Degradation Of Methylene Blue Dye Research Articles

Enhanced photocatalytic activity in AgCu-decorated ZnO nanoparticles under UV and sunlight

This study investigates the structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties of monometallic (Ag and Cu) and bimetallic (AgCu) nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated into ZnO NPs and their photocatalytic performance. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement were employed to analyze the structural characteristics, revealing the formation of a hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO and cubic phases of Ag and Cu within the metal-decorated NPs. Scanning electron microscopy provided visual evidence of the spherical morphology, with an average particle size of 50 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the successful deposition of Ag, Cu, and AgCu NPs onto the ZnO surface. The photocatalytic efficiency of the NPs was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue dye under UV light at a wavelength of 254 nm under sunlight irradiation. Under UV light, the bimetallic AgCu/ZnO system exhibited exceptional performance, achieving a degradation rate of about 95% with 10% AgCu/ZnO. Conversely, under sunlight illumination, the monometallic Cu/ZnO and Ag/ZnO NPs exhibited outstanding photocatalytic properties, with degradation rates of about 99 and 98%, respectively. These findings underscore the influence of the light source on photocatalytic performance as well as the significance of the plasmonic effects and charge-transfer mechanisms.

Structural, optical, magnetic and photocatalytic properties of Mn ion-doped Fe2O3 nanostructured particles

In this research article, characterization and catalytic properties of manganese ion (Mn)-doped iron(III) oxide (Mn-Fe2O3) nanostructured particles have been reported. Mn-Fe2O3 samples were synthesized via the co-precipitation - thermal decomposition (CPTD) method. Samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. The influence of the Mn-doping process in the phase and crystalline structure of Fe2O3 was determined by powder X-ray diffractometry (p-XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The optical energy band gap and fluorescence feature of Mn-Fe2O3 samples were explored through UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, respectively. The morphology and size of Mn-Fe2O3 were determined through Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The influence of Mn3+ ion concentration on the magnetic property of Fe2O3 was determined. The dye pollutant removal ability of Mn-Fe2O3 samples was examined by employing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated degradation of methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) dyes under visible light conditions. The benefit of the Mn-doping process in the photocatalytic property of Fe2O3 was discussed.

Terpyridine complexes as superior catalysts for methylene blue dye degradation: Synthesis, characterization, mechanistic insights, kinetic study and recyclability assessment

This manuscript investigates the catalytic potential of terpyridine-based metal complexes (C1–C6) in the efficient degradation of methylene blue dye. The synthesized terpyridine complexes were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, and their catalytic activity was evaluated in the degradation of methylene blue dye under different experimental conditions. The study reveals that the target complex compounds exhibit notable catalytic efficiency, leading to the effective degradation of the envisioned dye. The reaction kinetics, mechanism, and the influence of various parameters on the catalytic performance were systematically explored. Among different synthesized complexes, Zn-complexes showed better performance than Fe-complexes. Remarkably, the complex C5 showed the best photocatalytic efficiency with a degradation of 79.84 % at optimized conditions of initial dye concentration = 15 mg/L, catalyst dosage = 10 mg, pH = 4, and temperature = 323 K. The recyclability test indicated good stability of the photocatalyst over five cycles with a very small loss of photocatalytic efficiency (∼11.64 %) and the photocatalytic reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a high-rate constant of 0.009 min−1. The trapping experiment revealed the active role of hydroxyl radicals (OH•) and superoxide anions (•O2−) as reactive species on the basis of which a plausible degradation mechanism is proposed. This research contributes valuable insights into the development of terpyridine-based catalysts for the degradation of organic dyes, paving the way for further advancements in the field of catalysis and environmental remediation.

Zeolite supported zinc oxide nanoparticles composite: Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity for methylene blue dye degradation

In the first stage of this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area diffraction (SAED), and X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD). Subsequently, a composite material was obtained by coating ZnO-NPs with zeolite from Rátka, Hungary. The photocatalytic degradation of ZnO-NPs using Hungarian zeolite in the ZnO-Zeolite composite was investigated. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of the ZnO-Zeolite composite in degrading methylene blue (MB) under ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV). It was observed that the composite materials were influenced by the light source. The degradation rates showed that the ZnO-Zeolite composite with 100 mg L−1 MB achieved the highest photodegradation rate of 96.70 % when exposed to sunlight for 210 min. These findings indicate that the ZnO-Zeolite composite with a 1:5 ratio has the potential to significantly increase the photocatalytic activity, achieving a high yield of 96.70 % compared to raw zeolite. In the last stage of the study, equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies were carried out. The photocatalytic maximum adsorption capacity of MB for the ZnO-Zeolite composite was calculated as qm= 41.32 mg g−1. In the adsorption and kinetic studies of the obtained composite, the best results were obtained with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. A desorption study has been conducted, and it has been determined that the composite can be reused for up to 7 cycles.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under solar light irradiation by zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Cleome gynandra

A simple green synthetic technique is proposed for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using the plant extract Cleome gynandra as a bio-template. The morphological, functional and structural characterization of synthesized ZnONPs was investigated using several techniques, such as energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The synthesized ZnONPs have a wurtzite hexagonal nanostructure with an average size of 15.20 nm. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) in an aqueous solution was carried out using the synthesized ZnONPs. The photocatalytic activity of ZnONPs was investigated by adjusting physicochemical variables as reaction time, medium pH, precursor concentration, and photocatalyst dosage. All results indicate that ZnONPs produced by the green approach exhibits significant photocatalytic activity against dye molecules.

Kinetic study of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using TiO2 nanoparticles with activated carbon

Activated carbon (AC) exhibits limited adsorption capacity for pollutants. Conversely, titanium dioxide (TiO2) demonstrates excellent photocatalytic performance, making it a popular choice for pollutant removal. This study investigates the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from wastewater using AC, TiO2@AC-2, and TiO2@AC-10 samples via adsorption and photocatalysis. The Energy Dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) has confirmed the presence of Ti, C and O in the prepared samples without any impurities. All the diffraction peaks in x-ray diffractograms indicated the presence of pure anatase TiO2 (tetragonal phase) with no evidence of any other phase. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis identified a peak around 545 cm−1 in the TiO2@AC-2 sample, indicative of O-Ti-O stretching vibrations. This peak shifted to 602 cm−1 in the TiO2@AC-10 sample. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of carbon (D and G bands) at 1310–1347 cm−1 and 1582–1597 cm−1. Additionally, characteristic Raman active bands for anatase TiO2 were observed at 154 cm−1 (Eg), 204 cm−1 (Eg), 398 cm−1 (B1g), 508 cm−1 (A1g), and 628 cm−1 (Eg). N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms revealed a mesoporous structure for all samples (AC, TiO2@AC-2, and TiO2@AC-10) with hysteresis loops, indicating pores ranging from 2 nm to 50 nm in diameter. Reflectance spectra of TiO2@AC-2 and TiO2@AC-10 displayed absorption edges at 368 nm and 385 nm, respectively, corresponding to a direct band gap of approximately 3.22 eV. Subsequently, these prepared samples were effectively employed for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from wastewater utilizing both adsorption and photocatalysis method. Under dark conditions, 20 mg L−1 doses of TiO2@AC-2 and TiO2@AC-10 resulted in 60% and 36% dye adsorption within 60 min respectively. In the presence of UV radiation, the degradation of dye was observed to be 74% and 95% by TiO2@AC-2 and TiO2@AC-10 respectively. This observation indicates that TiO2 nanoparticles along with AC leads to enhanced photocatalytic activity. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood model reveals lower rate constants for AC compared to the composite samples. This is likely because AC lacks inherent catalytic activity, requiring UV light to trigger adsorption. Conversely, TiO2@AC-10 exhibits the highest rate constants (K1 = 24.25 × 10−3 min−1 and K2 = 82.71 × 10−3 min−1), aligning with its higher TiO2 content confirmed by EDAX analysis. This suggests a significantly faster photocatalytic rate and superior degradation efficiency, even at a low sample concentration (20 mg L−1).

SnS thin films deposited at room temperature – Efficient and reusable dark catalyst for water remediation at ambient conditions

This study describes the dark catalytic degradation of cationic, anionic, and commercial dyes by SnS thin films under dark ambient conditions without the assistance of any external stimuli. The thin films were deposited by a modified SILAR (Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction) method at room temperature and characterised using XRD, XPS, FESEM, TGA, and UV–visible spectrophotometers. The dark catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated using a spectrophotometer and validated by LCMS analysis and an adsorption desorption test. Within 15 min, 48 % of the MB dye (original concentration: 10 mg/l) had been degraded by the catalyst, and by 90 min, the degeneration was almost complete. The ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenger test and indicator test confirmed the role of the hydroxyl radical in the degradation process. The influence of initial dye concentration, magnetic stirring, and the composition of the catalyst on the degradation efficiency was also studied. The same catalyst was used five times in succession to test its reusability, and it was then structurally and thermally characterised to test its stability. This study emphasises the possible use of SnS thin film as an effective, reliable, and reusable around-the-clock catalyst for the degradation of dye-contaminated waste water without the assistance of light or any chemical additives.

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of gadolinium-doped lithium manganese oxide (Li4Mn5O12) by conventional ball milling method

Abstract Current research aims to improve the characteristics of lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), a highly prospective for waste water treatment applications, by incorporating gadolinium (Gd-0.25 %) into the manganese position. This integration, achieved via conventional ball milling, aims to improve the structural, morphological, and electrical characteristics of Li4Mn5O12. A range of analytical methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and impedance testing, were utilized to evaluate the influence of Gd-0.25 % on Li4Mn5O12. The results indicate that the inclusion of Gd at the manganese sites enhances the thermal conductivity of Li4Mn5O12 (Li4Mn4.75Gd0.25O12), leading to improved conductivity compared to undoped Li4Mn5O12. Additionally, the enhanced material exhibits promising potential as an efficient photocatalyst, demonstrated by its degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye.

Enhanced photocatalytic activities of FCNO nanoparticles on graphitic carbon nitride

Efficient charge separation and broadened light absorption are of crucial importance for photocatalytic environmental remediation, and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a very promising photocatalyst for this purpose. Herein, the synthesis of FCNO nanoparticles embedded within graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) by hydrothermal route assisted with pyrolysis of urea was presented. The g-C3N4 was obtained from an abundantly available precursor urea and the synthesis process played double role. Urea reacted with metal salts to convert them into metallic oxides and yielded g-C3N4. The experimental results revealed the in-situ fabrication of FCNO nanoparticles and formation of g-C3N4. The band gap narrowing made it possible that the samples were able to show a wide range of visible light absorption which made them suitable for photocatalytic activity studies. Thus, the materials were utilized for the visible light-based photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. Photocatalytic degradation efficiency with ~93 % was achieved by the composite FCNO/g-C3N4 (50:50). The present approach for the synthesis of materials was proved to be cost-effective and time saving which enabled their use as recyclable photocatalyst.

Synergistic effects of La-doping on ZnO nanostructured photocatalysts for enhanced MB dye degradation

In this work, we present the design and characterization of pristine and La-doped ZnO photocatalysts, prepared via a facile co-precipitation technique. A comprehensive range of characterization techniques was employed to analyze the physicochemical properties of these synthesized nanostructured photocatalysts. The slight shift in the position of peaks in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirms successful doping (La3+) of ZnO. Additionally, the identified wurtzite phase further validates the presence of ZnO nanostructures. Subsequent photocatalytic investigations were conducted using model solutions of water and methylene blue (MB) dyes under solar irradiation, meticulously comparing the performance of pure ZnO with La3+ doped ZnO. Over the time span of 90 min, the 5 % La-doped ZnO photocatalysts exhibited an impressive 98 % degradation efficiency for MB dye, surpassing the performance of the pristine ZnO counterpart (0 % La), which achieved only 51 % degradation. This emphasizes the pronounced enhancement resulting from the incorporation of La ions. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra insights with 5 % La3+doping exhibit significant quenching, caused by the suppression of charge carrier recombination, which enhances the photocatalyst's charge transport. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra provided crucial insights into the elemental composition and chemical states of the 5 % La3+ doped ZnO nanostructures. Through systematic reusability assessments, it was established that the 5 % La-doped ZnO photocatalysts maintain their efficiency for up to four cycles, without displaying a significant reduction in removal efficacy. This emphasizes the inherent reliability and robustness of the developed photocatalysts.

Tailored Polymeric Carbon Nitride Coupled with Bi2O3 for Constructing Z‐Scheme Heterojunction with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

AbstractThe great demand for visible‐light‐induced catalysts with high photocatalytic performance has stimulated extensive interest in constructing g‐C3N4‐based Z‐Scheme heterojunctions. In this research work, the g‐C3N4/Bi2O3 Z‐Scheme heterojunction by precipitation‐hydrothermal method was constructed, and characterized by various techniques. The g‐C3N4/Bi2O3‐1 composite exhibited a transient photocurrent response approximately 7 and 5 times higher than that of bare g‐C3N4 and Bi2O3, respectively, and showed higher visible photocatalytic activity with 99.8 % degradation of methylene blue (MB) within 75 min. Meanwhile, the pH effect on the photocatalytic degradation of MB was investigated. Radicals trapping experiments showed that •OH free radical played a predominant role for the degradation of MB, EPR analysis confirmed the presence of superoxide radicals, which combined with the band structure of the composites, confirmed the Z‐Scheme of the heterojunction. A possible mechanism for photocatalytic degradation of MB dyes in g‐C3N4/Bi2O3‐1 composites was also proposed. This study provided a new avenue for the development of novel g‐C3N4‐based Z‐Scheme heterojunction materials with prospective applications in the fields of energy and environment.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using chitosan/NiO nanocomposite: A comprehensive exploration

The present research work aims to illustrate the potential power of chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan/nickel oxide (NiO) nanocomposite for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB). Initially, chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan/NiO nanocomposite were prepared using ball milling technique, focusing on the theory of top-down preparation. It was observed that, the as-prepared chitosan/NiO nanocomposite exhibited spherical shape with small size. Meanwhile, chitosan nanoparticles were prepared with irregular shape as depicted from TEM analysis. XRD affirmed the pure phase and crystalline structure of chitosan nanoparticles as a result to the observation for two peaks at 11.3o and 20.11o. New characteristic peaks at 35.3o, 38.5o, 49o, and 63o were noticed owing to the presence of NiO blended with chitosan nanoparticles. The estimated values of optical band gap energy for chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan/NiO nanocomposite are (3.6 eV, 3.5 eV), respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of MB dye employing chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan/NiO nanocomposite achieved 21 % and 96.1 %, respectively. The enhancement of photocatalytic efficiency of MB dye was mainly attributed to the potential effect of NiO nanoparticles. The findings also demonstrated that the photocatalytic performance of both chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan/NiO nanocomposite was pH, time, and catalyst doses dependent and obey Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The photocatalytic activity of chitosan/NiO nanocomposite lost 14.9 % of its performance after first two cycles. Therefore, chitosan/NiO nanocomposite has emerged as a pioneering agent in sustainable water treatment, promising a transformative approach to combat water pollution. This study can guide future research, industry practices, and policy decisions towards a future where water treatment is synonymous with environmental harmony and innovation.

Green synthesis and photocatalytic proficiency of tunable SnO2 nanostructures: unveiling environmental-friendly strategies for sustainable water remediation

This study demonstrates a proficient and eco-friendly synthesis of SnO2 nanostructures using a hydrothermal method, without the requirement of extra surfactants. The synthesis was systematically performed by adjusting the molar ratio of stannic chloride to sodium hydroxide and varying the pH settings. It was noted that the pH value rises according to the concentration of sodium hydroxide. A comprehensive analysis was performed to characterize the resulting nanostructures, which involved studying their structural features, chemical composition, morphology, and optical properties. An x-ray diffraction analysis showed that increasing the pH values resulted in a noticeable improvement in the crystalline structure and a decrease in the density of surface defects. The SnO2 nanostructures, synthesized using different pH settings, were subsequently assessed for their photocatalytic performance in the degradation of methylene blue dye under simulated solar irradiation. Surprisingly, the nanostructure produced at higher pH levels showed outstanding results, as 97% of the dye was broken down in just 70 min when exposed to simulated solar radiation. The analysis uncovered a maximum rate constant (k) value of 0.04 min−1, determined using pseudo first-order rate kinetics. In order to better understand the photodegradation process, scavenger experiments were performed to identify the active species involved. These investigations provided valuable insights into the complex mechanisms that drive the observed photocatalytic activity. This study not only enhances the progress of SnO2 nanostructures but also highlights their potential as strong and environmentally friendly materials for effective photocatalytic applications.

Facile synthesis of nickel doped ZnO and CeO2 nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic dye degradation, catalytic reduction and antimicrobial studies

The current research work reports on binary Nickel oxide-Zinc oxide (NiO-ZnO) and Nickel oxide-Cerium oxide (NiO-CeO2) nanocomposites synthesis by facile single step in-situ thermal decomposition method and its applications. The structural and morphological studies were examined using various characterization techniques like IR, UV-DRS, XRD and SEM with EDAX studies. The IR bands at 545-533 cm−1 corresponds to M-O stretching vibration. The XRD studies confirms the structural pattern of NiO-ZnO and NiO-CeO2 nanocomposites. SEM with EDAX results reveal the structure, composition and purity of synthesized nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were employed as photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes and as a catalyst toward 4-nitrophenol reduction. Antibacterial studies against E. coli (Gram-negative) and S. aureus (Gram-positive) bacterial pathogens were carried out using the nanocomposites. The outcomes show 97% efficiency in forty minutes for catalysis and 120 min for dye degradation and a better zone of inhibition in antibacterial studies for NiO-ZnO nanocomposite. The comparative result for both the nanocomposites discloses that the photocatalytic degradation, catalytic and antimicrobial efficiency of NiO-ZnO nanocomposite is more efficient than NiO-CeO2 nanocomposite. The results reveal the outstanding catalytic and dye degradation and antibacterial activity of NiO-ZnO than NiO-CeO2.

Syntheses, structures, magnetism and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye of two copper complexes based on a semirigid tricarboxylate ligand

Two Cu(II)-complexes [Cu(Hcpota)(4,4′-bpy)(H2O)]n1 and [Cu(Hcpota)(1,4-bib)(H2O)]n2 based on a semirigid ligand 2-(4-carboxyphenoxy)terephthalic acid (H3cpota) were solvothermally prepared and characterized. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibit an unprecedented 2D 4-connected framework with a {44.62} topology, comprising the Cu(II) ion with square pyramidal coordination. The three-dimensional frameworks are constructed by O–H···O hydrogen bonds. Magnetization analyses were conducted and revealed that complexes 1 and 2 have ferromagnetic properties. The photodegradation of Methylene blue dye was studied based on 1 and 2 as photocatalysts. The results indicated that complexes 1 and 2 exhibited remarkable photodegradation efficiencies of 86.9 % and 97.0 % after 24 min, respectively. Furthermore, pseudo-first-order kinetics was assumed for the photocatalytic reaction with a rate constant of 0.052 and 0.109 min−1 for 1 and 2. The impact of factors, including the initial concentration of MB, catalyst dosage, pH value, H2O2 concentration, and temperature on the degradation process of MB was thoroughly examined. The complexes exhibited excellent recyclability and stability as photocatalysts. Trapping experiments and LC-MS studies revealed that the primary active species responsible for the degradation reaction are hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and holes (h+).

Enhancing the photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity of ZnFe2O4 by composite with Ag2WO4 semiconducting material

In this research article, we have performed the degradation of methylene blue dye (MB) in the presence of ZnFe2O4/Ag2WO4 photocatalyst. These catalyst materials are prepared by a simple combustion method followed by a solution mixing method. The structure and morphology of prepared composite material are analyzed by using XRD, FTIR, UV-DRS, and scanning electron microscopy. The antimicrobial property of composite material is studied against E. coli and S. aureus food pathogenic bacteria. After the incubation time, the antimicrobial activity of the composite material shows a clear zone of inhibition. This composite photocatalyst is a promising material to increase the degradation percentage of MB (Methylene blue) dye in the presence of UV light. ZnFe2O4/Ag2WO4 composite material shows 72.72% degradation of the MB dye. The photocatalytic activity of composite material has been performed by varying the catalyst dosage and pH level of the medium used for the degradation process. The role of composite material in the degradation of dye and their increase in the reaction rate has also been discussed. From these results, the ZnFe2O4/Ag2WO4 composite is a good material to degrade the toxic pollutants in the environment.

Environmentally benign preparation of Ag nanoparticles & Ag-rGO nanocomposite and evaluation of their photocatalytic, sensing, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion are becoming major issues on a worldwide scale, posing serious threats to both the environment and human health. Finding effective and affordable pollution cleanup technologies as well as the alternate source of energy is very important. The present study is concerned with the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles and Ag-rGO composite employing environment affable and cost-effective green combustion method. The fuel used for the preparation of NPs was the Malus domastica juice. The synthesized materials were subjected for the characterization techniques like XRD, TEM, SEM, Raman and UV-Visible spectral studies. The synthesized nanocomposite was analyzed for photocatalytic dye degradation, electrochemical nitrate sensing, antibacterial as well as antioxidant activities. Ag-rGO degraded methylene blue dye completely by 70 min. Further, the material was subjected for recyclability test and it was efficient and stable upto 5th cycle. Effect of various parameters such as catalytic load, dye concentration and pH on efficiency of dye degradation was analyzed. Nitrite sensing studies revealed that the LOD was found to be 19.8 µg. Further, Ag-rGO exhibited antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeroginosa bacterial strain to a greater extent compared to all the other bacterial strains tested. The Ag-rGO nanocomposite was found to be the potent antioxidant with IC50 value of 1489 µg/mL. Therefore, this work exemplifies the easy and eco-friendly green synthetic route for the large-scale industrial production of versatile Ag-rGO nanocomposite.

CdS@CS/PVA inverse opal films as photocatalyst

We prepared CdS@CS/PVA inverse opal (IO) films by the colloidal photonic crystal (CPC) template method. The photonic structure of the CdS@CS/PVA IO films consists of three-dimensional periodic macropores interconnected by CS/PVA polymers. The as-prepared CdS@CS/PVA IO films were utilized as photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue dyes. The degradation rate of methylene blue by the CdS@CS/PVA IO film catalyst was 92%, while that of the CdS@CS/PVA film catalyst was 55% for 6 h. The photocatalytic degradation effect of the CdS@CS/PVA IO film catalyst on methylene blue is [Formula: see text]1.7 times higher than that of the CdS@CS/PVA film catalyst, which proves that the introduction of the inverse opal structure into the photocatalyst is beneficial to improve the efficiency of the photocatalyst for degrading dyes.

Unveiling the synthesis, characteristics, electrical conductivity, photocatalytic activity, and electrochemical activity of eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles

The Nigella Sativa seeds were utilized for the environment-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), as evident by the observation of a white precipitate. Numerous analytical techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, UV–vis, SEM, and EDX, were utilized to describe the specimen's structural, optical, and electrical properties. XRD analysis was used to confirm that the ZnO NPs were crystalline. An absorbance peak at 401 nm was observed in the UV–vis, indicating that the ZnO NPs have a 2.91 eV bandgap. Functional groups are present in ZnO NPs, as seen by the FTIR graph. The nanoparticles' spherical form and average size of 37.9 nm were confirmed by the SEM image. EDX analysis confirmed the composition of the nanoparticles, with zinc accounting for 73.17% and oxygen for 26.83%. ZnO NPs demonstrated excellent electrical conductivity because of their higher surface-to-volume ratio. Additionally, the synthesis of ZnO NPs exhibited effective degradation of methylene blue dye. These results point to potential applications in several domains, including electronics, biomedical devices, industry, and agriculture, and they call for immediate follow-up research.

Pulsed Electro Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes with FexZn1−xS

Pulsed Electro Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes with FexZn1−xS