2-methoxyethanol Research Articles

A comparative study on the acetone sensing properties of ZnO disk pairs, flowers, and walnuts prepared by hydrothermal method

The synthesis of sensing materials in suitable morphology and microstructure is critical for fabricating fast, highly responsive, and reliable acetone sensing devices for human safety and health. Herein, ZnO disk pairs, flower-like, and walnut-like hierarchical architectures were prepared by varying the relative amount of citric acid and NaOH to Zinc acetate dihydrate during the hydrothermal process. At the lowest prime working temperature, the ZnO flowers exhibited the highest gas response, stability, and selectivity towards acetone due to the highest degree of (001) facet exposure and Schottky barrier height, the largest BET specific surface area and BJH average pore size. At the same temperature, the ZnO walnuts displayed the shortest response/recovery time and the lowest limit of detection due to the highest content of surface oxygen vacancy and the high reactivity of adsorbed O2– ions; the ZnO disk pairs showed unique selectivity towards ethylene glycol monomethyl ether due to the highest degree of (100) facet exposure and the smallest BJH average pore size. Replacing Zinc acetate dehydrate by Zinc nitrate hexahydrate improved the acetone sensing performance of the ZnO flowers in terms of response value, stability, and selectivity at the expense of a higher LOD and a slower recovery speed.

The Removal of Hydrophobic Matter from Thermosensitive Poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) Monomethyl Ether Acrylate] Gel Adsorbent in Alcohol-Water Mixtures.

A thermosensitive gel that exhibits lower critical solution temperature (LCST) becomes hydrophilic at low temperatures and hydrophobic at high temperatures in water. A system for absorbing hydrophobic organic matters that exploits this property has been reported. While washing the gel at a low temperature with a good solvent is a possible method for removing the adsorbed matter, a process that then shrinks the gel is also required. Herein, we focused on poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) mono(m)ethyl ether acrylate] (POEGA) gels as thermosensitive gels suitable for use in this system. POEGAs are known to contain poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) units in their side chains and exhibit upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior in aliphatic alcohols. By exploiting this property, we developed a method for removing hydrophobic matters that accumulate in these gels; we also evaluated the LCST and UCST behavior of POEGA gels in alcohol–water mixtures, and measured the LCSTs of these gels in water and their UCSTs in some alcohols.

Powdered coconut water with cryoprotectant can be used for cooling and future freezing of Tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ) sperm

The study aims to evaluate the main parameters of extended sperm in a solution of powdered coconut water (ACPTM-104) or glucose, both added or not with cryoprotectants during the following periods of cooling or equilibration time: 0 (time of the dilution), 3, 24, 48, and 72 h. The sperm was maintained at 4°C (cooling temperature) as: un-extended (control) and in six different equilibration media combining two extenders (ACP-104 or Glucose) and two cryoprotectants (methyl glycol or dimethylsulfoxide). After being extended and maintained in different equilibration times, sperm was evaluated for kinetic and morphology parameters. At 0 h, best motility results were found when the sperm was not extended; however, after 48-h of equilibration, the sperm extended in ACPTM-104 (38.24%) showed better motility results than the fresh sperm (24.30%; p < .05). The un-extended, after 72 h of cooling, presented lower motility rate and increased sperm abnormality percentages when compared to the one extended in ACPTM-104 (with or without the addition of cryoprotectants). Thus, tambaqui sperm extended in powdered coconut water can be cooled (4°C) up to 72 h. This study also analyzed tambaqui sperm quality during 72 h of exposure to cryoprotectants, providing data for possible extension of equilibration time when necessary.

Dielectric relaxation study of aqueous glycol ethers with water using time domain reflectometry technique in the frequency range 10 MHz to 50 GHz

The Complex permittivity spectra of glycol ether (GE) compounds such as ethylene glycol mono-methyl ether (EGME), ethylene glycol ethyl ether (EGEE) and ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE) with water mixture over entire concentration range and at 25 °C has been determined using Time Domain Reflectometry technique in the frequency range 10 MHz to 50 GHz. The complex permittivity spectra for GE–water were fitted in Cole–Davidson model. The Static dielectric constant (ε0), Relaxation time (τ), effective Kirkwood correlation factor (g eff), excess permittivity () and Bruggeman factor (fB ) have been calculated by non-linear least square fit method. The intermolecular interactions between GE-water binary mixtures suggest the non-linear behavior of dielectric parameters. The contribution of hydrogen bonding interactions among the solute-solvent mixtures is confirmed by Excess properties and Bruggeman factor.

Delineating solvation behaviour and molecular interactions within ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate + ethylene glycol monomethyl ether solutions

Cosolvent-modified ionic liquid (IL)-based binary mixtures have been used in several chemical applications. Therefore, the molecular-level understanding of these binary mixtures is of utmost necessity to enhance their utility in applications in several fields. This work involves the spectroscopic study of the binary mixture of the IL 1‑butyl‑3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) using several polarity-based absorbence and fluorescence probes (Reichardt's dye 33, pyrene, and 1-pyrene carboxaldehyde) and the microviscosity probe 9-(2,2-dicyanovinyl) julolidine (DCVJ). The behaviour of these probes hints at the synergistic behaviour of the IL–EGME mixtures. The Kamlet–Taft parameters have also been calculated and provide an understanding of the solute–solvent and/or solvent–solvent interactions. Further, the dynamic viscosity and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results suggest strong hydrogen bonding between the IL and EGME molecules. The preferential solvation model also indicates the formation of a new entity due to solvent–solvent interactions.

Physical characterization of glacial rock flours from fjord deposits in South Greenland–Toward soil amendment

AbstractGreenlandic fjords contain vast amounts of glacially derived mineral material (glacial rock flour [GRF]), which may be used to amend structureless, low‐clay, and water‐repellent agricultural soils in South Greenland and elsewhere. In this study, we investigate key physical amendment properties of GRF from 16 different deposits in South Greenland. The clay‐sized fraction varied largely (range, 0.11–0.57 kg kg−1), and the particles were mostly angular. The specific surface area (SSA) determined by either ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME, polar liquid) (range, 13.32–88.06 m2 g−1) or water‐vapor adsorption (range, 10.62–63.82 m2 g−1) agreed well (r = .90) and were comparable to kaolinitic‐clay dominated cultivated soils (KA‐soils) with clay content similar to the GRFs. The cation exchange capacities (CECs) (range, 4.25–21.91 cmol kg−1) were similar to or higher than those of the KA‐soils. The water content at the permanent wilting point (PWP) for the GRFs were considerably lower than those of the KA‐soils. The addition of 5% GRF to a sandy soil from Greenland showed a tendency (although not statistically significant) to increase plant available water (PAW). However, very high GRF addition (10 and 15%) significantly decreased the PAW. The specific surface charge (CEC/SSA) of the GRFs were higher than for comparable KA‐soils, suggesting a good soil amendment potential. The results from this study are valuable toward designing sustainable GRF amendment strategies, matching a given cultivated soil with the right amount and type of GRF.

Atomic ruthenium stabilized on vacancy-rich boron nitride for selective hydrogenation of esters

Constructing and taming metal–support interaction of atoms and/or clusters has emerged as a promising protocol to maximize the catalytic performance of noble metal-based materials. Here, we report atomic ruthenium (Ru) with the oxidized state immobilized on defect-rich hexagonal boron nitride (d-BN) nanosheets and the essential interfacial electronic effect on Ru deduced from B- and N-vacancies for superior selective hydrogenation of esters. Experimental results indicate that strong electronic interplay exists between vacancies and atomic Ru species. Unlike defect-free commercial hexagonal BN (h-BN), d-BN can highly stabilize the active Ru species in atomic scale with oxidation state, and the obtained Ru/d-BN significantly increases the catalytic activity and durability. Specifically, the turnover frequency of Ru/d-BN is more than one order of magnitude higher than that of the conventional optimized Ag/SiO2 catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to methyl glycol. Systematic characterizations show that the Ru on B- and N-vacancies, and the defective BN serves as electron acceptor. The findings demonstrate the overall electronic effect on the electron-rich feature of Ru on d-BN, such that the electronic metal–support interactions cause the Ru species to favor the adsorption and selective scission of C–O bonds in esters, revealing a highly efficient hydrogenation catalysis.

A green Bi-Solvent system for processing high-quality CsPbBr3 films in efficient all-inorganic perovskite solar cells

All-brominated inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 has received much attention in the field of optoelectronic applications owing to its superb stability and ease of manufacture under the ambient condition. However, the tedious process and toxic solvent are two major challenges for fabrication of CsPbBr3 films via a multi-step deposition method. Here, we demonstrate a sustainable bi-solvent system for preparing high-quality CsPbBr3 films in a triple-step solution-processed route, where the bi-solvent system comprises of green solvent water and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) in place of the noxious methanol for CsBr solution. By adjusting the temperature of heat treatment and spin-coating speed, the pinhole-free, ultra-smooth and high crystallinity of CsPbBr3 films were obtained. As a result, the CsPbBr3 PSC prepared from the green bi-solvent system demonstrates an optimal power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.55%, which is one of the highest efficiencies for planar carbon-based PSCs without hole transport layer. Moreover, the all-inorganic unpacked PSCs exhibit excellent humidity stability under ambient environment for 34 days. Our result not only offers a facile and simple way to fabricate the pure-phase CsPbBr3 films, but also alleviates the solvent toxicity during the preparation of CsPbBr3 PSCs.

Structural, optical, and dispersive parameters of (Gd, Mn) co-doped BiFeO3 thin film

Nanocrystalline bismuth ferrite thin films co-doped with Gd and Mn were successfully fabricated via sol-gel spin coating method onto the corning glass substrate. The effect of Gd and Mn incorporation at A and B sites of bismuth ferrite perovskite on its structural, microstructural, and optical properties was studied systematically. The starting material for the synthesis of the samples was bismuth nitrate, ferrite nitrate, gadolinium nitrate and manganese acetate. These precursors were dissolved in 2-methoxy ethanol to prepare the sol, which was spin-coated at an optimized rate of 3000 rpm for 30 s on corning glass substrate. The samples were heated subsequently at 350 °C for 5 min on a hot plate in the open air and further annealed at 550 °C for 2 h at a muffle furnace for crystallization of the as-prepared thin film. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the existence of distorted rhombohedral perovskite structure with preferred orientations along the (101) plane. The incorporation of Gd and Mn in bismuth ferrite perovskite was confirmed from Raman spectra measured at room temperature. Surface morphology and microstructural studies were carried out using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Several optical parameters like bandgap energy, Urbach energy, Extinction co-efficient, Near Edge Absorption ratio were determined from Ultraviolet–Visible spectra of the film prepared. The variation of refractive index, permittivity, loss tangent as a function of wavelength were plotted and discussed. Real and imaginary parts of dielectric functions as a function of wavelength were reported. The correlation between the structural and the microstructural parameters with the optical parameters was investigated in this work.

Surface modification of MCM-41 by chain transfer free radical polymerization and their utilization for intracellular pH-responsive delivery of curcumin

In this paper, a simple method that relied on direct chain transfer free radical polymerization was reported to synthesize MSNs based polymeric composites (named as MCM-41-SH-poly (PEGMA-co-VPA)) using poly (ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (PEGMA) and 4-vinyl phenylboric acid (VPA) as monomers. The utilization of MCM-41-SH-poly (PEGMA-co-VPA) to load and delivery curcumin (CUR) was also evaluated in detail. The structure, properties, drug loading and release behaviors were evidenced by various characterization techniques. The results from biological studies have shown that CUR can be effectively loaded on MCM-41-SH-poly (PEGMA-co-VPA) with high drug loading rate through formation of borate bond between CUR and VPA. More importantly, resultant drug-loading complexes displayed excellent water dispersibility and CUR could be released from complexes with pH responsiveness. Taken together, we have developed a simple method for surface modification MCM-41 and resultant composites could display improved properties for intracellular controlled drug delivery applications.

Separation of Polar Compounds using Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Bonded Stationary Capillary Liquid Chromatography

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) bonded stationary phase has been synthesized by a single and simple step reaction. Poly(ethylene glycol monomethyl ether p-toluene sulfonate) (tosylated-PEO, molecular weight 900, n ≈ 18) was chemically bonded to 3-aminopropyl silica (TSKgel NH2-60, 5 µm particle size, and 60 Å mean pore diameter). The prepared stationary phase was able to separate polar compounds such as phenolics and nucleobases in capillary liquid chromatography. The retention and separation of phenolics and nucleobases could be achieved under isocratic elution condition. Nucleobases such as thymine, adenine, uracil, uridine, cytidine and toluene and phenolics (phenol, pyrocatechol, pyrogallol) were baseline separated in less than 6 min using 98% acetonitrile and less than 7 minutes using 80% acetonitrile, respectively. We demonstrated that the retention of nucleobases as analyte decreased with decreasing eluent concentration. The retention of these polar compounds was believed to be based on dipole-dipole and/or hydrogen-bonding interactions.

Assessment of solid–liquid equilibrium behavior of naphazoline nitrate in ten pure solvents by molecular simulation and thermodynamic analysis

A laser monitoring method was used to determine the mole-fraction solubility of naphazoline nitrate (NPZN) in ten mono-solvents namely “methanol (MeOH), ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME), ethanol (EtOH), ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE), n-propanol (n-PrOH), ethylene glycol monopropyl ether (EGPE), isopropanol (i-PrOH), ethylene glycol (EG), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)” at (278.15 ∼ 323.15) K and 0.1 MPa. Results suggested that NPZN solubility values exhibited an increasing trend at investigated temperature ranges. Simultaneously, experimental solubility of NPZH had a general order of “DMF > EGME > EG > MeOH > EGEE > EGPE > EtOH > EGBE > n-PrOH > i-PrOH”. Hirshfeld surface was employed to analyze and quantize the intermolecular interaction of NPZN during the crystal construction process. The impact of solute–solvent interaction on NPZN solubility was investigated by calculating the solvation free energies of solute in selected solvents through molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. It turned out that NPZN solubility was positively associated with solute–solvent interaction. Solubility values of NPZN were correlated by Wilson, NRTL, NRTL-SAC as well as UNIQUAC model, corresponding fitting accuracies of different model were in variation based on various root mean squared deviation (RMSD) and average relative deviation (ARD). The computational results indicated that UNIQUAC model performed the highest accuracy in correlation of experimental solubility. Finally, thermodynamic properties of dissolution process and mixing process were investigated by UNIQUAC model in this research work. The existences of negative Gibbs energy changes and positive entropy changes were observed, which suggested that the dissolution process and mixing process were always spontaneous and entropy-increasing.

Synthesis of Biologically Decomposable Terpolymer Nanocapsules and Higher‐Order Nanoassemblies Using RCMP‐PISA

AbstractTerpolymers are used to generate bio‐decomposable self‐assemblies. PEG‐PVL‐PGMA terpolymers are synthesized via a combination of organocatalyzed living radical polymerization (RCMP) with polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA), generating vesicle, multicompartment micelle (MCM), and core‐compartmentalized worm (CCW), where PEG, PVL, and PGMA are poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether, poly(δ‐valerolactone), and poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and PGMA is grown during the PISA. MCM and CCW are uniquely obtainable using terpolymers. The PVL segment is biodegradable, and the obtained assemblies are bio‐decomposable. Heavy metal‐free and sulfur‐free synthesis and bio‐decomposability of the assemblies are attractive features.

Polyether fluorinated amphiphilic diblock polymer: Preparation, characterization and application as drug delivery agent

Amphiphilic polymers or polymeric surfactants forming nano micelles in water have been considered as suitable candidates for loading poor water solubility drugs as they are often featured as excellent bioavailability, biodegradation and entrapment ability. Therefore, in this paper we prepared a series of polyether MPEG-EPTF fluorinated diblock polymers (copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether and fluorinated epichlorohydrin) with different composition and molecular weight through living cationic polymerization. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these fluorinated polymers and the effect of structure on surface activity are researched in this paper. The particle sizes of nano micelles determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are less than 100 nm, which can perfectly meet the size requirements of micelles used in human body. Besides, the fluorinated amphiphilic polymer can also be employed to load and carry baicalin so as to enhance its solubility in water, and the drug loading (DL) and entrapment efficiency (EE) of these nano systems are very outstanding, reaching to approximately 77.58% and 38.79% respectively. Cumulative release pattern in vitro tested by UV–vis had shown that little amounts baicalin (about 20%) are released over 60 h in vitro.

Solid-liquid equilibrium of 2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid in fifteen mono-solvents: Determination, Correlation, Hansen solubility parameter, molecular dynamic simulation and thermodynamic analysis

This current research work was devoted to investigating solid–liquid equilibrium solubility, Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs), intermolecular interaction and thermodynamic analysis of 2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid (o-veratric acid) in fifteen mono-solvent systems namely “water, methanol (MtOH), ethanol (EtOH), n-propanol (NPOH), isopropanol (IPOH), n-butanol (NBOH), methyl acetate (MtAC), ethyl acetate (EtAC), n-propyl acetate (NPAC), isopropyl acetate (IPAC), n-butyl acetate (NBAC), ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME), ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE), 1,4-dioxane (Diox) and acetonitrile (MeCN)” by experimentation, mathematical relationships and molecular simulations. The measurement of solubility of o-veratric acid was conducted by laser monitoring method under 0.1 MPa, and corresponding measuring temperature range was 278.15 K to 323.15 K in most mono-solvents except Diox (288.15 K ∼ 323.15 K). The maximum of o-veratric acid solubility expressed in mole faction was found in Diox at 323.15 K (0.1717), while the minimum of solubility value was observed as 4.791e-3 in water at 278.15 K. At 298.15 K, o-veratric acid solubility in selected solvents had a general order of: Diox ≈ EGME > EGEE > MtOH > MtAC > EtOH > EtAC > MeCN > NPOH > NPAC > IPOH > NBOH > IPAC ≈ NBAC > water. Molecular similarities between o-veratric acid and fifteen selected mono-solvents were deeply considered with the help of HSPs concept. Moreover, solubility values were computationally expressed by Margules, Wilson, NRTL, NRTL-SAC and UNIQUAC model with the average relative deviation (ARD) of no higher than 5.365%. For explaining solubility behavior of o-veratric acid, molecular electrostatic potential surface, Hirschfeld surface as well as solvation free energy of o-veratric acid were analyzed by molecular simulation. Furthermore, the dissolution thermodynamic properties (ΔdisG, ΔdisH and ΔdisS) of o-veratric acid dissolving in selected solvents and mixing thermodynamic properties (ΔmixG, ΔmixH and ΔmixS) of o-veratric acid with fifteen solvents were estimated by UNIQUAC model, the results of which indicated the dissolution processes were spontaneous, endothermic as well as entropy increasing and mixing processes were spontaneous as well as entropy-increasing.

Evaluation of Analysis Methods for Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, and Furfural from Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil.

Fast pyrolysis bio-oil (FPBO), a second-generation liquid bioenergy carrier, is currently entering the market. FPBO is produced from biomass through the fast pyrolysis process and contains a large number of constituents, of which a significant part is still unknown. Various analytical methods have been systematically developed and validated for FPBO in the past; however, reliable methods for characterization of acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and furfural are still lacking. In this work, different analysis methods with (HS-GC/ECD, HPLC, UV/Vis) and without derivatization (GC/MSD, HPLC) for the characterization of these components were evaluated. Five FPBO samples were used, covering a range of biomass materials (pine wood, miscanthus, and bark), storage conditions (freezer and room temperature), and after treatments (none, filtration, and vacuum evaporation). There was no difference among the methods for the acetaldehyde analysis. A significant difference among the methods for the determination of formaldehyde and furfural was observed. Thus, more data on the accuracy of the methods are required. The precision of all methods was below 10% with the exception of the HPLC analysis of acetaldehyde with an RSD of 14%. The concentration of acetaldehyde in the FPBO produced from the three different biomasses and stored in a freezer after production ranged from 0.24 to 0.60 wt %. Storage at room temperature and vacuum evaporation both decreased significantly the acetaldehyde concentration. Furfural concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 0.36 wt % for the five samples. Storage and after treatment affected the furfural concentration but to a lesser extent than for acetaldehyde. Storage at room temperature decreased formaldehyde similarly to acetaldehyde; however, after vacuum-evaporation the concentration of formaldehyde did not change. Thus, the analysis results indicated that in FPBO the equilibrium of formaldehyde and methylene glycol is almost completely on the methylene glycol side, as in aqueous solutions. All three methods employed here actually measure the sum of free formaldehyde and methylene glycol (FAMG).

Sperm characteristics, peroxidation lipid and antioxidant enzyme activity changes in milt of Brycon orbignyanus cryopreserved with melatonin in different freezing curves

The objective of this study was to evaluate extender supplemented with melatonin and freezing curves on the antioxidant enzyme activity, peroxidation lipid and sperm characteristics of cryopreserved Brycon orbignyanus milt. Males (n = 16) and females (n = 5) were hormonally induced with two doses (0.5 mg and 5.0 mg kg−1) of carp pituitary extract, and their gametes were collected by light abdominal massage. The fresh milt was diluted at a ratio of 1:4 (milt:extender) in the following solutions: (Control) 10% methyl glycol (MG) + 5% Beltsville thawing solution; (M1) Control + 1 mM melatonin; and (M2) Control + 2 mM melatonin. The freezing curves were C1 (automated freezer) and C2 (dry shipper for 24 h). After each curve was recorded, the straws were transferred to a liquid nitrogen container until the analyses were performed. The samples were thawed in a water bath (60 °C, 8 s) and evaluated using the Sperm Class Analyzer software for the parameters total motility, progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, straight line velocity, mean displacement velocity, straightness, and linearity. The following were also measured: motility time, vitality, morphology, oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, quantification of nitric oxide), and fertilization and hatching rates. The data were analyzed within R by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test for comparison of means (p < 0.05). A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between the solutions in vitality, morphology, motility, and fertilization rate, the solutions with melatonin having the best values. Total motility, progressive motility, and motility time were significantly different. Among oxidative stress markers, only lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity showed an effect of the curve × solution interaction (p < 0.05), the solutions with melatonin yielding the lowest values. The fertilization and hatching rates were also higher under the melatonin treatments, regardless of the curve. Melatonin 2 mM and slow curve are indicated for the cryopreservation of fish species sperm as it led to the slowest detrimental spermatozoa effects and better fertilization and hatching rates.

Sperm characterization and cryopreservation of the endangered freshwater fish Chirostoma estor (Atheriniformes)

The knowledge of the physiology of sperm of an endangered species allows the implantation of reproductive biotechnologies that aim at conservation. The aim of this study was to characterize fresh sperm and evaluate different cryopreservation solutions for sperm in Chirostoma estor. The characterization of Chirostoma estor fresh sperm (n = 22 males) was performed through analyzes of sperm concentration, membrane integrity, sperm morphology, motility rate, motility quality score, and motility duration. For cryopreservation (n = 42 males), 3 extenders (BTS™, MIII™, or Androstar Plus™) in combination with 2 permeable cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or methyl glycol (Methyl)) were used. Analyzes of post-thaw sperm were performed as described for fresh sperm and additionally the fertilization rate analysis was performed. Fresh sperm presented a sperm concentration of 29.2 × 109 spermatozoa/mL, membrane integrity of 82.4%, and morphologically normal cells of 53%. After glucose activation (150 mM) a motility rate of 87.5%, sperm quality score of 5.0, and a duration of motility of 285 s were observed. For post-thaw sperm, MIII + Methyl and Androstar + Methyl solutions resulted in the highest motility rates of 40–48%. No differences were observed for motility duration, membrane integrity, and sperm morphology. Samples cryopreserved in Methyl (12–20%) showed a higher fertilization rate than DMSO, independently of the extender. In conclusion, the fresh sperm collected artificially from Chirostoma estor presents a compatible quality to carry out fertilization and can be cryopreserved in the commercial extenders MIII™ and Androstar Plus™ together with the cryoprotectant Methyl glycol.

Synthesis Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Terazosin Hydrochloride Drug and Market Formulation

Terazosin hydrochloride is an anti-hypertensive drug which is used to treat the diseases of hypertension. The literature survey shows the proposed synthesis of Terazosin hydrochloride derived from the starting material of 2-chloro-6, 7-dimethoxy–quinazoline-4-amine in the presence of 2-methoxy ethanol with n- benzyl piperazine to form the product. The Terazosin derivatives were prepared with the help of literature survey were 1, 4-bis-(furan-2-yl-carbonl) piperazine, 1, 4-bis-(tertrahydrofuran-2-yl) carbonyl piperazine, and 1-(4-amino-6, 7-dimethoxy- quinazoline-2-yl)- 4-formyl- piperazine were prepared by maintaining environmental condition. The characterization done for prepared derivative was done through 1H-NMR, MASS and IR Spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of prepared derivatives was performed on the various bacteria like E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonneii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholera, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. The desired derivatives shown maximum zone of inhibition using concentration prepared 100µg and 200µg using standard drug. The derivatives that shows maximum inhibition 6, 7-dimethoxy-2-piperazine-1-yl-quinazoline -4-amine and minimum was shown by 1, 4-bis-(furan-2-yl-carbonl) piperazine, 1,4-bis-(tertrahydrofuran- 2-yl) carbonyl piperazine. The result should that prepared Terazosin derivatives shows potent actively when compared with standard ciprofloxacin.

Determination of Methoxyacetic acid in urine by pre-column derivatization-liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography

Objective: To establish a method for determining methoxyacetic acid in urine by pre-column derivatization-liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography (GC) . Methods: Phosphate buffer solution, tert-butoxyacetic acid (internal standard) and pentafluorobenzyl bromide (derivative) were added to the urine sample. After derived in a water bath at 90 ℃ for 40 min, the mixture was cooled and filtered, then the dichloromethane was used as an extractant. After being shaken and centrifuged, the lower organic phase was sucked and injected into a gas chromatograph, separated by a DB-5 capillary column, and detected by an ECD detector. Results: The linear range of the method was 0.6~60.0 mg/L with the correlation coefficients (r) above 0.999. The average recovery was76.6%~110.7%, the inter-day precision was 8.00%~8.82%, and the detection limit was 0.13 mg/L. Conclusion: The method was founded to be high sensitivity, low organic reagent usage and green. So it is suitable for the detection of methoxyacetic acid in urine of occupational exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.