Methyl Acrylate Monomer Research Articles

Direct current conduction mechanism in the methyl acrylate–vinyl acetate composite thin films

Plasma polymerized (PP) methyl acrylate (MA) and vinyl acetate (VA) composite thin films were deposited onto glass substrate varying MA and VA monomer concentrations. Thickness of the composite polymers is observed to vary on the MA and VA monomer ratios, where MA is found more reactive. The FESEM images of the composite polymers show better surface morphology compared to those of the homopolymers. Appearance of broad absorption bands in the FTIR spectra of polymer indicates the structural changes compared to monomer during polymerization. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry indicate that composite films are thermally more stable (up to 617 K) compared to homopolymer thin films (563 K). The current density versus voltage (J–V) characteristics of PP(MA-VA) composite films (sandwiched between aluminum electrodes) with different MA and VA ratios showed that the J values of the composite films gradually increase with elevating VA monomer and also with temperature (298–373 K). On the other hand, this value increases with decreasing the thickness of the composite films, which complies with the other studies. The conduction of the thickness-dependent composite films showed Ohmic in nature in the lower voltage region (< 10 V) while the space charge-limited conduction is found to be dominated in the higher voltage region (> 10 V) operating over the entire range of temperature. The activation energy at room temperature was found to be ~ 0.019 eV in the Ohmic region and 0.260 eV in the non-Ohmic region.

Structural and optical behaviours of methyl acrylate-vinyl acetate composite thin films synthesized under dynamic low-pressure plasma

Low-pressure (33.33 Pa) plasma polymerized methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate composite thin films with various monomer compositions were deposited onto glass substrates. Under the same plasma conditions, the homopolymer thin films were also prepared. The thickness of the composite films was observed to vary between 117 and 213 nm depending on the monomer ratio. The composite films exhibit a smooth, pinhole-free, and immaculate surface morphology, surpassing that of the homopolymers. The energy dispersive x-ray study shows that the films contain mainly carbon and oxygen with 26.09–37.20 at% and 35.03 − 40.10 at%, respectively. The composite films contain more carbon contents which enhance the film stability. The appearance of some broad absorption bands in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates structural changes in the PP films caused by the restructuring or dilapidation of monomer molecules while forming the polymer. The UV–visible spectra analysis reveal that the composite films exhibited a tunable optical band gap by adjusting the monomer ratio. The decrease of methyl acrylate monomer reduces the direct and indirect optical band-gap values of composite films from 3.15 to 3.00 eV and 2.35 to 1.74 eV, respectively. While Urbach energy values increases from 0.33 eV to 0.90 eV. All the films showed good transmittance properties (86 − 96%) in the visible range wavelength (550 − 800 nm). Other optical parameters are also found better in composite films which indicates the aptness of the composite films in various optoelectronic or electronic applications.

Effects of Carbon Chain Length of Acrylate Monomer on Sizing Properties of Locust Bean Gum-g-P (AA-co-Acrylate)

In order to impart good application properties to locust bean gum size for all-polyester yarn, a series of acrylate monomers including methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and common hydrophilic monomer–acrylic acid were grafted onto molecular chains of native locust bean gum to obtain locust bean gum- g-P(AA-co-acrylate) products with similar grafting ratios through Fenton’s reagent, respectively. The effects of carbon chain length of the series of acrylates on sizing properties of the grafted locust bean gum for polyester warp were studied. It was found that by grafting acrylates onto the molecular chains of locust bean gum the sizing properties of the locust bean gum were improved markedly. Under the condition of similar grafting ratios, locust bean gum- g-poly(AA-co-methyl acrylate) showed the highest apparent viscosity, water solubility, film strength, wettability, and adhesion to polyester fiber in all the grafted locust bean gum prepared. Meanwhile, locust bean gum- g-poly(AA-co-butyl acrylate) and locust bean gum- g-poly(AA-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate) had the highest wear resistance and elongation of sizing film, respectively. The modified locust bean gum grafted with acrylate monomers with different carbon chain lengths was able to meet various requirements in the sizing process for polyester yarn.

Phosphinobenzenamine Nickel Catalyzed Efficient Copolymerization of Methyl Acrylate with Ethylene and Norbornene

A series of phosphinobenzenamine-based nickel complexes bearing substituted phenylphosphine ligands were synthesized and characterized. These nickel complexes combined with methylaluminoxane (MAO) exhibited very high activity (∼106 g mol–1 h–1) and good thermal stability for norbornene polymerization. The nickel catalysts were able to conduct copolymerization of norbornene and methyl acrylate (MA) with high activity (3.76 × 105 g mol–1 h–1) to give high-molecular-weight functionalized cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) with reasonable MA incorporation (2.39–6.47 mol %). Moreover, the nickel catalysts also promote the copolymerization of ethylene and MA with moderate activity (∼104 g mol–1 h–1) to produce semicrystalline high-molecular-weight polar functionalized polyethylene (PE). The MA incorporation in the copolymer was controlled in a wide range (up to 15.5 mol %). These complexes without any sterically bulky substituent on the ligand are distinctive examples of earth-abundant nickel complexes toward the direct copolymerization of ethylene or norbornene with the challenging vinyl polar monomer MA.

Synthesis and Characterization of Microwave-Assisted Copolymer Membranes of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-g-starch-methacrylate and Their Evaluation for Gas Transport Properties.

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is an excellent membrane-forming polymer and can be modified with potato starch and methyl acrylate monomers to obtain copolymers with improved physical and chemical properties. The study presents the synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol)-g-starch-poly(methyl acrylate) PVA-g-St-g-PMA copolymers using microwave irradiation technique and potassium persulfate initiator. Solution casting and solvent evaporation methods were adopted for the fabrication of polyvinyl alcohol-g-starch-acrylamide composite membranes. The synthesized graft copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The modified nanocomposite membranes were showed very promising results with the parameters permeability and selectivity. The nanocomposite membranes exhibited the advantages of easy handling and reuse.

Effects of Monomer Compatibility on Sizing Performance of Chitosan-g-P(MA-co-AM)

To impart good application performance to chitosan (CS) sizes for high polyester content warp yarns, methyl acrylate (MA) and acrylamide (AM) monomers, with a variation in feed molar ratio from 1:9 to 4:6, were grafted onto the molecular chains of native CS to obtain CS- g-P(MA- co-AM) products, with similar grafting ratios through a K2S2O8-NaHSO3 redox system. Effects of monomer compatibility of MA and AM on sizing performance of the CS- g-P(MA- co-AM) for high polyester content warp were studied. Grafting MA and AM with rational compatibility onto the molecular chains of CS is an effective method to improve the application performance of CS sizes. In view of the overall performance of the CS- g-P(MA- co-AM) sizes, the appropriate feed molar ratio of MA/AM should be 3:7.

Influences of monomer compatibility on sizing performance of locust bean gum-g-P(MA-co-AA)

In order to impart good application performance to locust bean gum (LBG) sizes for polyester yarns, methyl acrylate (MA) and acrylic acid (AA) monomers with a variation in feed molar ratio from 1/9 to 4/6 were grafted onto the molecular chains of native LBG to obtain LBG-g-P(MA-co-AA) products with similar grafting ratios through Fenton redox system. Effects of monomer compatibility of MA and AA on sizing performance of the LBG-g-P(MA-co-AA) were studied in terms of apparent viscosity, contact angle of sizing paste on polyester fibers, water-solubility, mechanical properties of sizing film, and adhesion to polyester fibers. It was found that grafting MA and AA with rational compatibility onto the molecular chains of LBG was an effective method to improve the application performance of the vegetable gelatin sizes, such as good toughness of sizing film and high adhesion to polyester fibers. In view of overall performance of the LBG-g-P(AA-co-MA) sizes, the appropriate feed molar ratio of MA/AA should be 3/7.

Synthesis of Silica-Supported Hydroxamic Ligand for Removal of Metals Ions from Water.

Mesoporous silica supported adsorbents have been used towards metal ion removal from water due to their thermally stability and good sorption capacity. Thus, mesoporous silica-based methyl acrylate monomer (Silica-APTES-DPNO) was converted into hydroxamic acid (SBHA) by using oximation reaction and all products are analyzed by by FT-IR. The SBHA showed satisfactory binding properties with copper, cobalt, nickel and lead are 242, 206, 195 and 516 mg g-1, respectively, with the batch adsorption system was set to pH 6. The kinetics of metal ions binding obeyed the pseudo-1st-order process up to 60 min. In this study also consider the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm to find out the sorption behavior. The isotherm study demonstrated the well fit with Freundlich isotherm (R² > 0.99). Thus, adsorption take place as a multilayer system, therefore, SBHA material is useful for the metal ions removal from water.

Facile Synthesis of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) by Organic Halides in the Presence of Palladium Nanoparticles.

A facile and versatile approach for the synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at mild conditions was developed. Certain organic halides combined with a catalytical amount of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were found to be very effective in initiating polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA), methyl acrylate, vinyl acetate and other vinyl monomers. An ultrahigh molecular weight PMMA with a number-average molecular weight of 4.65 × 106 Da and a weight-average molecular weight of 8.08 × 106 Da was synthesized at 70 °C using 2-bromoisobutyric acid ethyl ester (EBiB) as an initiator in the presence of catalytical amount (10.1 ppm) of Pd NPs. A kinetic investigation found that the orders of polymerization with respect to EBiB, Pd NP and MMA were 0.23, 0.50, and 0.58, respectively. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to prove that the macromolecular chain had an end-group of EBiB residue. The electron spin resonance (ESR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results reveal that the reaction of EBiB with Pd NPs caused a bromo atom (Br) transfer from EBiB to Pd NPs and resulted in the generation of EBiB residue radical to initiate the polymerization of MMA and the formation of PdIIBr2 on the surface of Pd nanoparticles.

Visible-Light-Initiated Free-Radical Polymerization by Homomolecular Triplet-Triplet Annihilation

<h2>Summary</h2> Polymerization reactions initiated by ultraviolet light are ubiquitous in scores of industrial applications but would markedly benefit from visible-light activation to overcome stability, energy consumption, light penetration, and sample geometry limitations. The current work leverages visible-light-driven homomolecular triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) in zinc(II) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) to initiate facile free-radical polymerization in trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and methyl acrylate (MA) monomers through ultrafast electron transfer quenching. Selective Q-band (S₁) excitation of ZnTPP in the green or yellow sensitizes TTA occurring between two ³ZnTPP∗ energized chromophores, ultimately generating the highly reducing S₂ excited state on one ZnTPP molecule (E_red = −2.13 V versus saturated calomel electrode, SCE). Subsequently, this S₂ state engages in electron transfer with TMPTA or MA, thereby initiating the radical polymerization process. Bimolecular electron transfer was confirmed through optically gated fluorescence upconversion. FT-IR and EPR spin-trapping experiments verified visible-light-initiated polymerization leading to the formation of well-defined macro- and microscopic objects.

Polyethylene separator grafting with polar monomer for enhancing the lithium-ion transport property

The commercial polyolefin separator plays a key role in guaranteeing the safety and is also involved in transporting ions inside the battery. However, polyolefin separator composed of C–H chains has nonpolar surface and presents worse affinity to liquid electrolyte. In this study, we firstly have activated polyethylene (PE) separator using γ-irradiation. And then the polar methyl acrylate (MA) monomer has been successfully grafted onto the surface of activated separator with induction of ultraviolet (UV). The obtained PE-g-MA separator has MA modification layer with the ester functional group. As a result, PE-g-MA separator exhibits higher lithium ion transference number of 0.49 than bare PE separator (0.29), it is believed that the enhanced interaction between PE-g-MA separator wall and solvent is beneficial to the desolvation of lithium ion. Moreover, PE-g-MA separator has lower activation energy of 52.1 kJ/mol than pristine PE separator (56.5 kJ/mol), it confirms that lithium ion is easier to migrate across the interface of electrode/PE-g-MA separator filled with liquid electrolyte. The LiCoO2/Li half cells employing PE-g-MA separator possess cycling stability and higher capacity at high current density. Therefore, the PE separator modified with polar group is expected to be applied in the high-power supply.

Influence of storage time and blending on irradiated sodium alginate–polyethylene oxide films modified by methyl acrylate monomer

The present work is an attempt to understand the effect of storage time on physico–mechanical properties of sodium alginate (SA)–polyethylene oxide (PEO) blended films modified by methyl acrylate (MA) monomer. The films were prepared by casting method and improved by γ irradiation (12 kGy), PEO 10%, Glycerol (Gol) 15%, Mustard oil (MO) 20% and MA 7% on a mass basis as optimized. The polymeric blend was stored for six months at room temperature. The physical and mechanical properties of the as-prepared SA-based films were investigated with γ irradiation and compared the results obtained before and after the storage periods. The tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB), Young modulus (YM) and moisture content (MC) of the blended films were determined. Morphological and thermal features of the films were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), respectively. Reaction scheme of the stored SA-based polymer films and causes of photodegradation of the films are explained in the context. The ultimate results of the present study showed remarkable enhancement in tensile properties (> 35%) and reduction in EB (~ 30%) and MC of the films thanks to storage time and γ irradiation.

Preparation and characterization of Novel Bis-GMA Dental Nanocomposite and their application as dental material: Mechanical Properties and Water Sorption/volumetric shrinkage

Novel Nanocomposite materials on the basis of unsaturated monomers as well as 2,2 propyl bisphenol glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and unsaturated monomers with Nano inorganic fillers [SiO2, ZrO2 and Hydroxyapatite (HA)] were subjected to process of synthesizing as well as characterizing for the purpose of evaluating their possible applications as restorative materials in the field of dentistry. The initial method has been for generating in addition to characterizing novel Nanocomposites bases on (Bis-GMA), N,N′-methylene bis acryl amide (MBA), acrylic acid(AA) and methylacrylate(MA) monomers. Composites containing Bis-GMA and N,N′-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) with the ratio (wt/wt) of (40/20), which has been filled with various Nanofiller amounts (up to 5% wt) were prepared. Photo-polymerization has been induced with camphorquinone/N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate(CQ/DMAEMA), as photo-initiator system. Physicochemical properties, such as solubility (SL), water sorption (WS), as well as the volumetric shrinkage (VS) have been examined. The mechanical properties of the of dental Nanocomposites flexural strength and compressivewere widely discussed. Characterization will be implemented through the use of FTIR and SEM are applied for showing particle size distribution in addition to particle agglomeration related to the treated Nanofillers in Nano-composites. FTIR spectroscopy has been initially applied for identifying qualitative composition of composition of Nanocomposites. The Thermal stability of all dental Nanocomposites were also studied using the TGA and DSC techniques.

Composite of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates-co-methyl acrylate and carbon nanotubes as innovative electrodes modifier in microbial fuel cell.

A microbial fuel cell is a sustainable and environmental-friendly device that combines electricity generation and wastewater treatment through metabolic activities of microorganisms. However, low power output from inadequate electron transfer to the anode electrode hampers its practical implementation. Nanocomposites of oxidized carbon nanotubes and medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) grafted with methyl acrylate monomers enhance the electrochemical function of electrodes in microbial fuel cell. Extensive polymerization of methyl acrylate monomers within mcl-PHA matrix, and homogenous dispersion of carbon nanotubes within the graft matrix are responsible for the enhancement. Modified electrodes exhibit high conductivities, better redox peak and reduction of cell internal resistance up to 76%. A stable voltage output at almost 700mV running for 225H generates maximum power and current density of 351mW/m2 and 765mA/m2 , respectively. Superior biofilm growth on modified surface is responsible for improved electron transfer to the anode hence stable and elevated power output generation.

Thermal Expansion Behavior of Thermally Expandable Microspheres Prepared by Suspension Polymerization Using P(AN‐MMA‐MAA) Core/Shell

Thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs) have widespread industrial applications. In this study, high heat resistant and largely expandable TEMs have been synthesized by suspension polymerization. Microspheres were prepared with acrylonitrile (AN) as the main monomer. Initial thermomechanical analysis of TEMs containing AN and methyl acrylate (MA) showed good thermal expansion, leading to the investigation of the polymerization using various monomers at variable weight ratios. TEMs with co‐polymer AN, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and methacrylic acid (MAA) were investigated for the first time. They displayed wider heating range and larger expansion rate than the microspheres with MA monomer. The effect of varying amounts of monomer ratios on the thermal expansion behavior is discussed.

Application of viscosity-reducing Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in PHC Pumping Pipe Pile Production

Using 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol polyoxyethylene ethers (the TPEG), acrylic acid (AA), methyl acrylate (MA) monomer, ammonium persulfate (APS) and hydrogen peroxide Vitamin C- (Vc-H2O2) composite initiation, thioglycolic acid (TGA) as a chain transfer agent, a reduced viscosity polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE-RV) was synthesized by aqueous solution free radical polymerization. The test and comparison and economic benefit analysis of the viscosity-reducing polycarboxylic acid high performance water reducer applied to PHC pipe piles were carried out.

Effects of graft modification on apparent viscosity, adhesion, and film properties of sesbania gum for warp sizing

In order to solve such utilization problems as excessively high apparent viscosity of sizing paste and poor adhesion to polyester fibers, caused by macromolecular inherent defects of native sesbania gum (SG), various amounts of methyl acrylate (MA) monomers were grafted onto molecular chains of native SG through initiation of Fenton's reagent and a series of SG-g-PMA with different grafting ratios were prepared. Effects of the graft modification on sizing properties of SG-g-PMA were studied in terms of apparent viscosity, contact angle of sizing paste on polyester fibers, water-solubility, mechanical properties of sizing film, adhesion to polyester fibers, and tensile properties of sized polyester warp yarns. It was found that the graft modification for SG was a simple and effective method to improve its sizing properties for polyester yarns and to omit specific viscosity reduction procedure used commonly for SG at present. In view of overall performance of SG-g-PMA sizes, the appropriate grafting ratio should be 18.70%.

Synthesis and chemical modification of maleic anhydride copolymers with 2-amino ethyl benzoate groups

Maleic anhydride (MAN) copolymers with methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate monomers at 1:3 mole ratios were synthesized by free radical polymerization in the presence of azobis(isobutyronitrile) as initiator and dry ethyl acetate as solvent. Copolymer compositions were obtained using related proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectra, and the polydispersity of the copolymers was determined by gel permeation chromatography. Then, a solution of 2-amino ethyl benzoate salt as a nucleophilic reagent reacted through the ring opening of anhydride groups in copolymers resulting to modified copolymers Iab to Vab. All the prepared polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of all copolymers before and after modification was determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). It was shown that chemical modification of MAN copolymers with 2-amino ethyl benzoate substituents as side chains decreased the free volume of the polymers, and therefore, the rigidity and Tg are increased.

Mechanically tough and recoverable hydrogels via dual physical crosslinkings

ABSTRACTDevelopment of functional tough hydrogels with new network structures and energy dissipation mechanisms has great promise for many applications. Here, a new type of physical hydrogel crosslinked by hydrophobic association and hydrogen bonds was synthesized by a facile micellar copolymerization of hydrophobic methyl acrylate (MA) monomers and hydrophilic N‐hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEAA) monomers in the presence of Tween80 micelles. Strong hydrophobic association between inner MA and Tween80 and hydrogen bonds between external polyHEAA and Tween80 provide two distinct crosslinkers to construct mechanically tough and recoverable network. Mechanical properties of polyHEAA‐MA@Tween80 hydrogels strongly depended on network components (HEAA, MA; Tween80 concentrations). At optimal conditions, the hydrogels can achieve fracture stress of 700 kPa, fracture strain of 1687 mm/mm, elastic modulus of 195 kPa, and tearing energy of 1598 J/m2. Due to the reversible nature of physical interactions, polyHEAA‐MA@Tween80 hydrogels can achieve fast stiffness/toughness recovery of 60%/33% without any external stimuli and resting time at room temperature. This work demonstrates a new design strategy to fabricate a new a single‐network hydrogel with high mechanical and self‐recovery properties by incorporating both hydrophobic association and hydrogen bonds in the network, which may provide alternative viewpoint for the design of multifunctional tough hydrogels. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 1294–1305

Processes occurring under the action of molecular bromine on methyl acrylate at low temperatures and during heating the resulting mixture

With the use of EPR, UV–VIS, and IR spectroscopy, calorimetry, and elemental analysis, it has been found that radicals are spontaneously formed under the action of molecular bromine on the methyl acrylate (MA) monomer at low temperatures; upon heating the system (225 K), these radicals initiate a polymerization reaction. This process is not efficient. The addition of bromine at the double bond of MA is the main reaction that occurs during the heating of the system (225 K).