Sudan I Research Articles

Crude Extract of Turmeric Reduces Hepato-Toxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rats Chronically Fed Carcinogens

The crude extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.; Zingiberaceae) is widely used in traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda as a remedy for various diseases. Although various medicinal effects of its active principle, Curcumin, have been extensively studied in various animal models, there appears to be no systematic study on whether the crude extract can reduce hepato-toxicity and oxidative stress in rats induced by chronic feeding of p-dimethyl aminoazobenzene and phenobarbital, two known carcinogens of liver. Tests were conducted in experimental and controlled animals involving several widely accepted toxicity biomarkers at four fixation intervals, namely, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Results revealed an increase in activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases, alanine and aspartate amino transferases, gamma glutamyl transferase, lipid peroxidation and in levels of serum triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen and decrease in reduced glutathione content, catalase, glucose-6-phospahate dehydrogenase and blood glucose, HDL-cholesterol, albumin, and hemoglobin contents in carcinogen intoxicated rats. Most of these changes were reversed by the administration of crude extract of turmeric, indicating its hepato-protective potentials and ability to reduce oxidative stress in experimental rats. Further, from the analysis of expression of matrix metalloproteinases, p53 and Bcl-2 proteins in liver at 90 and 120 days (post tumor development), its anti-tumorigenic activity is also evident. The results would thus validate its traditional use in various ailments, particularly against liver disorders.

SOLUBILITY OF MONOALKYL PHOPHATE IN WATER IN THE PRESENCE OF ARGININE AND TRITON, AND SOLUBILIZATION OF METHYL YELLOW THROUGH THE MIXED MICELLE

Effects of arginine (Arg) and Triton such as Triton-X (TX) and Triton-N (TN) on the solubility of monoalkyl phosphoric acid (MAP) such as dodecyl (DP), myristyl (MP), and cetyl phosphoric acid (CP) in an aqueous phase were studied. Although these MAPs are scarcely soluble in water, their solubility at 70 oC increased with a concentration of Triton added. The effect of TN was stronger than that of TX. DP became soluble at room temperature when Arg was added up to the mixing ratio of Arg/DP = 3 in mole. MP and CP were hardly soluble yet in the presence of Arg alone while these became soluble after adding Triton together with Arg. Their acidic head group was ionized by Arg, resulting in an increase in its affinity for water. DP was soluble just after the ionization while MP and CP were soluble after the ionization and concomitant formation of the mixed micelle with the Triton added. Methyl yellow, barely soluble in water, was solubilized after entrapment into the mixed micelle. Its solubility increased with a concentration and chain length of the MAP added as a solubilizing agent.

Metalloporphyrin catalyzed oxidation of methyl yellow and related azo compounds

Fe(TDCPP)Cl catalyzes the oxidation of simple azo compounds including 4-phenylazoaniline, 4-(phenylazo)- N-methylaniline and 4-(phenylazo)- N, N-dimethylaniline (methyl yellow). Methyl yellow and 4-(phenylazo)- N-methylaniline are N-demethylated to form 4-phenylazoaniline prior to further oxidation. Oxidation of 4-phenylazoaniline generates a variety of products as a result of multiple reaction pathways occurring simultaneously. One pathway for the oxidation of 4-phenylazoaniline involves oxidative cleavage of the azo linkage while additional pathways result in modification of 4-phenylazoaniline without cleavage of the azo linkage. One of these additional reaction pathways includes the formation of an additional azo linkage to yield 1,4′-bis(phenylazo)azobenzene.

Sodium Chains as Core Nanowires for Gelation of Organic Solvents from a Functionalized Nicotinic Acid and Its Sodium Salt

A new metallo-organic gelator formed from an admixture of a substituted nicotinic acid and its sodium salt is described. The nicotinic acid is substituted in the 6-position by an acetal functionality. The crystal structure of the 1:1 mixture revealed that the sodium atoms are aligned in infinite chains with the two organic units hydrogen bonded together to create potentially trinucleating ligands that encase the metal core, which leads to tube-like structures. These one-dimensional crystals were found to spontaneously gelify dichloromethane and provide pyridine gels with high thermal resistance. Gel formation was investigated by several analytical techniques, which included differential scanning calorimetry, TEM, freeze fracture electron microscopy (FFEM), IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and was found to be induced by the swelling of the one-dimensional material. FFEM and powder X-ray diffraction have revealed that the sodium chains are associated in a highly compacted state into a layered structure inside the gel. Doping these robust gels with dyes by diffusion, such as xylene cyanol, methyl yellow and bromo thymol blue, is feasible without destruction of the gels.

Self-Neutralizing in Situ Acid Catalysis for Single-Pot Synthesis of Iodobenzene and Methyl Yellow in CO2-Expanded Methanol

Despite widespread use, homogeneous acid catalysis has the drawback of requiring downstream neutralization, resulting in salt waste. Methylcarbonic acid is a self-neutralizing acid that forms in situ in methanol/CO2 systems at mild pressures (10−47 bar) and then decomposes by depressurization. In the work presented here, methylcarbonic acid catalyzes the diazotization of aniline, which is either coupled with N,N-dimethyl aniline to form methyl yellow or reacted with iodide to form iodobenzene. The syntheses of methyl yellow and iodobenzene represent a class of industrially important reactions.

Degradation of organic dyes in water by electrical discharges

The degradation of several organic compounds in aqueous solution: methyl yellow (C14H15N3), methyl red (C15H15N3O2), methyl orange (C14H14N3NaO3S), phenol red (C19H14O5S) and methylene blue (C16H18ClN3S), was investigated in a pulsed corona discharge. High voltage pulses of 17 kV amplitude, 24 ns rise time and approximately 200 ns duration (full width at half maximum––FWHM) were applied to an array of six hollow needles. When oxygen was bubbled into the solution through the needle, current pulses of 90 A amplitude were obtained and the average power dissipated in the discharge was 19 W at 100 Hz pulse repetition rate. UV-visible spectra of the aqueous solutions show a significant reduction of the absorbance in the visible range, up to 90%, after plasma treatment, suggesting fragmentation of the compounds. Several aliphatic compounds were identified as oxidation products of methyl yellow, methyl red and methyl orange. For methylene blue and phenol red aromatic reaction products were detected as well.

A 3-D Dosimeter for Complex-Shaped Foods Using Electron-Beam Irradiation

A chemical solution composed of paraffin wax, chloroform, and methyl yellow was shaped into a solid 3-D apple-phantom to determine absorbed dose from e-beams. The purpose of this study was to develop a 3-D dosimeter to visualize 3-D dose distribution in complex-shaped food products. Intensity data of an apple-phantom irradiated at 45° with a Van de Graaff accelerator was generated by slicing the phantom into 16 slices, each with 3.175 mm thickness. Three-dimensional representations were produced using the individual data for each phantom slice. The main advantage of using the apple-phantom is that the absorbed dose distribution can be visually seen in 3-D. It clearly helps to demonstrate that the dose distribution and dose depth profiles may be different depending on the reference plane chosen for the dosimetry analysis.

1P314 4-ジメチルアミノアゾベンゼンを側鎖として組み込んだ合成DNAの可視光応答性(バイオエンジニアリング,ポスター発表,第45回日本生物物理学会年会)

1P314 4-ジメチルアミノアゾベンゼンを側鎖として組み込んだ合成DNAの可視光応答性(バイオエンジニアリング,ポスター発表,第45回日本生物物理学会年会)

Relationship between segmental dynamics and tracer diffusion of low mass compounds in polyacrylates

We studied the relationship between segmental dynamics of matrix polymers and tracer diffusion of low mass compounds by the use of forced Rayleigh scattering and dielectric spectroscopy. Specifically poly(methyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly( n-butyl acrylate) were used as the polymer matrices and six azobenzene derivatives with various substituents as the diffusant. The temperature dependence of the tracer diffusion coefficient D was measured on methylyellow (MY)/polyacrylate blends at the MY concentration of 1 wt%. The results indicate that the temperature dependence of D is weaker than the dielectric loss maximum frequencies f m for the α processes of the matrices. The effect of volume of the dye molecules on D was also investigated at 305 K. Comparison of the tracer diffusion coefficients among various dye/polymer systems indicates that log D in the same matrix decreases linearly with the molar volume of the dyes.

Assessment of hepatocellular damage and hematological alterations in mice chronically fed p-dimethyl aminoazobenzene and phenobarbital

Two sets of mice ( Mus musculus) were chronically fed 0.06% p-dimethylaminoazobenzene ( p-DAB) and 0.05% Phenobarbital (PB) for 90 and 120 days, respectively, and several cell biological and hematological parameters were studied against normal diet fed controls. The cell biological studies included: (i) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and reduced glutathione content (GSH), and (ii) ultra-structural changes in liver through scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopies. Further, changes in some other parameters like blood glucose level, cholesterol and hemoglobin contents, serum cortisol concentration and rate of viability of lymphocytes were also recorded. The serum hormonal levels of estradiol and testosterone were also measured in view of the observation that mice subjected to chronic feeding of p-DAB and PB had dramatically reduced reproductive abilities. All results clearly indicated that the chronic feeding of the carcinogens induced considerable toxicity and palpable hepato-cellular injuries along with some other changes during the carcinogenetic process in liver.

Ruthenium and chromium complexes bearing pH-indicators as the η 6-arene ligand: Synthesis, characterization, and protonation behavior

A series of ruthenium and chromium complexes bearing pH indicators as the η 6-arene ligand, (η 6-X)(ML n ) y [X = methyl yellow, crystal violet lactone, phenolphthalein; ML n = RuCp ∗ +, RuCl 2(L), Cr(CO) 3; y = 1, 2] is prepared and characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Of the plural arene rings in the indicators, a specific arene ring can be successfully coordinated to the metal center in a selective manner under appropriate conditions (i.e. use of the precursors of different oxidation states and reaction with the non-protonated and protonated pH indicator). The obtained indicator complexes show halochromic behavior depending on pH as observed for the parent molecules but the transition pH ranges are shifted to the more acidic side because of the attachment of the electron-withdrawing metal fragments, which decrease the basicity of the attached pH indicators.

Relationships between surface compositions and properties of surfaces of mixed fumed oxides

Fumed oxides SiO 2/Al 2O 3 (SA), SiO 2/TiO 2 (ST) and Al 2O 3/SiO 2/TiO 2 (AST) at different content of alumina and titania were investigated by one-pass temperature-programmed desorption (OPTPD) time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (TOFMS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), NMR, FTIR, thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC), microcalorimetry, adsorption of nitrogen, water, (dimethylamino)azobenzene (DMAAB) and metal ions (Pb(II) and Ni(II)). It was shown that all the studied adsorption/desorption and energetic properties of mixed fumed oxides depend strongly on the surface content of alumina C A l 2 O 3 s (shown as a surface content of aluminum, C Al s ) in SA and AST and titania C Ti O 2 s (shown as a surface content of titanium, C Ti s ) in ST and AST. Many of these properties demonstrate clear correlations with the C Al s and C Ti s values over the total range of alumina and titania content in the materials.

MONTE CARLO‐BASED FOOD IRRADIATION SIMULATOR

ABSTRACT The Monte Carlo electron‐transport simulation (MCNP‐5) and computer axial tomography (CT) scan technology were used to predict the dose distribution in an irregular‐shaped food product, an apple‐phantom composed of paraffin wax, chloroform and methyl yellow. The Monte Carlo code used was successfully tested against the experimental data, resulting in less than 5% discrepancy between the simulation and measured data. The geometry and composition CT data of a real apple (Red Delicious) was then used to simulate the dose distribution in an apple irradiated by 1‐ and 5‐MeV photon‐beams. For the 5‐MeV photon simulations, a lesser amount of energy was deposited closer to the surface (at the right‐side surface) of the apple. It also shows a more uniform distribution in the forward direction. For a 1‐MeV simulation, a higher energy was distributed at the right half of the apple, and there was no warming‐up region as shown in the 5‐MeV simulation.

Structural and Conformational Studies of ortho-, meta-, and para-Methyl Red upon Proton Gain and Loss

The structures and conformations of ortho-, meta-, and para-methyl red (MR) upon proton gain and loss were studied by density functional calculations, and compared to methyl yellow for the effects of a carboxyl substitution. Internal hydrogen bonding causes the geometry of neutral o-MR planar, otherwise twist. Monoprotonated species of MR are planar where the proton is attached to <TEX>$\beta$</TEX>-azo nitrogen. This loses its azo character a bit, and shows strong delocalization characterized as a quinonoid canonical structure. Di-protonated species of MR is proved to hold two protons at the amino and <TEX>$\alpha$</TEX>-azo nitrogen atoms, and planar. It regains somewhat of its azo character, but still shows fairly delocalized property in terms of carbocationic canonical structures. The carboxyl substitution on 4-dimethylamino-trans-azobenzene structure has some delocalization effects on the geometry or conformation of MR derivatives whether neutral, mono-, di- or de-protonated.

Surface relief grating formation on a single crystal of 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene

Surface relief grating (SRG) formation on an organic single crystal by irradiation with two coherent laser beams has been demonstrated by using 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene (DAAB). It was found that the SRG formation was greatly depending upon both the coordination of the crystal and the polarization of the writing beams. The dependence of the polarization of writing beams on the SRG formation using the single crystal was found to be quite different from that reported for amorphous polymers and photochromic amorphous molecular materials, suggesting that the mechanism of the SRG formation on the organic crystal is somewhat different from that on amorphous materials.

Development of a simple method for predicting the levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate migrated from PVC medical devices into pharmaceutical solutions

This study deals with the development of a simple method for predicting the elution levels of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from medical devices made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by using the physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical injections as a marker. GC-MS analysis showed that the release of DEHP from medical grade PVC product was concentration-dependently increased by extraction with two kinds of lipophilic injections (Sandimmun® and Prograf®) and three kinds of surfactants (HCO-60, Tween® 80, and SDS). The solubility of lipophilic pigments such as Sudan III, methyl yellow, and 1,4-diamino-anthraquinone against these solutions were also increased in a concentration-dependent manner, in which methyl yellow showed the highest response regarding the increase of optical density (O.D.). Further, electrical conductivity and static contact angle to the PVC sheet of the solutions were also increased or decreased in the same manner. As a result of the comparative study, significant correlation was found between DEHP release levels and these three physicochemical properties, particularly methyl yellow solubility, of the solutions tested. To evaluate the relationship in detail, DEHP release levels from PVC tubing and methyl yellow solubility of 53 injections used in gynecologic and obstetric fields were determined. None of the hydrophilic medicines showed any significant release of DEHP, and all showed low solubility of methyl yellow. On the other hand, the lipophilic medicines releasing a large amount of DEHP showed high solubility of methyl yellow (greater than O.D. 0.8). These results indicate that a significant proportional relationship exists between DEHP release potency and methyl yellow solubility of pharmaceutical solutions, and the risk of DEHP exposure to the patients administered pharmaceuticals through transfusion set could be easily predicted by the solubility test without complicated elution tests of DEHP using GC-MS or LC-MS.

サイクロデキストリンが酸塩基指示薬の呈色変化に及ぼす影響

To detect various kinds of cyclodextrins by visual observation, the authors selected 7 kinds of acid-base indicators from commercially available ones whose color were changed by the addition of various kinds of cyclodextrins at specified pH. They were methyl orange, methyl yellow, congo red, methyl red, bromocresol green, m-cresol purple and phenolphthalein. By the addition of methyl yellow, α-CD was detected through the change from turbid whitish yellow to light yellow at the pH range of 5-10. β-CD was appropriately detected by the addition of phenolphthalein at pH 10.5, and contamination of γ-CD in this sample was checked by the addition of bromocresol green at pH 5.0-10.0 through the color change of greenish blue or blue to blue or light pale blue. The color of congo red was changed by the presence of various kinds of starch degraded polymers having a certain degree of polymerization. After the treatment of mixture of CD and dextrins with glucoamylase, β-CD and γ-CD were detected by the addition of congo red at pH 5.0.

Optical activity of the guest azobenzene molecule generated by inclusion complexation with steroidal bile acids

The crystalline inclusion complexes of azobenzene 1 with cholic CA and deoxycholic DCA acid were prepared and their solid state CD spectra measured. The positive Cotton effect sign, corresponding to the lowest energy n–π* transition, was correlated with the M, M helicity of the twisted guest molecule. The absolute sense of twist of the enclathrated guest molecule 1 was deduced from the X-ray structure of the 1· CA complex. In addition, the solid state CD spectrum of the enantiomorphous crystals of methyl yellow 2 was measured. The source of the optical activity is a slight twisting of the constituent molecules and their helical arrangement in the crystal.

CVD-zirconia on fumed silica and silica gel

Two series of CVD-zirconia/silica samples were synthesised on the basis of silica gel Si-60 and fumed silica A-380 as substrates using zirconium tetrachloride chemisorbed then hydrolysed heated. The reaction cycles were repeated up to four times. Structural and adsorption characteristics of zirconia/silicas were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption, infrared (IR) and ultraviolet/visible (UV–vis) spectroscopies and quantum chemical methods. A tetragonal lattice gives the main contribution to zirconia crystallites. The size of these crystallites depends not only on the number of the reaction cycles ( i r) but also on the type of a silica matrix. The zirconia crystallite size grows on zirconia deposition onto fumed silica with increasing i r, but it is near the same for zirconia/silica gel in consequence of a restricted size of pores of Si-60. The fumed silica substrate inhibits change of phase of zirconia on heating to a greater extent than the silica gel substrate. Motives of several crystalline lattices of zirconia were found after sample calcination at high temperatures. UV–vis and IR spectra of adsorbed probe compounds ((dimethylamino)azobenzene (DMAAB) and pyridine (Py)) suggest that CVD-zirconia/silica surface is characterized by several types of acidic sites.

Single molecule detection of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene by SERS

Single molecule detection of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene by SERS