dye degradation efficiency attaining 89% after 120 min of visible light irradiation, which is greater than pure double perovskite materials. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye is mostly facilitated by hydroxyl radicals and holes, according to a radical trapping experiment that we conducted by employing different scavengers. The results of the current work showed that doped double perovskite materials [(Cs0.50MA0.50)2SnI6] exhibit high thermal stability as well as higher photocatalytic activity than pure double perovskite materials. A possible photocatalytic reaction process is also diagrammatically using the band positions of double perovskite materials found using Mott-Schottky plots , which confirms that the synthesized double perovskite material has an N-type semiconductor nature.

Microstructural, antifungal and photocatalytic activity of NiO–ZnO nanocomposite

Abstract In this work, NiO–ZnOnanocomposite (NC)was prepared through a facile, low-temperature,sol–gel route. Zinc acetate dihydrate, nickel chloride hexahydrate, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and citric acid were used in the synthesis of the material. Then, the sample was kept in the muffle furnace at a temperature of 600°C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–Visible spectroscopy, and photocatalytic and antifungal investigations were used to characterize the synthesized nanocrystallites. The XRD data showedthe polycrystalline hexagonal ZnO nanoparticles and cubic NiO crystallites. FTIR studies confirmed the presence of Zn-O and Ni-O bonds in the sample. The FESEM analysis showed the morphology of nanocrystallitescharacterized by their homogeneous shape and size. The absorbance curves from the UV–Visible spectroscopy investigation revealed the bandgap of 3.17 eV. The research findings demonstrate that the NiO–ZnO NC possesses the significant level of selected microbial pathogens. Industrial dyesmake water unhealthy for drinking. Among these dyes, methylene blue (MB) is toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable, and causes a severe threat to human health and environmental safety. Hence, it is necessary to develop efficient and environmentally friendly technology to remove MB from wastewater. The ZnO–NiO NC degraded the MB dye pollutant under visible irradiation (125 W), according to photocatalytic tests. After 120 min of exposure, the photocatalytic investigations demonstrated 75% degradation efficiency.

Removal of methylene blue dye from water with Fe3O4/poly(HEMA-co-AMPS) magnetic hydrogels

In this research, a novel magnetic hydrogel (MHG) adsorbent based on Fe3O4/poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) Fe3O4/poly(HEMA-co-AMPS) was synthesized by in situ co-precipitation of Fe3O4 magnetic particles inside poly(HEMA-co-AMPS) hydrogels. This adsorbent was used to adsorb the organic cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The properties of the adsorbent were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, XRD, VSM, and EDX-SEM techniques. The degree of swelling was recorded in water, acidic medium (HCl 0.01 M), and basic medium (NaOH 0.01 M). The results confirmed that Fe3O4 particles were successfully synthesized within the poly(HEMA-co-AMPS) hydrogel structure. Magnetic hydrogels have higher swelling and reach equilibrium faster than hydrogels. The magnetic hydrogel prepared with 3 % crosslinker and 10 % AMPS (MHG3(10)) showed better potential to remove MB dye, adsorption capacity Qmax = 445.35 mg/g, this was obtained under the best conditions at pH 6.5, dose of 1 g/L, and contact time of 10 min. Over the test pHpzc, the surface of the MHG3(10) is predominantly negative at pH values higher than 2.47. The adsorption process of MHG3(10) for MB removal follows the Langmuir model and obeys pseudo-second-order kinetics. In addition, thermodynamic studies performed show that the adsorption process is endothermic (ΔH0 = 75.946 kJ/mol) and spontaneous with a positive value of entropy (ΔS0 = 263.562 J/mol·K). Regeneration experiments showed that MHG3(10) can be reused several times as its removal efficiency is still 94 % after 10 adsorption–desorption cycles. Therefore, the magnetic hydrogel MHG3(10) proved to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of the pollutant MB dye from aqueous media.

Waste-derived green ZnO–Fe2O3 photocatalyst for degradation of MB dye pollutant in water

A green photocatalyst ZnO–Fe2O3 and its polymer composite ball/film were prepared using waste-iron scrap, pea-eggplant, and waste-expanded polystyrene (EPS) for methylene blue (MB) degradation. The optimized bandgap was found to be 2.39 eV by a 1:2 ratio of ZnO (3.11 eV) and Fe2O3(2.05 eV). The heterostructure (average size = 64 nm) was characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, and its polymer composite was characterized by FTIR. The achieved decolorization percentage of MB dye with visible light using ZnO–Fe2O3 powder, ZnO–Fe2O3–EPS film, and ZnO–Fe2O3–EPS ball are 94.59, 65.71, and 87.49%, respectively. The photocatalysts were found to be reusable up to the 6th cycle with a maximum decolorization of 67.01%. The HR-MS data of the treated solution shows some intermediate fragments. The novelty of the present work lies in the green, waste-derived, and industry-ready stable photocatalyst preparation in the form of powder, film, and ball. The work will give some direction to develop low-cost and industrially relevant visible photocatalysts.

Fe3O4 imbuing carboxymethyl cellulose/dextran sulfate nanocomposite hydrogel beads: an effective adsorbent for methylene blue dye pollutant

In this study, initially synthesized magnetic nanoparticles modified with citrate ions (MNPs/m-MNPs) were entrapped in aluminum-carboxymethyl cellulose/dextran sulfate beads to form hybrid nanocomposites (m-MNPs-C/D0.5) using a simple two-pot method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant was employed to develop a porous interconnected structure. The synergistic effect of the hybrid nanocomposites was studied for the parametric adsorption of methylene blue dye pollutant. The swelling ability of hybrid hydrogels was also studied for different solution pH. The results clearly indicated that equilibrium was reached faster at about 3 h for the m-MNPs-loaded magnetic beads (m-MNPs-C/D0.5), whereas at 6 h for the MNPs-loaded beads (MNPs0.4-C/D0.5) and the unloaded simple ones (MNPs0-C/D0.5). Experimental data modeling of adsorption kinetics and isotherms as well as thermodynamic study showed a good correlation with pseudo-second order kinetic and Langmuir models while the adsorption process on magnetic beads was exothermic. The maximum adsorption capacity for MNPs0-C/D0.5 and the optimized m-MNPs0.3-C/D0.5 hydrogel were 380 and 529 mg g−1, respectively. Furthermore, all hydrogels were perfectly regenerated and then reused for five adsorption-desorption cycles without apparent loss of stability that confirms their consideration as alternative and effective adsorbents for wastewater treatment. The manufactured beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-Ray, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

Highly absorption and an excellent optical bandgap of CuO doped Fe nanoparticles for advanced photocatalytic applications

The sol-gel technique can be used to fabricate purified copper (II) oxide (CuO) and doped Fe nanoparticles. Synthesized nanostructures were examined using XRD, FTIR, UVvisible spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, and vibrating sample magnetometer to determine their crystalline nature, shape, surface area, and elemental composition. Under visible light illumination, photocatalytic evaluations of methylene blue (MB) dye degradation with binary metal oxides were conducted to evaluate the catalyst's recyclability. The photocatalytic degrading of the MB dye pollutant by CuO nanoparticles doped Fe has been shown in detail experiments under visible light irradiation

Magnetically Actuated Carbon Soot Nanoparticle-Based Catalytic CARBOts Coated with Ni/Pt Nanofilms for Water Detoxification and Oil-Spill Recovery

Multifunctional chemically powered micromotors were fabricated from the airborne contaminant carbon soot (CS) for environmental remediation following two approaches: first, by physical deposition of catalytic platinum (Pt) and magnetic nickel (Ni) nanoscale films of ∼110 nm and ∼100 nm, respectively, on CS (CARBOts) and second, by the chemical deposition of magneto-catalytic iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) of ∼30 nm or less in size on the CS surface (iCARBOts). The chemical synthesis of magneto-catalytic iron nanoparticle (FeNPs)-based iCARBOts provides an economical alternative to the synthesis of CARBOts by a physical method. The hydrophobic soot contained agglomerates of high-density carbon nanospheres of ∼40 nm or less in size, generated from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon source. The catalytic component (Pt nanofilm or FeNPs) on the nanostructures on the CS surface allowed the rapid catalytic decomposition of aqueous peroxide fuel (H2O2) to generate chemical propulsion. The issuance of O2 microbubbles from the motor surface imparted the required thrust for active bubble propulsion. Integration of a magnetic component (Ni nanofilm or FeNPs) facilitated remote magnetic control for micromotor navigation. These magneto-catalytic micromotors demonstrated the efficient catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in the presence of 10% (v/v) H2O2 fuel under ambient conditions. The CARBOts completely decolorized the nonbiodegradable MB dye pollutant within 40 min of treatment. The magnetic sensitivity of motors facilitated the ease of retrieval and reusability after the execution of the remediation tasks, thereby increasing the feasibility of the water detoxification process. In addition, with the help of remote magnetic guidance, micromotors were employed for the removal of freely floating and surfactant-stabilized oil droplets in seawater without any further surface modification. The intrinsic superoleophilic nature of the micromotors owing to the presence of the nanostructured soot surface facilitated an enhanced oil–motor interaction, which led to efficient on-the-fly capturing of oil droplets with remote magnetic guidance.

Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticle as Adsorbent on The Treatment of Methylene Blue Dye Pollutant

The dye of methylene blue (MB) is organics pollutant from chemical industries. The parameter of MB content are available as methylene blue active substance (MBAS) do not exceed 200 µg/L. The treatment of MB dye pollutant can be done by adsorption process with TiO2 nanoparticle. This aim of this research was synthesized of TiO2 nanoparticle using PVA as surfactant and titanium tetraisoproxide (TTIP) as titanium source through sol-gel preparation to hydrothermal process at temperature 400 and 600oC. The result of XRD spectrum was shown the tetragonal crystal, the phase of anatase, and the size of particle was 1.66 to 3.15 nm. Infrared spectroscopy of Ti-O functional group was at 467 cm-1 and there were hydroxyl groups of the surface TiO2. DSC analysis was indicated the thermal stability of TiO2 at 250oC. Application of TiO2 nanoparticle as an adsorbent to photodegradation of MB with Hg lamp 150 watt during 60 minutes. The highest of adsorption capacity at the sample TiO2-600 was 217 mg/g and effectiveness adsorption was 81%. Isoterm adsorption process of MB by TiO2 nanoparticle can be obtained with Langmuir and Freundlish equation, with the determined coefficient value were close to 1. These results suggest of TiO2 nanoparticle was indicated highly potential to apply for the treatment of pollutant industries.

Poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene)/clay nanocomposites: efficient adsorbent for methylene blue dye pollutant

In this contribution, polymer/clay (nano)composites, based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene) poly(AA-co-St), were synthesized by free radical polymerization, using 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), as initiator and organomodified clay (OMMT), as nanofillers. The structural and morphological characteristics of the obtained (nano)composites, PAA/OMMT (1, 3, 5 wt%), poly(AA75-co-St25)/OMMT (3 wt%) and poly(AA25-co-St75)/OMMT (3 wt%), were examined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, indicating the successful intercalation of polymer chains into the clay nanoplatelets. Thermal properties of obtained (nano)composites were evaluated according to thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Based on morphological and thermal results, poly(AA25-co-St75)/OMMT (3 wt%) (nano)composite was selected as an efficient adsorbent matrix for methylene blue dye, with about 74% of elimination obtained after only 80 min of swelling, under soft conditions.

Visible Light Induced Photodegradation of Methylene Blue in Sodium Doped Bismuth Barium Ferrite Nanoparticle Synthesized by Sol-gel Method

Perovskite-like BiFeO3 nanoparticles doped with barium and sodium ions were synthesized via the citric acid route by the sol-gel method. The as-prepared Bi0.65Na0.2Ba0.15FeO3 nanopowders were divided into three equal portions and separately annealed at various annealing temperatures of 600, 700 and 800°C. The powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and crystallized with a rhombohedral R3c space group. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the morphology of the crystal and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was conducted at room temperature to determine the phase purity and the B-site formation in the perovskite structure. The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of all the materials was investigated, showing strong photoabsorption (λ > 420 nm). The doping effect of BiFeO3 enhanced photocatalytic activity while it significantly reduced the energy bandgap to 2.05 eV (for BNBFO at 800°C) which showed strong visible light absorption. The photocatalytic activity of Bi0.65Na0.2Ba0.15FeO3 nanomaterials was tested by monitoring the degradation rate of methylene blue dye pollutant under visible light irradiation in aqueous solution. All powders showed photoactivity after 2 hours of visible light irradiation. The annealing temperature greatly affected the methylene blue degradation, showing the efficiencies of 57, 67 and 75 % for BNBFO at 600, 700 and 800°C, respectively. Kinetic studies were carried out and the rate constants of 6.70 x 10-3, 8.90 x 10-3 and 1.05 x 10-2 min-1 were obtained for powders annealed at 600, 700 and 800°C, respectively. The photocatalytic mechanism of the degradation process was proposed in this study.

Removal of Methylene Blue Dye Pollutant from Aqueous Solution Using Sugar Cane Bark and Chaff Biomass

The removal of Methylene blue (MB) dye pollutant from aqueous solution using sugar cane bark (SCB) and chaff (SCC) was studied using batch experiments. The operating variables studied were initial biomass dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, pH and temperature. The result revealed that the amount of MB dye uptake, qe (mg/g) increased with an increase in temperature, dye concentration and contact time, but decreased with an increase in adsorbent dosage. Equilibrium data were found to obey Langmuir isotherm for both biomass, showing a monolayer adsorption mechanism. The monolayer sorption capacity of SCB and SCC for MB dye were found to be 1.282mg/g and 1.706mg/g, respectively at 303K. The thermodynamics parameters of the MB / biomass system indicate spontaneous (ΔG◦ <0) and endothermic (ΔH > 0) process. The study show that SCB and SCC which are common environmental wastes can be used for the treatment of MB dye polluted water.

Removal of Methylene Blue Dye Pollutant from Aqueous Solution Using Sugar Cane Bark and Chaff Biomass

The removal of Methylene blue (MB) dye pollutant from aqueous solution using sugar cane bark (SCB) and chaff (SCC) was studied using batch experiments. The operating variables studied were initial biomass dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, pH and temperature. The result revealed that the amount of MB dye uptake, qe(mg/g) increased with an increase in temperature, dye concentration and contact time, but decreased with an increase in adsorbent dosage. Equilibrium data were found to obey Langmuir isotherm for both biomass, showing a monolayer adsorption mechanism. The monolayer sorption capacity of SCB and SCC for MB dye were found to be 1.282mg/g and 1.706mg/g, respectively at 303K. The thermodynamics parameters of the MB / biomass system indicate spontaneous (ΔG◦<0) and endothermic (ΔH >0) process. The study show that SCB and SCC which are common environmental wastes can be used for the treatment of MB dye polluted water.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Performance of Mesoporous α-Mn2O3 Microspheres Prepared via a Precipitation Route

α-Mn2O3 microspheres with high phase purity, crystallinity, and surface area were synthesized by the thermal decomposition of precipitated MnCO3 microspheres without the use of any structure directing agents and tedious reaction conditions. The prepared Mn2O3 microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and photoluminescence (PL) studies. The complete thermal transformation of MnCO3 to Mn2O3 was clearly shown by the FTIR and XRD analysis. The electron microscopic images clearly confirmed the microsphere-like morphology of the products with some structural deformation for the calcined Mn2O3 sample. The mesoporous texture generated from the interaggregation of subnanoparticles in the microstructures is visibly evident from the TEM and BET studies. Moreover, the Mn2O3 microstructures showed a moderate photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue dye pollutant under UV light irradiation, using air as the potential oxidizing agent.

Photodegradation of methylene blue over novel 3D ZnO microflowers with hexagonal pyramid-like petals

Three dimensional ZnO microflowers with a huge number of hexagonal pyramid-like petals have been effectively synthesized via the thermal decomposition of previously melted nitrate precursor for the first time. The synthesis was done without the aid of any structure directing agents or templates. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns showed the hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure of ZnO with high phase purity. The dimension of the large microflower noted was found to be around 100 μm with the simultaneous existence of small flowers, with size varying from 20 μm onwards as realized from the scanning electron microscopic images. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction patterns confirmed the oriented growth of the single crystalline basic hexagonal pyramidal units of the microflower for its oriented aggregation. A possible growth/formation mechanism was interpreted. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was investigated over ZnO microflowers. ZnO microflowers showed its excellent photocatalytic activity in the degradation of several industrial dye pollutants over a low catalyst dosage under UV-light irradiation. The microflowers were found to be highly reusable for repeated degradation of methylene blue dye pollutant.

Co3O4 doped over SBA 15: excellent adsorbent materials for the removal of methyleneblue dye Pollutant

Nanosized cobalt oxide particles are incorporated into SBA 15 mesoporous silica materials and are effectively used for the first time as adsorbent materials for aquatic dye pollutant removal. Cobalt is found to exist in its Co3O4 spinel structure as evident from FTIR and X-ray diffraction studies. The best weight ratio of metal loading to show excellent adsorption of methyleneblue is found to be 10 wt% Co over the support. There, Co3O4 spinel nanoparticles lie inside the pores of mesoporous silica. Further increase in the percentage of metal loading decreases the adsorption capacity which may be due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles over the silica support as evident from TEM photographs. Cobalt-doped systems of the present study, having good adsorption capacity of methyleneblue, are prepared via impregnation of cobalt nitrate over SBA 15 in aqueous medium. Here, we introduce a new SBA 15-based system for the fast removal of aquatic dye pollutants which is highly economical for industrial applications.