Polymerization Of Methyl Methacrylate Research Articles

Side-chain alanine-based block copolymer as natural product delivery system

To prepare alanine containing amphiphilic block copolymers, herein, we have polymerized methyl methacrylate (MMA) by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and further used it as macro chain transfer agent (macroCTA) for the synthesis of PMMA-b-P(Boc-L-Ala-HEMA) (Boc-L-Ala-HEMA = tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine methacryloyloxyethyl ester) diblock copolymers. The molar masses of the macroCTA and all block copolymers as well as the dispersity (Ð) of those polymers were measured by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The Boc-group deprotection from the block copolymers was carried out in dichloromethane by using trifluoroacetic acid to produce amphiphilic PMMA-b-P(L-Ala-HEMA), and this successful deprotection was proved by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The micellar self-assembled nature of PMMA-b-P(L-Ala-HEMA) was confirmed using a variety of techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), critical aggregation concentration (CAC) determination by fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The hydrophobic pyrene-tagged estrone-based natural product (NP) was encapsulated in the micellar nanostructure, proven by fluorescence spectroscopy. This encapsulating power of the corresponding polymers makes them attractive candidates as drug delivery vehicles of natural products, as well as encapsulation and delivery of other hydrophobic drug/dye molecules.

Host-guest mediated electrochemical MiRNA-21 sensing via nanozymes Mn-PCN-222 catalysis

In this work, a host-guest mediated electrochemical sensor for miRNA-21 via nanozymes Mn-PCN-222 catalysis was reported. In brief, the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) reaction was enabled via the continuous conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) via Mn-PCN-222. Specifically, miRNA-21 was captured and immobilized on the surface of an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode using complementary DNA (Cp-DNA). In this way, miRNA-21 provided a sequence that can hybridize with F-DNA(ferrocene modified DNA primer). At the same time, an ATRP initiator (β-CD-Br15) was attached to the electrode through host-guest interaction. The controlled polymerization of ferrocene methyl methacrylate (FcMMA) using β-CD-Br15 for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) ATRP yields polymer FcMMAn with a high square wave voltammetry (SWV) signal in the presence of target miRNA-21. Without added miRNA-21, a lower SWV current was observed because β-CD-Br15 was not successfully modified onto the ITO electrode. The biosensor has also been used in the detection of serum samples. Moreover, the proposed host-guest mediated electrochemical biosensor has potential in bioanalytical applications for sensitive detection of biomolecules.

Neutral Red and Safranin Т in the Photopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Other (Meth)Acrylate Monomers

Features of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate and a number of other (meth)acrylate monomers in the presence of catalytic systems based on phenazine dyes (Neutral Red and Safranin Т) under visible light irradiation are investigated. It is shown that amines of various structure as well as air oxygen affect the kinetic features of polymerization and the molecular weight characteristics of polymers. It is found that polymerization may proceed in the controlled mode up to high conversions at room temperature and a low photocatalyst concentration, among them without preliminary degassing of the reaction medium.

Synthesis and Characterization of PMMA/HAP/MgO Nanocomposite as an Antibacterial Activity for Dental Applications

The current work focuses on the preparation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using aqueous magnesium chloride salts and sodium hydroxide powder by a simple chemical precipitation method and at an annealing temperature of 700 °C for 6 hours. The structural and morphological properties of the magnesium oxide nanoparticles were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Polycrystalline cube and using the Scherer equation showed a crystalline size of 17.23 nm. EDS analyzes showed high purity. Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed the spherical shape of the magnesium oxide particles. With particle size within the range (65-185) nm. While a (PMMA)-HAP nanocomposite was synthesized. -MgO) for use in dental applications such as fillings and dentures. A nanocomposite (PMMA-HAP-MgO) was manufactured by manual molding method by strengthening the poly methyl methacrylate polymer with certain weight ratios(1%,5%,and 10%) from a mixture of nano powder where the added ratios were (99%PMMA-1%HAP,95%PMMA-7.4%HAP-0.3%MgO,and 90%PMMA-9.4%HAP-0.3%MgO). The topographical properties (surface roughness) of the nanocomposite samples were studied by testing them with an atomic force microscope. The results showed an increase in the value of pure PMMA, where the use of nanoparticle filler by 5% (4.7% HAP -0.3% MgO) affected both the roughness and the root mean square ratio of the distribution of nanoparticles on the surface of the composite and the shape of the particles led to a roughness more than the polymer pure. The antibacterial activity of the polymeric overlay was examined on the bacteria that cause dental caries for (Streptococcus mutans), where the zone of inhibition were (1 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm) for the nanocomposite and no activity for pure PMMA.

Recycled poly(propylene-co-methy1 methacrylate) as printing binder for photoluminescent textiles

Photochromic fabrics change color upon exposure to an external light source. Photoluminescent textiles can undergo phosphorescence or fluorescence emissions. Fluorescent textiles emit light only under an illumination light source, whereas phosphorescent textiles continue emitting light after switching the illumination light source off. Herein, an industrial spinning process was carried out to produce nonwoven fibrous mat from polypropylene plastic waste. Poly(propylene-co-methy1 methacrylate) binder was synthesized via free-radical polymerization of borane-containing polypropylene and methyl methacrylate. A screen-printing composite of rare-earth strontium aluminate nanoparticles and poly(propylene-co-methy1 methacrylate) binder was printed onto recycled nonwoven polypropylene fabrics to introduce photochromic and photoluminescent textiles. Direct application of aqueous pigment-binder composites comprising various ratios of inorganic pigment with outstanding thermal and photostability was deposited onto polypropylene textiles. Screen printing allowed for the application of a consistent photoluminescent layer onto polypropylene surface. The printed nonwoven polypropylene samples had their excitation tracked at 368 nm, and an emission wavelength at 519 nm. The printed cloth with lower phosphor concentrations were found to reversibly emit a green color only under ultraviolet light, demonstrating fluorescence emission. At greater phosphor concentrations, a reversible green emission was monitored under the excitation light source, and greenish-yellow afterglow in the dark. A number of analytical techniques were used to gather microscopic information on the morphology of pigment nanoparticles and printed polypropylene textiles. The phosphor nanoparticles were measured to have diameters of 8–23 nm as reported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while X-ray diffraction examination revealed a crystal size of 21 nm. Increasing the pigment ratio enhanced the fabric UV protection, antibacterial activity, and superhydrophobicity. Upon increasing the pigment ratio, the contact and sliding angles were observed to increase in the ranges of 127.5°–160.4° and 11-7°, respectively. The impacts of phosphor ratio on comfort and colorfastness were examined.

Development of glow-in-the-dark and color-tunable poly(methyl methacrylate) plastic concrete immobilized with rare-earth aluminate

A simple method is reported for the prospective industrial production of lightweight poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plastic concrete with persistent afterglow. Nanoparticles (NPs) of lanthanide activated aluminate (LAA) pigment were molded into a plastic bar. With the uniform dispersion of LAA NPs in the plastic fluid, the produced plastic bar can be made transparent. was A simple polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA; bulk material) blended with silica nanoparticles (filler), and LAA nanoparticles (luminous agent) was applied in the presence of 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) catalyst to provide photoluminescent PMMA plastic concrete. In studies, LAA NPs were found to have sizes between 9 and 95 nm. When excited at 369 nm, the luminescent PMMA concrete displayed an emission peak at 518 nm. For pigment concentrations over 1%, persistent photoluminescence was observed, whereas fluorescence was tracked for the LAA contents equal to or below 1%. The manufactured plastic concrete was shown to exhibit photochromism from colorless under daytime light to green below UV, and greenish-yellow in the dark. By measuring the static contact angle, we were able to confirm the excellent superhydrophobic activity. Indications of enhanced UV protection and photostability were monitored upon increasing LAA ratio in the concrete bulk. Strong durability, reversibility and continuous afterglow emission were hallmarks of the photoluminescent hard composite concrete. The created plastic concrete morphology, elemental content and hardness properties were studied.

Microemulsion and microsuspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate in surfactant-free microemulsions (SFME)

HypothesisThis article presents a free-radical polymerization method in a mesostructured system – free of any surfactants, protective colloids, or other auxiliary agents. It is applicable for a large variety of industrially relevant vinylic monomers. The aim of this work is to study the impact of surfactant-free mesostructuring on the polymerization kinetics and the polymer derived. ExperimentsSo-called surfactant-free microemulsions (SFME) were investigated as reaction media with a simple composition comprising water, a hydrotrope (ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, tert-butyl alcohol), and the monomer as the reactive oil phase (methyl methacrylate). Polymerization reactions were performed using oil-soluble, thermal- and UV-active initiators (surfactant-free microsuspension polymerization) and water-soluble, redox-active initiators (surfactant-free microemulsion polymerization). Structural analysis of the SFMEs used and the polymerization kinetics were followed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Dried polymers were analyzed with regard to their conversion yield by mass balance, the corresponding molar masses were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and the morphology was investigated by light microscopy. FindingsAll alcohols are suitable hydrotropes to form SFMEs, except for ethanol, which forms a molecularly disperse system. We observe significant differences in the polymerization kinetics and the molar masses of the polymers obtained. Ethanol leads to significantly higher molar masses. Within a system, higher concentrations of the other alcohols investigated give rise to less pronounced mesostructuring, lower conversions, and lower average molar masses. It could be demonstrated that the effective concentration of alcohol in the oil-rich pseudophases as well as the repulsive effect of the surfactant-free, alcohol-rich interphases constitute the relevant factors influencing polymerization. Concerning the morphology, the polymers derived range from powder-like polymers in the so-called “pre-Ouzo region” over porous-solid polymers in the bicontinuous region to dense, almost compacted, transparent polymers in unstructured regions, comparable to the findings for surfactant-based systems reported in the literature. Polymerizations in SFME comprise a new intermediate between well-known solution (i.e., molecularly dispersed) and microemulsion respectively microsuspension polymerization processes.

Scaffold Chemical Model Based on Collagen-Methyl Methacrylate Graft Copolymers.

Polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in aqueous collagen (Col) dispersion was studied in the presence of tributylborane (TBB) and p-quinone: 2,5-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (2,5-DTBQ), p-benzoquinone (BQ), duroquinone (DQ), and p-naphthoquinone (NQ). It was found that this system leads to the formation of a grafted cross-linked copolymer. The inhibitory effect of p-quinone determines the amount of unreacted monomer, homopolymer, and percentage of grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The synthesis combines two approaches to form a grafted copolymer with a cross-linked structure-"grafting to" and "grafting from". The resulting products exhibit biodegradation under the action of enzymes, do not have toxicity, and demonstrate a stimulating effect on cell growth. At the same time, the denaturation of collagen occurring at elevated temperatures does not impair the characteristics of copolymers. These results allow us to present the research as a scaffold chemical model. Comparison of the properties of the obtained copolymers helps to determine the optimal method for the synthesis of scaffold precursors-synthesis of a collagen and poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer at 60 °C in a 1% acetic acid dispersion of fish collagen with a mass ratio of the components collagen:MMA:TBB:2,5-DTBQ equal to 1:1:0.015:0.25.

Dl-Methionine-Mediated Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate.

Reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) is a facile and highly efficient technique for the synthesis of well-defined polymer with precise structure. dl-Methionine (Met) as a RDRP control agent is described and assessed for RDRP of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) with AIBN as radical initiator at 75°C, which enables excellent control of this polymerization. The addition of dl-Methionine significantly decreased the dispersity (Đ) of the polymers for both monomers and first-order linear kinetic plots of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are observed in DMSO. Considering the heat resistance of dl-Methionine, kinetic studies indicate that polymerization develops at a faster rate at higher reaction temperature (100°C) with the same dl-Methionine content. Well-defined polymethyl methacrylate-block-polystyrene (PMMA-block-PSt) is successfully achieved by the chain extension reaction that demonstrates the high end fidelities of this polymerization approach. The system allows the use of dl-Methionine, a rich source and easily synthesized agent, to mediate RDRP strategy.

Tailoring Polymerization Controllability and Dispersity through a Photoswitchable Catalyst Strategy.

Modulating on-demand polymerization is a challenge in synthetic macromolecules. Herein, tailoring polymerization controllability and dispersity during single-electron transfer mediated living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) of MMA was achieved. Hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI) was employed as a photoswitchable catalyst, allowing reversible control of catalytic activity between an active and inactive state. In the presence of HABI and with light on (active state), controlled SET-LRP of MMA followed first-order kinetics, resulting in polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution. In contrast, polymerization responded to light and reverted to their original uncontrolled state with light off (inactive state). Therefore, repeatable resetting polymerization could be easily performed. The key to photomodulating dispersity is to use an efficient molecular switch to tailor the breadths of dispersity. Besides, the mechanism of HABI-mediated SET-LRP with switchable ability is proposed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Compensatory method for the synthesis of chelating polymeric ligands based on styrene and 5-methyl-5-hexene-2,4-dione as a way to increase the efficiency of macroinitiators of the b-diketonate type

Polymeric chelating ligands based on styrene and unsaturated -diketone 5-methyl-5-hexene-2,4-dione (MHD) were prepared by radical copolymerization initiated by benzoyl peroxide in benzene solution at the volume ratios of monomers styrene:MHD=1:30 and 1:10. In this case, -diketone was added to the system by conventional (simultaneous) and compensatory (equal portions at conversions of 0, 5, and 10%) methods. The resulting products were studied by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies. It has been shown that macrochelates obtained on the basis of such ligands differ in their structure and as a consequence in their macroinitiating ability in the grafting of vinyl monomers. Polymeric ligands synthesized at the ratio of 1:10, regardless of the preparation method, form mixed-ligand complexes in the subsequent complexation reaction with cobalt(II) acetate, which exhibit weak activity in styrene grafting and are not effective in the case of methyl methacrylate. The use of a small amount of MHD (1:30) in combination with the compensatory synthesis method leads to the predominant formation of intramolecular complexes of the -diketonate type, which are more active macroinitiators in the graft polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate than those obtained by the traditional simultaneous method of adding MHD.

Studying the influence of waste glass and montmorillonite powders on the thermal conductivity and hardness of poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer matrix

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) and waste glass powder (WGP) on the hardness and thermal conductivity of PMMA polymer composites. Thus, this study concentrates on the potential use of MMT and WGP as reinforcements, in different concentrations, in PMMA polymer matrix, with the expectation of improving the performance of PMMA polymer composites in various applications.There is a growing demand for PMMA with increased mechanical properties and thermal stability for applications where inorganic glass would fail. Montmorillonite (MMT) clay and Waste Glass Powder (WGP) have physical and chemical properties compatible with PMMA. Therefore, they could potentially enhance PMMAs hardness and thermal conductivity. Silicon dioxide in glass silica and MMT and octahedral aluminium hydroxide sheet in MMT can strengthen both covalent and hydrogen bonding architecture in PMMA composite for better mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. Thus, PMMA composites were designed by combining MMT powder and WGP powder in different ratios before being incorporated into the PMMA polymer matrix and tested for hardness and thermal conductivity.The present study measured Brinell Hardness (HB) and electrical conductivity values of four PMMA composites containing different proportions of MMT and WGP. MMT/WGP filler mix had optimal hardiness (HB number = 74) when glass content was 1% (3MMT1G) or better still (HB number = 63) when an equal mix ratio was used (1MMT1G). PMMA composite with 3MMT1G also had the highest thermal conductivity (0.01899W/m.K-1). However, the higher the glass content, the lower the thermal conductivity of the PMMA composite. Thus, the present study has demonstrated that 3MMT1G filler was the best for enhancing the thermal and mechanical properties of PMMA composite.The results of this study demonstrate the potential of this new composite material for a variety of applications. Further research is needed to explore the full potential of this material and to develop new and improved versions.Reusing waste glass as filler materials in composites requires minimal processing and therefore has lower environmental impacts than synthetic options.Experimental data from the present study has provided new insights into Glass/MMT mix design in PMMA composites. The PMMA composite containing 3MMT1G exhibited the best hardness and thermal conductivity characteristics. Thus, the present study has successfully optimised Glass/MMT mix design for PMMA composite for applications requiring these features.

Toward an understanding of the effects of nanocellulose during the free-radical polymerization reactions. Kinetic aspects of suspension-free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence and absence of nanocellulose

Toward an understanding of the effects of nanocellulose during the free-radical polymerization reactions. Kinetic aspects of suspension-free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence and absence of nanocellulose

Features of Methyl Methacrylate Polymerization Mediated by Methylene Blue and Ethyl 2-Bromoisobutyrate under Photoirradiation Conditions

Features of Methyl Methacrylate Polymerization Mediated by Methylene Blue and Ethyl 2-Bromoisobutyrate under Photoirradiation Conditions

Synthesis of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Poly(methyl Methacrylate) via the Polymerization of MMA Initiated by the Combination of Palladium Carboxylates with Thiols.

A novel synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using organosulfur compounds combined with a catalytical amount of transition metal carboxylates as an initiator has been developed. The combination of 1-octanethiol with palladium trifluoroacetate (Pd(CF3COO)2) was found to be a very efficient initiator for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). An ultrahigh molecular weight PMMA with a number-average molecular weight of 1.68 × 106 Da and a weight-average molecular weight of 5.38 × 106 Da has been synthesized at the optimal formulation of [MMA]:[Pd(CF3COO)2]:[1-octanethiol] = 94,300:8:23 at 70 °C. A kinetic study showed that the reaction orders with respect to Pd(CF3COO)2, 1-octanethiol, and MMA are 0.64, 1.26, and 1.46, respectively. A variety of techniques such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) were employed to characterize the produced PMMA and palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs). The results revealed that Pd(CF3COO)2 was firstly reduced by the excess of 1-octanethiol to form Pd NPs at the early stage of the polymerization, followed by the adsorption of 1-octanethiol on the surface of nanoparticles and subsequent generation of corresponding thiyl radicals to initiate the polymerization of MMA.

D–A Conjugated Organic Polymers as Nonhomogeneous Photocatalysts for PET-RAFT Polymerization

D–A conjugated organic polymer (COP) photocatalysts are a very promising photocatalytic material because of their tunable structure at the molecular level and diverse species. D–A conjugated organic polymers composed of relatively weak donor units and strong acceptor units are more favorable for photogenerated charge migration and thus exhibit better photocatalytic activity. Herein, a series of D–A conjugated organic polymers were constructed by introducing CN-absorbing groups to the benzene ring using 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene as the donor unit and the benzene ring as the acceptor unit to catalyze the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of methyl methacrylate under white light irradiation, and the resulting polymers had controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. The effect of increasing the number of CN groups on the photogenerated charge migration ability of the catalyst and the RAFT polymerization rate was investigated by both experiments and theoretical calculation to reveal the conformational relationship between the polymer structure and the photocatalytic RAFT polymerization rate. It is proved that D–A conjugated organic polymers composed of relatively weak donor units and strong acceptor units are more favorable for photogenerated charge migration and thus exhibit better photocatalytic activity.

In Situ Construction Channels of Lithium-Ion Fast Transport and Uniform Deposition to Ensure Safe High-Performance Solid Batteries.

Solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SLIBs) are the promising development direction for future power sources because of their high energy density and reliable safety. To optimize the ionic conductivity at room temperature (RT) and charge/discharge performance to obtain reusable polymer electrolytes (PEs), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) copolymer combined with polymerized methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomers are used as substrates to prepare PE (LiTFSI/OMMT/PVDF/P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA [LOPPM]). LOPPM has interconnected lithium-ion 3D network channels. The organic-modified montmorillonite (OMMT) is rich in the Lewis acid centers, which promoted lithium salt dissociation. LOPPM PE possessed high ionic conductivity of 1.1 × 10-3 S cm-1 and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.54. The capacity retention of the battery remained 100% after 100 cycles at RT and 0.5 C. The initial capacity of one with the second-recycled LOPPM PE is 123.9 mAh g-1 . This work offered a feasible pathway for developing high-performance and reusable LIBs.

Mixed shell nanoparticles via polymerization-induced self-assembly of Y-shaped ABC miktoarm star copolymers

Mixed shell polymer nanoparticles (MSPNs) have emerged as a very significant research topic in the field of macromolecular science. In this study, a robust method for efficient preparation of MSPNs with various morphologies via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) of Y-shaped ABC miktoarm star copolymers was demonstrated. Poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers carrying a trithiocarbonate (TTC) group at the diblock joint (PCL-TTC-PMMA) were synthesized via the sequential ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using a multifunctional initiator. Subsequently, PCL-TTC-PMMA copolymers acted as both macromolecular chain transfer agents (CTAs) and stabilizers to mediate reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of 4-vinylpyridene (4-VP) in toluene, producing MSPNs with different morphologies including spheres, short rods, worms and vesicles. The factors influencing the morphologies of MSPNs during PISA, including solid content and the chain length of stabilizers, were investigated. RAFT-based dispersion polymerizations of 4-VP monomers mediated by PCL-TTC-PMMA copolymers were also compared with those mediated by linear PMMA-TTC with approximately the same length of PCL-TTC-PMMA under the identical conditions. Their different PISA behaviors were unraveled.

Heterogeneities at the Onset of Reaction Acceleration during Bulk Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Investigated by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

During bulk free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate below the glass-transition temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate), the relative fraction of monomer and polymer changes as the reaction proceeds. The liquid monomer is eventually converted to a solid glassy polymer. In other words, polymerization-induced vitrification or glass transition occurs. This process was traced by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The scattering profile discontinuously changes at the vicinity of vitrification. This discontinuous change was correlated with a sudden reaction acceleration known as the Trommsdorff effect. Ornstein–Zernike analysis revealed that the intensity at q = 0 (I(0)) and the correlation length of concentration fluctuation (ξ) suddenly increase at the discontinuous change of the scattering profile. The obtained data implies that the increased heterogeneity (i.e., microscopic concentration fluctuation) is intimately related to the Trommsdorff effect.

Features of Methyl Methacrylate Polymerization Mediated by Methylene Blue and Ethyl 2-Bromoisobutyrate under Photoirradiation Conditions

Using methyl methacrylate polymerization as an example, the features of polymer synthesis in the presence of the catalytic system [methylene blue + ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate] at room temperature under visible light irradiation are investigated. The effect of polymerization conditions, including the light irradiation wavelength and various structure activators, on the monomer conversion and molecular weight characteristics of polymers is estimated. It is shown that polymerization can proceed in the controlled mode under mild temperature conditions according to the atom transfer mechanism (Metal Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) to high conversions at low photocatalyst concentrations.