Methyl Palmitate Research Articles

Purification and characterization of a psychrophilic lipase from Serratia marcescens VT 1 and its application in methyl ester synthesis

Lipase from Serratia marcescens VT 1 with a molecular weight of 62 kDa was purified by 9.42 fold with 16.89 % recovery by DEAE Cellulose and Sephadex G-75 columns. The characterization studies showed the optimum temperature and pH were 30 °C and 7, with good stability from 10 to 30 °C and pH 7. The lipase displayed good stability in the presence of metal ions Ca2+ and Na+, surfactants Gum arabic and Triton X-100, inhibitor EDTA, and organic solvents hexane and methanol. The serine inhibitor PMSF reduced lipase activity by 66 %. Vmax and Km kinetic parameters were 35.21 μmol/ml/min and 0.823 mM with p-nitrophenyl palmitate as substrate. The induction of methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, and methyl linoleate from palm oil was confirmed by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. The present study showed that the Serratia marcescens VT 1 lipase is a psychrophilic, neutral, and serine lipase efficacious of methyl esters genesis.

Nickel Molybdenum Bimetallic Nitrides as Efficient Catalysts for the Hydrodeoxygenation of Methyl Palmitate

AbstractHighly efficient catalysts play an important role in the effective use of biomass oil to produce clean fuel. In this work, pure‐phase Ni−Mo bimetallic nitrides (Ni2Mo3N and Ni3Mo3N) with different stoichiometric ratios are prepared by temperature‐programmed nitridation of the metal oxide precursors in ammonia, which are investigated in the hydrodeoxygenation of methyl palmitate in the fixed‐bed reactor at moderate conditions. The physical and chemical properties of catalysts were evaluated by H2‐TPR, XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and CO chemisorption. The Ni2Mo3N catalyst presents the best methyl palmitate hydrogenation activity (con.%=95.4 %) and the maximum hexadecane selectivity (95.0 %), which is obviously higher than those of Ni3Mo3N and Mo2N catalysts. By introducing transition metal Ni into the Mo2N lattice to form nickel‐molybdenum bimetallic nitride, the lattice structure and electronic structure of the Mo active center have been changed, which greatly enhances the hydrodeoxygenation performances for the transformation of biomass oil to clean fuel.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis on Molecular Targets and Mechanisms of Fei Jin Sheng Formula in the Treatment of Lung Cancer.

Fei Jin Sheng Formula (FJSF) is widely used in clinical treatment of lung cancer. But the underlying active ingredients and mechanisms are unclear. To investigate the active components and functional mechanisms of FJSF in treating lung cancer using a network pharmacology approach and molecular docking combined with vitro experiments Methods: Based on the TCMSP and related literature, the chemical components of related herbs in FJSF were collected. The active components of FJSF were screened by ADME parameters, and the targets were predicted by the Swiss Target Prediction database. The "drug-active ingredient-target" network was constructed by Cytoscape. Disease-related targets of lung cancer were acquired from GeneCards, OMIM, and TTD databases. Then drug-disease intersection target genes were obtained through the Venn tool. GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed via the Metascape database. Cytoscape was used to construct a PPI network and perform topological analysis. Kaplan-Meier Plotter was used to analyze the relationship between DVL2 and the prognosis of lung cancer patients. xCell method was used to estimate the relationship between DVL2 and immune cell infiltration in lung cancer. Molecular docking was performed by AutoDockTools-1.5.6. The results were verified by experiments in vitro. FJSF contained 272 active ingredients and 52 potential targets for lung cancer. GO enrichment analysis is mainly related to cell migration and movement, lipid metabolism, and protein kinase activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis mainly involves PI3K-Akt, TNF, HIF-1, and other pathways. Molecular docking shows that the compound Xambioona, quercetin and methyl palmitate in FJSF has a strong binding ability with NTRK1, APC, and DVL2. Analysis of the data in UCSC to analyze the expression of DVL2 in lung cancer shows that DVL2 was overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis shows that the higher DVL2 expression in lung cancer patients was associated with poorer overall survival and poorer survival in stage I patients. It was negatively correlated with the infiltration of various immune cells in the lung cancer microenvironment. Vitro Experiment showed that Methyl Palmitate (MP) can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells, and its mechanism of action may be to downregulate the expression of DVL2. FJSF may play a role in inhibiting the occurrence and development of lung cancer by downregulating the expression of DVL2 in A549 cells through its active ingredient Methyl Palmitate. These results provide scientific evidence for further investigations into the role of FJSF and Methyl Palmitate in the treatment of lung cancer.

Expanded waste glass/methyl palmitate/carbon nanofibers as effective shape stabilized and thermal enhanced composite phase change material for thermal energy storage

A prominent choice for phase change materials (PCMs) for passive solar thermoregulation is fatty acids because of their many beneficial characteristics for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES). Their low thermal conductivity and additional storage container requirements to prevent leaks during heating time, however, severely restrict their range of applications. In order to address these issues with methyl palmitate (MP) as a phase transition material, it was first doped with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) after being incorporated with expanded waste glass (EWG) using the melting/blending procedure. The SEM, XRD, FTIR, DSC, and TGA techniques were used to investigate the thermal and chemical performance of composite phase change materials (CPCMs). The leak-proof composite phase change materials (LPCPCM) and thermal enhanced shape stabilized composite phase change materials (TE-SSCPCMs) had latent energy between 96.1 and 96.7 J/g and melting temperatures between 26.61 and 27.12 °C. Doping 2, 4, and 8 wt% of CNFs into CPCMs, conductivity got enhanced by 29.2, 62.5, and 112.5 % respectively, due to which, the TE-SSCPCM's charging/discharging periods were significantly shortened without changing their LHTES properties much. Further, evidence came from the thermal cycling test, TGA results, and the impressive thermal reliability, LHTES cycle performance, and chemical compatibility of all manufactured composites.

Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant activity and antihypertensive evaluation of Ocimum basilicum L. in l-NAME induced hypertensive rats and its correlation analysis

Ocimum basilicum Linn. (basil) is an aromatic culinary herb that has shown a great potential in therapeutic world. It has many promising pharmacological activities that make it centre for investigations for many researchers. Current study has been planned to determine chemical constituents of basil leaves extracts and their in-vitro and ex-vivo antioxidant and in-vivo antihypertensive potential. GC-MS studies of non-polar extracts showed presence of 75 compounds including monoterpenes, hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, phyto-sterols and phthalates. Higher percentages of fatty acids were also identified. The major compounds include linalool (7.65%), terpineol (1.42%), tau-cadinol (13.55%), methyl palmitate (14.24%), palmitic acid (14.31%), linolenic acid (1.30%) and methyl linolenate (17.72%). Electron spray ionization mass spectrometry ESI-HRMS/MS of the polar extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolic acid, amino acid, coumarin, lignin, flavanoid and terpene derivative. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were determined using spectrophotometric technique and calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g dry weight and rutin equivalent RE/g of dry weight respectively. The highest phenolic content and flavonoid content were found in ethyl acetate extract 9.40 mg GAE/g and 15.9 mg RE/g of dry weight. All the extracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS cation decolorization assays. Dichloromethane extract possess the highest DPPH scavenging activity, i.e., 64.12% ± 0.23 at concentration of 4 mg/ml. Moreover in ex-vivo studies all the extracts showed prominent effect by inhibiting AAPS induce oxidation in Human erythrocytes being 69.24% ± 0.18 in dichloromethane extract, 64.44% ± 0.04 in ethyl acetate and 53.33% ± 0.09 in acetone extract. The methanol extract of O. basilicum exhibited significant decrease in systolic blood pressure in l-Name induced hypertensive rats at the dose of 50 mg/kg for 28 days. Total phenolic content had a higher linear correlation (r = 0.678) with antihypertensive activity, with a level of significance 95% showing that phenolic compounds in the leaves of the plant has important role in inhibiting l –NAME induced hypertension while flavonoid compounds may play a key role in the antioxidant activities of the plant, through synergism. Conclusively, O. basilicum leaves with bioactive metabolites are a potential source for the development of antihypertensive drugs.

A novel bio-based phase change material of methyl palmitate and decanoic acid eutectic mixture: Thermodynamic modeling and thermal performance

One of the most sustainable methods of energy management is thermal energy storage using renewable phase change materials. Phase change materials (PCMs) with high latent heat can store thermal energy when available and release it effectively when required. In this study, the thermal properties of a set of binary mixtures of methyl palmitate (MP) and decanoic acid (DA) have been evaluated as a new bio-based and renewable PCM. Both phase change materials are obtained from vegetable oil and are biomass-based materials. The results show that the binary eutectic mixture consisting of 30% MP and 70% DA has the desired properties as a PCM for applying as thermal energy storage in the building materials. These features include the convenient melting and freezing temperatures (Tm = 20.19 °C, Tf = 15.08 °C) and the high value of corresponding latent heats (ΔHf =202.3 J.g−1, ΔHm = 201.43 J.g−1). Evaluating other thermo-physical properties of this mixture also confirms its fitness for the PCM role. The composition and melting point of the eutectic point and the solid-liquid phase equilibrium for these mixtures were predicted by several thermodynamic models from which UNIQUAC showed the lowest Average Relative Deviation percentage (ARD%) of 0.29%.

Metabonomics comparison of coronary heart disease with and without turbid phlegm syndrome

Objectives To help understand the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) by doing blood metabonomics comparison on CHD patients with phlegm-turbidity syndrome and without syndrome, and healthy controls. Methods Ninety patients were involved. Among them, 60 patients with CHD were divided into the coronary heart disease with turbid phlegm syndrome group (HZTZ) and the coronary heart disease without turbid phlegm syndrome group (NHZTZ). The additional 30 subjects were the healthy controls (JKZ). The serum endogenous metabolites were determined and analyzed by Liquid chromatography—Mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results In positive ion mode, there were three identical differential metabolites among the three groups: N2-ethyl-n4-isopropyl-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, LysoPC (18:2), and methyl palmitate. In negative ion mode, two identical metabolites were identified, which were LysoPC (17:0) and fatty acyl ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) (17:1/14:1). These five metabolites of the HZTZ group were higher than those in NHZTZ group and healthy controls. The results identified perturbations in the areas, such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and so on. Conclusions Metabonomics analysis of serum in patients with CHD with turbid phlegm syndrome uncovered the metabolic disorders of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in comparison to the patients without turbid phlegm syndrome.

Phytochemical Constituents of Indonesian Adlay (Coix lacrima-jobi L.) and Their Potential as Antioxidants and Crop Protection Agents

Adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) is a cereal crop that has traditionally been used for medicinal purposes. It is processed into nutritious food in China and Southeast Asian countries. This study assesses the phytochemical constituents of this plant and their potential as antioxidants and crop protection agents. The methanolic extracts from seeds of Indonesian adlay (C. lacryma-jobi) varieties including Agrotis, Ma-yuen, and Aquatic, were tested against 2,2-diphnyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) to determine their free radical scavenging activity. The relationship between extraction solvents, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity was analyzed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA) to classify them based on the similarities among the components. The potential use of the phytochemicals as crop protection agents was also explored through a review of the literature. The Agrotis variety demonstrated the highest antioxidant activities (IC50 DPPH = 741.49 and ABTS =152.69 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction of this variety showed the greatest antioxidant activity (IC50 DPPH and ABTS = 106.34 and 17.62 µg/mL, respectively), total phenolic content (275.16 mg GAE/g extract), and flavonoid content (37.41 mg QE/g extract). Fatty acids (FAs) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) accounted for 47.71 ± 0.02 and 41.73 ± 0.04%, respectively, and they were the major components of the extracts. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three different groups of phytochemical components in the seeds of Agrotis variety, including fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), such as methyl linoleate, methyl stearate, methyl vaccinates, and methyl palmitate, and fatty acids (FAs), including 7-hexadecanoid acid, bovinic acid, and 15-hydroxipentadecanoic acid. The final phytochemical group consisted of minor components, including uncategorized compounds such as decamethyl-tetrasiloxane and cycloalkenes. This study highlights the fact that C. lacrima-jobi is a promising source of natural antioxidants and agrochemicals.

Efficient deoxygenation of methyl esters to hydrocarbons on Al2O3 supported Ni-Sn intermetallic compounds

Al2O3 supported Ni-Sn alloy (Ni/Sn atomic ratio of 6) and Ni3Sn, Ni3Sn2 and Ni3Sn4 intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were prepared by co-precipitation method for the deoxygenation of fatty acid methyl esters to produce hydrocarbons. In comparison with metallic Ni, the catalytic evaluation and methyl propionate-TPD/TPSR results reveal that Ni-Sn IMCs remarkably inhibit the decarbonylation/decarboxylation pathway, C-C bond hydrogenolysis and methanation while promote the hydrodeoxygenation pathway, subsequently enhancing the yield of aiming hydrocarbons. Therein, 20%Ni3Sn2/Al2O3 has the best performance, and the hydrocarbons yield reach about 99% in the deoxygenation of methyl octanoate and methyl palmitate. We suggest that the geometric and electronic effects of Sn contribute the excellent performance of Ni-Sn IMCs, and there is synergetic effect between Ni and Sn sites for the activation of C-O/C=O bond, for which a suitable Ni-Sn atomic spacing is very important. Finally, the catalyst stability and deactivation were also investigated.

A HyChem combustion model of methyl decanoate

Liquid biofuels are promising carbon-neutral fuels, which contribute to the realization of low-carbon utilization of organic fuels. Due to the difficulty in developing kinetic models for liquid biofuels with complex high molecular components, short-chain fuels are often used as surrogate fuels to study the chemical kinetics of biofuels such as biodiesels. But this approach is complex to model and need to consider the kinetic coupling of the fragments of fuel components. The HyChem approach, which considers the combustion characteristics of the fuel directly, has been proposed to model the combustion of real multi-component and single-component hydrocarbon fuels. It describes the fuel decomposition with a lumped model and the oxidation of pyrolysis fragments with a detailed kinetic model. To preliminarily test the feasibility of the HyChem approach to oxygenated fuels, it was applied to the combustion modeling of methyl decanoate, a typical methyl ester and an important biodiesel surrogate, and the model parameters were constrained by speciation data from literature. Special attention was paid to the evolution of the oxygen element. The results show that the pyrolysis and oxidation of methyl decanoate are two separable processes in time and space, and the methyl decanoate HyChem model predictions had a reasonably good agreement with experimental measurements of speciation, ignition delay time, and flame speeds. To further test the application of HyChem method for biodiesel, we also make a preliminary attempt for methyl palmitate, which is a real biodiesel component. These tests suggest that the HyChem method can be applied to more oxygenated fuels, which provides an efficient modeling approach for complex biofuel combustion.

Autoignition of methyl palmitate in low to intermediate temperature: Experiments in rapid compression machine and kinetic modeling

Autoignition of methyl palmitate in low to intermediate temperature: Experiments in rapid compression machine and kinetic modeling

A volatile sex attractant of tsetse flies.

Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes-parasites that cause devastating diseases in humans and livestock-across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Chemical communication through volatile pheromones is common among insects; however, it remains unknown if and how such chemical communication occurs in tsetse flies. We identified methyl palmitoleate (MPO), methyl oleate, and methyl palmitate as compounds that are produced by the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans and elicit strong behavioral responses. MPO evoked a behavioral response in male-but not virgin female-G. morsitans. G. morsitans males mounted females of another species, Glossina fuscipes, when they were treated with MPO. We further identified a subpopulation of olfactory neurons in G. morsitans that increase their firing rate in response to MPO and showed that infecting flies with African trypanosomes alters the flies' chemical profile and mating behavior. The identification of volatile attractants in tsetse flies may be useful for reducing disease spread.

TEST OF BIODIESEL FROM USED COOKING OIL FROM DORMITORY X ON OPACITY AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS HC, CO AND CO2

The current trend is the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel, one alternative is used cooking oil. Not many Indonesian people are aware of the great potential for utilizing used cooking oil or what is commonly called cooking oil (waste vegetable oil or WVO, also known as waste cooking oil or WCO and used cooking oil or UCO). The aim is to minimize pollution of used/used cooking oil waste in the surrounding environment as environmental conservation, to know the characteristics and quality requirements of used cooking oil/used cooking oil from dormitory X to become biodiesel according to SNI 04-7182-2015 standards, as well as the effect of blending biodiesel from cooking oil used/used cooking oil from dormitory X with PT Pertamina's Solar TBBM on opacity, performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engines. Test results for used cooking oil test criteria for smell, taste, visual color, water content, free fatty acids, acid number and peroxide value do not meet the quality standards of SNI 01-3741-2002, so they are not suitable for use or consumption again because they are toxic. The highest yield value is 81.33% and the lowest is 61.7%. Analysis of the FAME content was 98.18% and the remaining 0.72% glycerol. The highest content of methyl palmitate was 47.57% and the lowest content was 1.502% methyl myristate. Density test results were 815 – 880, viscosity were 2.3 – 6.0 cST, water content were 210,667 – 366,750, ASTM Copper Strip color test and copper blade corrosion were sequentially number 3 and class 1 A. The highest opacity value was achieved at 3000 rpm rotation . Emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) produce no HC on average. Carbon monoxide (CO) exhaust emissions produce an average of 0.05% by volume. Emission levels of CO2 in exhaust gas show an average of 0.2% by volume.

Efficient Hydrogenation of Methyl Palmitate to Hexadecanol over Cu/m-ZrO2 Catalysts: Synergistic Effect of Cu Species and Oxygen Vacancies

Renewable fatty esters are a class of clean feedstock to produce high value-added fatty alcohols. Herein, the hydrogenation of methyl palmitate (MP) to hexadecanol over defect-rich Cu/m-ZrO2 catalysts was studied systematically. A series of Cu/m-ZrO2 catalysts with different concentrations of oxygen vacancies (Ovs) were fabricated by adjusting the calcination temperature of m-ZrO2 support. Among the catalysts, Cu/m-ZrO2-350 displays the highest Cu dispersion, the largest number of Cu0 sites and surface Ov concentration, which exhibits the best activity for MP hydrogenation. It gives the MP conversion of 94.6% and hexadecanol yield of 93.3% at 300 °C and 7.5 MPa of H2. Spectroscopic characterizations and theoretical calculations revealed that the highly dispersed Cu species and abundant Ov sites synergistically boost the hydrogenation of MP. Specifically, the Cu0 sites facilitate the heterolysis of H2, and the Ov sites contribute to the dissociation of MP. The synergistic effect of Cu species and Ov sites disclosed in this work provides deep insights into the design of catalysts for efficient conversion of fatty esters to fatty alcohols.

Eco-friendly reversible photochromic epoxy resin microcapsules with strong acid and alkali resistance for energy storage via facile in-situ microencapsulation

Multi-functional microcapsule considered as a promising technique is attracting more and more attention with social development. This study successfully prepared four kinds of eco-friendly epoxy resin microcapsules both with reversible photochromic and energy storage properties via in-situ polymerization. For the microcapsules, methyl palmitate (MP), which dissolves photochromic dyes (spiropyran), was used as the core material, and four epoxy resins (EP) with various molecular structured were selected as the shell material. The properties such as thermal stability, energy storage, surface morphology and UV absorption technology of these designed microcapsules were systematically investigated by thermogravimetric (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and UV–vis spectrophotometer, etc. Allowing the selection of microcapsules with mentioned properties for specific environments. The results show that hydrogenated bisphenol A epoxy resin (CYDH-3000) microcapsules possessed lower activation energy and higher UV absorption. The thermal stability of bisphenol A epoxy resin (E51) microcapsules was as high as 328.4 °C. While Bisphenol F epoxy resin (NP170) microcapsules have the highest energy storage efficiency (E = 91.45 %). The lower subcooling degree of hain epoxy resin (MHR-050) microcapsules reached 20.3 °C, showing promising application prospects in the thermo-regulated field. Meanwhile, these four epoxy resin microcapsules can retain specific shapes and photochromic phenomena with little enthalpy change in 10 % H2SO4 and 10 % NaOH environments due to the corrosion resistance of epoxy resins, which establishing the technical foundation for its application in viscose spinning.

Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity against Tribolium Castaneum of Thapsia garganica L. Seed Essential Oil.

Due to the several side effects of synthetic pesticides, including environmental pollution, threats to human health, and the development of pest resistance to insecticides, the use of alternative healthy, available and efficient agents in pest management strategies is necessary. Recently, the use of essential oil obtained from aromatic plants has shown significant potential for insect pest management. For this reason, the essential oil isolated from seeds of Thapsia garganica L. was investigated for the first time for its chemical profile, and its toxicity and repellency effects against Tribolium castaneum adults. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the chemical composition by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed the presence of 18 organic volatiles representing 96.8 % of the total constituents. The main compounds were 1,4-dimethylazulene (51.3 %) followed by methyl palmitate (8.2 %), methyl linoleate (6.2 %) and costol (5.1 %). Concerning the repellent effect, results revealed that SEO (Seed Essential Oil) was very repellent towards T. castaneum adults, with 100 % repellency after 2 h of exposure. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited remarkable contact toxicity against T. castaneum (93.3 % of mortality) at the concentration of 10 % (v/v). The median lethal dose (LD50 ) of the topical application of the seed essential oil was 4.4 %. These encouraging outcomes suggested that the essential oil from T. garganica seeds could be considered a potent natural alternative to residual persistent and toxic insecticides.

Changes in Spirulina's Physical and Chemical Properties during Submerged and Solid-State Lacto-Fermentation.

The aim of this study was to select a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain for bio-conversion of Spirulina, a cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae"), into an ingredient with a high concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for human and animal nutrition. For this purpose, ten different LAB strains and two different fermentation conditions (SMF (submerged) and SSF (solid state fermentation)) were tested. In addition, the concentrations of fatty acids (FA) and biogenic amines (BA) in Spirulina samples were evaluated. It was established that Spirulina is a suitable substrate for fermentation, and the lowest pH value (4.10) was obtained in the 48 h SSF with Levilactobacillus brevis. The main FA in Spirulina were methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate and gamma-linolenic acid methyl ester. Fermentation conditions were a key factor toward glutamic acid concentration in Spirulina, and the highest concentration of GABA (2395.9 mg/kg) was found in 48 h SSF with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei samples. However, a significant correlation was found between BA and GABA concentrations, and the main BA in fermented Spirulina samples were putrescine and spermidine. Finally, the samples in which the highest GABA concentrations were found also displayed the highest content of BA. For this reason, not only the concentration of functional compounds in the end-product must be controlled, but also non-desirable substances, because both of these compounds are produced through similar metabolic pathways of the decarboxylation of amino acids.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Pesticidal Efficacy in the Oleoresins of Globba sessiliflora Sims and In Silico Study.

Globba sessiliflora Sims is an aromatic rhizomatous herb of family Zingiberaceae which is endemic to Peninsular India. This study first reports the phytochemical profile and pesticidal potential of oleoresins obtained from the aerial and rhizome parts of Globba sessiliflora Sims. The oleoresins were prepared by the cold percolation method and were analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Both the oleoresins varied greatly in composition, the major compounds identified in aerial part oleoresin (GSAO) were methyl linoleate, methyl palmitate, and phytol, while the major compounds present in rhizome part oleoresin (GSRO) were γ-sitosterol, 8 (17),12-labdadiene-15, 16-dial, methyl linoleate, and methyl palmitate. In order to evaluate the biological activities, the oleoresins were tested under laboratory conditions for nematicidal action and inhibition of egg hatching potential against root knot nematode, where GSRO was more effective. Insecticidal activity was performed against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi and castor hairy caterpillar, Selepa celtis. In case of mustard aphid, GSRO (LC50 = 154.8 ppm) was more effective than GSAO (LC50 = 263.0 ppm), while GSAO (LC50 = 346.7.0 ppm) was more effective against castor hairy caterpillar than GSRO (LC50 = 398.1 ppm). The herbicidal activity was performed in the receptor species Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus, and the oleoresins showed different intensities for seed germination inhibition and coleoptile and radical length inhibition. Molecular docking studies were conducted to screen the in vitro activities and through molecular docking, it was found that the major oleoresins components were able to interact with the binding pocket of HPPD and AChE with γ-sitosterol showing the best binding affinity.

Compositional dependence of Co- and Mo-supported beta zeolite for selective one-step hydrotreatment of methyl palmitate to produce bio jet fuel range hydrocarbons.

For producing a drop-in bio jet fuel, one-step hydrotreatment, which includes deoxygenation, isomerization and cracking in one step, is essential to overcome the typical biofuel drawbacks due to high oxygen content, out of jet fuel range hydrocarbons, and low isomerization degree. Herein, Co- or/and Mo-supported Beta(25) zeolites with various Co/Mo ratios were prepared as transition metal-supported zeolite catalysts without the need for sulfidation of conventional transition metal catalysts. Based on the catalyst characterization, the Co/Mo ratio alters the metal phase with the appearance of CoMoO4 and the altered Co metal phase strongly influences the acidic properties of Beta(25) by the formation of Lewis (L) acid sites with different strengths as Co3O4 and CoMoO4 for strong and weak L acid sites, respectively. The catalytic activities were investigated for hydrotreatment of methyl palmitate as a biofuel model compound of fatty acid methyl esters. Primarily, Co is required for deoxygenation and Mo suppresses overcracking to enhance the yield of jet fuel range hydrocarbons. The Co/Mo ratio plays an important role to improve the C8-C16 selectivity by modifying the acidic properties to inhibit excessive cracking. Co5Mo10/Beta(25) achieved the best catalytic performance with the conversion of 94.2%, C8-C16 selectivity of 89.7 wt%, and high isomer ratio of 83.8% in organic liquid product. This unique modification of acidic properties will find use in the design of optimal transition metal-supported zeolite catalysts for selective one-step hydrotreatment to produce bio jet fuel range hydrocarbons.

Identification of Essential Oils From The Bark of Balik Angin (Alphitonia Incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. Ex Kurz)

One of the components that make up essential oils is phenolic compounds which are widely containedin the leaves and bark of the Balik Angin plant (Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz).This study aimed to identify phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of essential oils from thebark of the Balik Angin plant. The essential oils isolation using hydrodistillation and the compoundswere analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Qualitatively antioxidantactivity test used thin layer chromatography (TLC) and quantitatively by measuring the absorbance of2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals residue that did not react against compounds reducer.The results showed the essential oils contain major compounds which are methyl salicylate followedby methyl palmitate, 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione, and methyl 12-acetoxyoleate. Qualitativetest results of antioxidant activity with TLC there were four yellow spots on a purple background. Thescavenging activity showed the essential oils had an IC50 of 229.056 ppm, while the gallic acid as acomparative standard obtained an IC50 of 0.618 ppm. The conclusion is the essential oils of BalikAngin bark that produces very weak antioxidant activity.