Ethyl Methyl Ether Research Articles

Thermodynamic study of perfluorohexane + ether mixtures : VLE, LLE, and HE

Vapour–liquid equilibria (VLE), liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE), and excess enthalpies ( H E) of binary mixtures of perfluoro- n-hexane plus an ether (diethyl, dipropyl, dibutyl, butyl methyl, and butyl ethyl ether), have been determined using a head-space gas-chromatographic technique, a turbidimetric apparatus, and a heat-flow calorimeter, respectively. A recently designed titration technique and calculation procedure have been used to obtain H E from heats of solution. The observed liquid–liquid coexistence curves have been compared with those predicted by the activity coefficients γ i and their temperature dependence. All mixtures are strongly endothermic ( H E > 0) and show large positive deviations from ideality ( G E > 0), which increase with the size of the ether. Molecular interactions have been examined by calculating and discussing solvation functions and Kirkwood–Buff (KB) integrals. Perfluorohexane proved to be an inert molecule that interacts with ethers more weakly than hexane.

Noble Meets Nouveau

Noble Meets Nouveau

Improved efficiency of focal point conformational analysis with truncated correlation consistent basis sets

It has been suggested that the computational cost of correlated ab initio calculations could be reduced efficiently by using truncated basis sets on hydrogen atoms (Mintz et al., J Chem Phys 2004, 121, 5629). We now explore this proposal in the context of conformational analysis of small molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide, dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, formic acid, methyl formate, and several small alcohols. It is found that truncated correlation consistent basis sets that lack certain higher angular momentum functions on hydrogen atoms offer accuracy similar to traditional Dunning's basis sets for conformational analysis. Combination of such basis sets with the basis set extrapolation technique to estimate Hartree-Fock and Møller-Plesset second order energies provides composite extrapolation model chemistries that are significantly more accurate and faster than analogous single point calculations with traditional correlation consistent basis sets. Root mean square errors of best composite extrapolation model chemistries on the used set of molecules are within 0.03 kcal/mol of traditional focal point conformational energies. The applicability of composite extrapolation methods is illustrated by performing conformational analysis of tert-butanol and cyclohexanol. For comparison, conformational energies calculated with popular molecular mechanics force fields are also given.

Comparative studies on low-temperature pyrolysis products of pure PEG and PEG/nano-Co 3O 4 by Py-GC/MS

Pure PEG (p-PEG) and PEG/nano-Co 3O 4 (PEG/n-Co 3O 4) were pyrolyzed in helium atmosphere from 30 °C to 350 °C with heating rate of 20 °C/min, and the online volatile pyrolysis products were detected by a coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seven series of products and four linear end groups (ethyl ether, vinyl ether, hydroxyl and methyl ether) from p-PEG pyrolysis were identified. Eight series of products from PEG/n-Co 3O 4 pyrolysis were identified, including four series with cycloether end group which was not detected from p-PEG pyrolysis. The end groups of the detected pyrolysis products, both linear and cycloether end groups, could be explained via free radical degradation decomposition pathway. The detected cycloether end group was considered to be derived from dehydrogenation and cyclization of a free radical resulted from C O cleavage, with the existence of nano-Co 3O 4. The statistical results of the contents of the end groups showed that nano-Co 3O 4 reduced the probability of C C cleavage comparing with C O cleavage, and induced the hydrogenation of vinyl ether end group on its surface. The statistical results also confirmed the presumed approach of the cycloether end group forming.

Electrochemical behavior of ionically crosslinked polyampholytic gel electrolytes

An ionic complex of anionic and cationic monomers was obtained by protonation of ( N, N-diethylamino)ethylmethacrylate (DEA) with acrylic acid (AAc). Free radical copolymerization of the ionic complex and acrylamide (AAm), yielded the ionically crosslinked polyampholytic gel electrolytes [poly(AAc–DEA–AAm), designated as PADA] using two types of organic solvents containing a lithium salt. The PADA gel electrolyte exhibited good thermal stability shown by the DSC thermogram. The impedance analysis at temperatures ranging from −30 to 75 °C indicated that the ionic conductivities of the PADA gel electrolytes were rather close to those of liquid electrolytes. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivities was found to be in accord with the Arrhenius equation. Moreover, the ionic conductivities of PADA gel electrolytes increased with an increase of the molar ratios of cationic/anionic monomers. The ionic conductivities of PADA gels prepared in solvent mixtures of propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl ether and dioxolane (3:1:1, v/v) were higher than those of PADA gels prepared in propylene carbonate only. Significantly, the ionic conductivities of two kinds of PADA gel electrolytes were in the range of 10 −3 and 10 −4 S cm −1 even at −30 °C. The electrochemical windows of PADA gel electrolytes measured by cyclic voltammetry were in the range from −1 V to 4.5 V.

InCl3를 함유한 중수소 치환된 아세토나이트릴 용액의 라만 스펙트럼에서 관찰된 InCl4-이온

Indium(III) halide complexes have shown a remarkably varied crystal chemistry; structures containing indium in 4-8 coordination are known, whereas only coordination numbers of 4 and 6 have been reported for the complexes in solution. Insertion of water molecule into the coordination sheath readily occurs, resulting in six coordinate complexes. Various mixed halogeno/aqua complexes InX n (H 2 O) 6-n 3-n (X =F, Cl, Br, I) are observed in aqueous solution. More complicate InF n X m (H 2 O) 6-n-m 3-n-m (X=Cl, Br) species have also been identified in a recent F NMR study of indium fluoride complexes. Six coordinate InX n L 6-n 3-n species can also be formed in nonaquous media for L = dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or tributyl phosphate and X = Cl or Br, whereas only four coordinate tetrahedral InI 4 − anion is observed in the indium iodide aqueous solution with additional HI, mainly due to the large size of the iodine atom. It is also reported in In NMR studies that four coordinate indium halide anions (InX 4 −) are obtained in extraction with solvents such as acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, n-butyl acetate, cyclohexanone, and ethyl acetoacetate from HCl, HBr, and HI solutions. Tuck et al. substantiated in an In NMR study formation of In 2 Cl 6 2

QSAR Studies on the Anesthetic Action of Some Polyhalogenated Ethers

There has been an on-going debate about the mode of action of general anesthetics and until now, many sites have been postulated as target site for action of these compounds. Here, some quantum chemical-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed for a set of polyhalogenated ethers in order to investigate the aspects of their anesthetic action, which is not completely defined yet, although some hypotheses have been suggested. A data set including 25 polyhalogenated methyl ethyl ethers were selected, and different descriptors were calculated for each molecule using density functional theory calculations, and subsequently some multilinear QSAR models were built by using different sets of the calculated molecular descriptors. The result showed that polar (polarizability) and non-polar (log P) parameters have mixed role on the anesthetic activity i.e. models with high statistical quality were obtained in combination with these two parameters. Also a good model between anesthetic action and electrostatic potentials was obtained, which may imply the important role of electronic interactions in the anesthetic activity of the compounds. Finally, a four-parametric QSAR model containing log P, molecular polarizability, most positive charge and an electrostatic potential parameters was obtained, which indicated that the anesthetic action of the polyhaloganted ethers may be proceeded through lipophilic, steric and columbic interactions.

Investigation of Ether-Substituted Quaternary Ammonium Ionic Liquids

The effect of structural rigidity in quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) was investigated. and , both 8 atom (7 carbons, 1 oxygen) ether-substituted quaternary ammonium chlorides (Quats), were syn thesized and investigated. In acetonitrile, placement of the oxygen one atom from the nitrogen (Quat I) resulted in a significant decrease in the reductive stability. While the IL form showed similar stability for the two systems, placing the oxygen close to the nitrogen (methyl ethyl ether) appears to localize a greater portion of the positive charge on the nitrogen. This results in an IL with a higher melting point than the nonether analog, (III, ) IL. In contrast, placing two carbon atoms between the nitrogen and ether group, ethyl methyl ether (Quat II), delocalizes the positive charge from the nitrogen and produces a room-temperature IL. Neutralization of the acidic IL with sodium chloride resulted in an increase in the bulk conductivity, due to the polar ether group. Upon addition of or , which both form a solid-electrolyte interphase on the substrate surface, the increased free sodium ion concentration allowed sodium reduction and oxidation currents greater than at room temperature.

Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopic study of the adsorption structures of dimethyl ether and methyl ethyl ether on Cu(1 1 1) and Ag(1 1 1)

Infrared reflection absorption (IRA) spectra measured for dimethyl ether (DME) adsorbed at 80 K on Cu(1 1 1) and Ag(1 1 1) give IR bands belonging only to the A 1 and B 2 species, indicating that the adsorbate takes on an orientation in which the C 2 axis bisecting the COC bond angle tilts away from the surface normal within the plane perpendicular to the substrates. The DFT method was applied to simulate the IRA spectra, indicating that the tilt angles of DME on Cu(1 1 1) and Ag(1 1 1) are about 50° and 55°, respectively, at submonolayer coverages. The results are in contrast to the case of DME on Cu(1 1 0) and Ag(1 1 0), where the C 2 axis is perpendicular to the substrates [T. Kiyohara et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 106 (2002) 3469]. Methyl ethyl ether (MEE) adsorbed at 80 K on Cu(1 1 1) gives IRA bands mainly ascribable to the gauche ( G) form, whereas the IRA spectra measured for MEE on Ag(1 1 1) are characterized by the trans ( T) form. The rotational isomers are identical with those on Cu(1 1 0) and Ag(1 1 0); i.e., MEE on Cu(1 1 0) takes the G form and the adsorbate on Ag(1 1 0) the T form [T. Kiyohara et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 5008]. The simulation of the IRA spectra indicated that (i) the G form adsorbate on Cu(1 1 1) takes an orientation, in which the axis bisecting the COC bond angle tilts away from the surface normal by ca. 30° within the plane perpendicular to the surface to make the CH 3–CH 2 bond almost parallel to the surface, and (ii) the T form adsorbate on Ag(1 1 1) takes an orientation, in which the bisecting axis tilts away by ca. 60° from the surface normal within the perpendicular plane. Comparison of these adsorption structures of MEE on the (1 1 1) substrates with those of MEE on Cu(1 1 0) and Ag(1 1 0) indicates that the structures are mainly determined by a coordination interaction of the oxygen atom to the surface metals and an attractive van der Waals interaction between the ethyl group of MEE and the substrate surfaces. The coordination interaction plays an important role on Cu(1 1 1) and Cu(1 1 0), which makes the adsorbate on the Cu substrates to take the orientations with the bisecting axis near parallel to the surface normal and to assume the G form in order to make the ethyl group parallel to the surface, which is favorable for the van der Waals interaction. In the case of MEE on the Ag substrates the attractive van der Waals interaction plays a dominant role, resulting in the T form which is more favorable for the interaction than the G form.

Synthesis of 6-Cycloalkylcarbonyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolones via 6-Tributyltin Intermediates

6-Cycloalkylcarbonyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolones cannot be prepared by classical Friedel-Crafts acylation with the corresponding cycloalkylcarbonyl chlorides. We have explored new way via stille coupling from the tributyltin intermediates which were synthesised by protection of the NH group with ethylmethyl ether or potassium salt of the corresponding 6-bromo-2-(3H)-benzothiazolone. The stille coupling reaction of these tributyltin intermediates with the desired cycloalkylcarbonyl chlorides followed by deprotection of the NH group, afforded the corresponding 6-cycloalkylcarbonyl-2(3H) -benzothiazolones.

Rhenium and technetium tricarbonyl complexes anchored by pyrazole-based tripods: novel lead structures for the design of myocardial imaging agents

This report describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of cationic (99m)Tc-tricarbonyl complexes anchored by ether-containing tris(pyrazolyl)methane or bis(pyrazolyl)ethanamine ligands to be applied in the design of radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial imaging: fac-[(99m)Tc(CO)(3){RC(pz)(3)}](+) (R = H (1a), MeOCH(2) (2a), EtOCH(2) (3a), (n)PrOCH(2) (4a)) and fac-[(99m)Tc(CO)(3){RNHCH(2)CH(pz)(2)}](+) (R = H (5a), MeO(CH(2))(2) (6a)) (pz = pyrazolyl). At the no carrier added level, complexes 1a-6a were obtained in high radiochemical yield (> 98%) by reaction of fac-[(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)](+) with the corresponding tripod chelator in aqueous medium. All these complexes display a high in vitro and in vivo stability, except 6a which metabolizes in vivo yielding fac-[(99m)Tc(CO)(3){HO(CH(2))(2)NHCH(2)CH(pz)(2)}](+) (7a). Biological studies in mice have shown that among the radiotracers evaluated in this work, 3a, anchored by a tris(pyrazolyl)methane chelator bearing an ethyl methyl ether substituent, has the highest heart uptake (3.6 +/- 0.5%ID g(-1) at 60 min p.i.). Complex 3a presents also the best heart: blood, heart: liver and heart: lung ratios, appearing as the most promising as a potential myocardial imaging agent. The chemical identity of 1a-7a was ascertained by HPLC comparison with the previously reported fac-[Re(CO)(3){HC(pz)(3)}]Br (1) and with the novel fac-[Re(CO)(3){RC(pz)(3)}]Br (R = MeOCH(2) (2), EtOCH(2) (3), (n)PrOCH(2)(4)) and fac-[Re(CO)(3){RNHCH(2)CH(pz)(2)}]Br (R = H (5), MeO(CH(2))(2) (6) HO(CH(2))(2) (7)). The novel Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes, 2-7, were characterized by the common analytical techniques, including single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The solid state structure confirmed the presence of facial and tridentate (kappa(3)-N(3)) anchor ligands. Solution NMR studies have also shown that this kappa(3)-N(3) coordination mode is retained in solution for all complexes (2-7).

Shock-tube and modeling study of ethyl methyl ether pyrolysis and oxidation

Pyrolysis and oxidation of ethyl methyl ether (EME) were studied behind reflected shock waves in the temperature range 900–1750 K at total pressures between 0.9 and 3.1 atm. The study was carried out using following methods, (1) time-resolved IR-laser absorption at 3.39 μm for EME decay and CH-compound formation rates, (2) time-resolved UV absorption at 216 nm for mainly CH 3 radical formation rate, (3) time-resolved UV absorption at 306.7 nm for OH radical formation rate, (4) time-resolved IR emission at 4.24 μm for CO 2 formation rate and (5) a single-pulse technique for product yields. The pyrolysis and oxidation of EME were modeled using a reaction mechanism including the sub-mechanisms for methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and ketene oxidation. The reaction mechanism used in this study could reproduce almost all of experimental results. The sub-mechanisms of methane, ethylene, ethane, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde were found to play an important role in EME oxidation.

Photoionization mass spectrometry and modeling studies of the chemistry of fuel-rich dimethyl ether flames

Reaction paths are identified for dimethyl ether (DME) combustion using modeling of new data from fuel-rich DME flat flames. A molecular-beam flame-sampling photoionization mass spectrometer, employing VUV synchrotron radiation, is applied to the measurement of mole fractions for 21 flame species in low-pressure premixed fuel-rich ( Φ = 1.2, 1.68) DME/oxygen/argon flat flames. This approach is capable of resolving and identifying isomers and other flame species of near equal masses with ionization thresholds that differ by as little as 0.1 eV. The measurements agree well with flame modeling predictions, using a recently revised high-temperature DME kinetic mechanism, which identify reaction paths quite analogous to alkane combustion. They further reveal the presence of ethyl methyl ether, a molecule previously unobserved in flames and not included in present flame models.

Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations of hydrogen production from the combined processes of dimethyl ether steam reforming and partial oxidation

Thermodynamic analyses of producing a hydrogen-rich fuel-cell feed from the combined processes of dimethyl ether (DME) partial oxidation and steam reforming were investigated as a function of oxygen-to-carbon ratio (0.00–2.80), steam-to-carbon ratio (0.00–4.00), temperature (100 °C–600 °C), pressure (1–5 atm) and product species. Thermodynamically, dimethyl ether processed with air and steam generates hydrogen-rich fuel-cell feeds; however, the hydrogen concentration is less than that for pure DME steam reforming. Results of the thermodynamic processing of dimethyl ether indicate the complete conversion of dimethyl ether to hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide for temperatures greater than 200 °C, oxygen-to-carbon ratios greater than 0.00 and steam-to-carbon ratios greater than 1.25 at atmospheric pressure ( P = 1 atm). Increasing the operating pressure has negligible effects on the hydrogen content. Thermodynamically, dimethyl ether can produce concentrations of hydrogen and carbon monoxide of 52% and 2.2%, respectively, at a temperature of 300 °C, and oxygen-to-carbon ratio of 0.40, a pressure of 1 atm and a steam-to-carbon ratio of 1.50. The order of thermodynamically stable products (excluding H 2, CO, CO 2, DME, NH 3 and H 2O) in decreasing mole fraction is methane, ethane, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, n-propanol, ethylene, ethanol and methyl-ethyl ether; trace amounts of formaldehyde, formic acid and methanol are observed. Ammonia and hydrogen cyanide are also thermodynamically favored products. Ammonia is favored at low temperatures in the range of oxygen-to-carbon ratios of 0.40–2.50 regardless of the steam-to-carbon ratio employed. The maximum ammonia content (i.e., 40%) occurs at an oxygen-to-carbon ratio of 0.40, a steam-to-carbon ratio of 1.00 and a temperature of 100 °C. Hydrogen cyanide is favored at high temperatures and low oxygen-to-carbon ratios with a maximum of 3.18% occurring at an oxygen-to-carbon ratio of 0.40 and a steam-to-carbon ratio of 0.00 in the temperature range of 400 °C–500 °C. Increasing the system pressure shifts the equilibrium toward ammonia and hydrogen cyanide.

Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations of dimethyl ether steam reforming and dimethyl ether hydrolysis

The production of a hydrogen-rich fuel-cell feed by dimethyl ether (DME) steam reforming was investigated using calculations of thermodynamic equilibrium as a function of steam-to-carbon ratio (0.00–4.00), temperature (100–600 °C), pressure (1–5 atm), and product species. Species considered were acetone, acetylene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, dimethyl ether, ethane, ethanol, ethylene, formaldehyde, formic acid, hydrogen, isopropanol, methane, methanol, methyl-ethyl ether, n-propanol and water. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations of DME steam reforming indicate complete conversion of dimethyl ether to hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at temperatures greater than 200 °C and steam-to-carbon ratios greater than 1.25 at atmospheric pressure ( P = 1 atm). Increasing the operating pressure shifts the equilibrium toward the reactants; increasing the pressure from 1 to 5 atm decreases the conversion of dimethyl ether from 99.5 to 76.2%. The trend of thermodynamically stable products in decreasing mole fraction is methane, ethane, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, n-propanol, ethylene, ethanol, methyl-ethyl ether and methanol–formaldehyde, formic acid, and acetylene were not observed. Based on the equilibrium calculations, the optimal processing conditions for dimethyl ether steam reforming occur at a steam-to-carbon ratio of 1.50, a pressure of 1 atm, and a temperature of 200 °C. These thermodynamic equilibrium calculations show dimethyl ether processed with steam will produce hydrogen-rich fuel-cell feeds—with hydrogen concentrations exceeding 70%. The conversion of dimethyl ether via hydrolysis (considering methanol as the only product) is limited by thermodynamic equilibrium. Equilibrium conversion increases with temperature and steam-to-carbon ratio. A maximum dimethyl ether conversion of 62% is achieved at a steam-to-carbon ratio of 5.00 and a processing temperature of 600 °C.

Plasma Methane Conversion in the Presence of Dimethyl Ether Using Dielectric-Barrier Discharge

An experimental investigation was conducted to convert methane in the presence of dimethyl ether (DME), using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure and 100 °C. The co-feed of DME induces an increase in methane conversion, from 18.22% to 38.46%. The major products include C2 and C3 hydrocarbons, methoxy-containing oxygenates (methyl ethyl ether (MEE), dimethoxymethane (DMM), and dimethoxyethane (DMET)) and syngas (CO and H2). The selectivity of products changes with the CH4/DME feed ratio. The larger the CH4/DME feed ratio, the higher the selectivity of light hydrocarbons. The highest selectivity of all the oxygenates is observed for a CH4/DME feed ratio of 1:1.

Extraction of kewda (Pandanus fascicularis Lam.) flowers with hexane: composition of concrete, absolute and wax

Extraction of male spadices of kewda (Pandanus fascicularis Lam.) flowers with hexane furnished a waxy extract, the so-called ‘concrete’. Treatment of the extract with methanol gave a reddish oily residue (‘absolute’) with a smell strongly reminiscent of the aroma of kewda flowers. Concrete, absolute and separated waxes were analysed by GC and GC–MS. The methanol-soluble portion contains considerable quantities of fatty acids and their methyl esters, which function as a fixative for the volatile fragrant components of the extracts. While the recoveries of the oxygenated compounds terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol are less than the amounts usually obtained through hydrodistillation, the major component, 2-phenyl ethyl methyl ether, and non-polar compounds, α-thujene, sabinene and its hydrate, have been obtained in larger amounts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of isoflurane on measurements of delayed lumininescence inAcetabularia acetabulum

The volatile halogenated methyl ethyl ether, isoflurane, used as an anaesthetic, inhibits actin-based dynamics directly or indirectly in animal cells. In plant cells, most intracellular movements are related to actin pathways. We have used isoflurane in a unicellular alga, Acetabularia acetabulum, to test the dynamics of choloroplast organization. By measuring the delayed luminescence, we found that isoflurane worked efficiently in the unicellular organism and showed dose- and time-course-dependent actin-inhibition patterns. When A. acetabulum was treated with saturated solutions of isoflurane in artificial seawater (defined as 100% isoflurane) for 3 or 6 min, the delayed luminescence (DL) was decreased and was never recovered. In contrast, if treated with 75% diluted isoflurane, the DL was firstly inhibited and then recovered several hours later, and if treated with 50% diluted isoflurane, the change of DL was small. Our work proved that isoflurane can affect actin-related pathways in both animals and plants.

Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria. 6. United-Atom Description for Ethers, Glycols, Ketones, and Aldehydes

The extension of the transferable potentials for phase equilibria−united atom (TraPPE−UA) force field to the ether, glycol, ketone, and aldehyde functionalities is presented. New parameters for the ether oxygen, the carbonyl carbon (ketones), the carbonyl methine (aldehydes), and a special intramolecular hydrogen-bond term were fitted to the vapor−liquid coexistence curves for selected one-component systems. Coupled−decoupled configurational bias Monte Carlo simulations in the Gibbs or grand canonical ensemble were used to compute the vapor−liquid coexistence curves for the neat systems of dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, 1,2-ethanediol, 2-methoxyethan-1-ol, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-propanediol, acetone, 2-pentanone, 2-octanone, acetaldehyde, pentanal, and octanal. Additional simulations were performed for the binary mixtures of diethyl ether + ethanol and acetone + hexane. Excellent agreement with experimental results was found with the mean unsigned errors being less than 1% for the critical temperatures and about 3% (ethers) and 1% (other) for the normal boiling temperatures. For the mixture of acetone + hexane at 328.15 K, a positive pressure azeotrope was found with = 0.71 in satisfactory agreement with the experimental result of 0.64. Additionally, the structures of hydrogen-bonded aggregates were investigated for 1,2-ethanediol and 2-methoxyethan-1-ol, where the average hydrogen-bond energies were found to be about −20 and −14 kJ mol-1 for inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds, respectively.

Vapor–liquid equilibria and densities of ternary mixtures of fluorinated ethers with hydrofluorocarbons as R22 alternatives

Vapor pressure data below the normal boiling point are presented for ternary mixtures that are prepared from the following chemicals: perfluoro[methylethyl ether] (RE-218), pentafluorodimethylether (RE-125), 1,1,1-trifluorodimethylether (RE-143a), dimethylether (RE-170), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a), fluoroethane (R-161), and difluoromethane (R-32). Liquid–liquid phase separation in the binary mixtures RE-218/RE-170 and RE-218/R-161 is eliminated with the ternary mixtures, RE-218/RE-143a/RE-170 and RE-218/R-134a/R-161. A sufficient amount of vapor pressure data was obtained for these ternary mixtures to calculate vapor–liquid phase relations using van Laar equations for ternary mixtures. Vapor pressure data are also reported for a number of ternary mixtures containing RE-125. Liquid density data and the critical parameters are reported for the equimolar mixtures, RE-218/R-134a/R-161, RE-125/R-32/R-152a, and RE-125/R-32/R-134a, which are judged to have a high potential as R-22 alternatives based on their boiling point and critical temperature.