Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Monomer Research Articles

Bacterial mutagenicity of some methyl 2-cyanoacrylates and methyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylates

The mutagenic potential of three alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives, three commercial alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives and three methyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylates, was assessed using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Compounds were tested with and without Aroclor 1254-induced rat-liver homogenate (S9 mix). The methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives were mutagenic in the standard plate test with S. typhimurium strain TA100 with and without S9 activation. Methyl 2-cyano-3-(2-bromophenyl)acrylate revealed a direct mutagenic action to S. typhimurium strain TA1535. The compounds most toxic towards the bacterium S. typhimurium, were the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives (>500 μg/plate). All alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives were tested in a modified spot test for volatile compounds with tester strain TA100. Mutagenic and toxic effects were observed with the three methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives. It can be concluded from the results that the bacterial toxicity and mutagenicity of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives may be due to the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer.

Mutagenic action of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate vapor

Alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1538. Both a normal spot test and a spot test specially designed to test volatile compounds were used. The adhesives were also tested in the plate incorporation assay. These investigations showed that methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives are mutagenic in strain TA100. The spot test for volatile compounds showed that it is the vapors from the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer that are responsible for the mutagenic effect. One can conclude that working with methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives entails exposure to vapors with a mutagenic effect and may therefore pose a carcinogenic hazard. Because the adhesives are used in industry, their mutagenic effect has a special importance in work environment.

Urine production in the shore crab, Hemigrapsus nudus

Urine production was determined for the crab, Hemigrapsus nudus from an estuarine habitat with a seasonal pattern of high salinity – low temperature in winter and low salinity – high temperature in summer. Urine production was measured in crabs collected during winter and summer and held in two salinities, 25 and 75% seawater. Methods used were (1) blockage of nephropores with the physiological adhesive, methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer, and measurement of subsequent weight increase, and (2) rate of inulin excretion over four time periods: 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. Blockage and inulin excretion gave urine production rates of 15 to 17% body weight day−1 in 25% seawater. In 75% seawater urine production was estimated by blockage to be 6% body weight day−1 and by inulin excretion to be 12% body weight day−1. Summer crabs in 25% seawater produced urine at a slightly lower rate than did winter crabs. In 75% seawater, no seasonal difference was apparent. Urine production was independent of wet weight of crab. It is suggested that the lower rate of urine production by summer crabs in 25% seawater compared with winter crabs in that salinity is related to their lower haemolymph – seawater osmotic gradient and is an adaptation to lowered summer salinity.

Fixation of tobacco smoke aerosols for size distribution studies

Determination of the particle size distribution in the particulate phase of tobacco smoke is difficult due to the liquid nature and high coagulation rate of this aerosol. The use of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate vapor to “fix” smoke particles permits the study of the size distribution of the smoke particles as they exit from the cigarette. Vapors of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer polymerize due to water in the smoke particles. This fixes the shape of the particles that may be collected on a carbon film supported by an electron microscope grid. Electron micrographs of a sufficient number of particles are taken to yield statistically significant data for a histogram. Differences in smoke particle size distribution have been observed for different cigarette filters. Particle size distributions of the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate fixed smoke were found to be essentially the same as those obtained from smoke frozen at liquid N 2 temperature and replicated with a freeze-etch equipment. Other types of liquid aerosols have been evaluated by this technique, and the same degree of success has been obtained as with tobacco smoke aerosols.

Obtaining flat mounts of epithelial sheets by use of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate as an adhesive.

Study of whole mounts of epidermal sheets gives a concept of morphology that cannot be obtained easily hom conventional sections. Sheets are of special value in the counting of mitoses. For this purpose, whole epidermal mounts have been used in the Department of Pathology, Royal Brisbane Hospital, to observe mitoses in mouse skin that had been treated with the irritant, croton oil. Shied (1964) described a method for keeping pieces of whole skin as flat as possible during processing, by sandwiching the fresh unfixed skin between two pieces of blotting paper stapled together. Molnar and Molnar (1967) recommended the use of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer2 as a quick-setting medium for the application of cover glasses to mounted sections. Epidermal mounts prepared in the usual manner are invariably wavy, due to carrying the unmounted epidermis through the various dehydrating and clearing fluids. To produce a flat mount, the following method was devised. Procedure. An area of clipped (not shaven) skin is removed from the dead or anesthetized animal. Hair clippers are used since blade shaving results in undesirable loss of high spots from the epidermis. Clipping is essential because long hairs interfere with intimate contact of the epidermis with the glass slide. The excised skin is immediately placed dermis side down on a piece of blotting or preferably, filter paper, to occupy an area roughly equivalent to its original size. Since the skin adheres firmly to the paper, a square can be cut from it; 20 x 20 mm being a convenient size, since it allows a 22 x 22 mm cover glass to be used. Filter paper having good wet strength causes the square of skin to retain its shape. A chemically clean slide is placed on a hard flat surface, to avoid breakage when pressure is applied, and a drop of adhesive is applied. The square of skin with adherent paper is lowered, epidermis side down, onto the drop of adhesive. A piece of polyethylene sheet is placed over the square of skin to protect the operator’s fingers, and firm pressure is applied with the thumb to flatten the epidermis on the slide while the adhesive is plymerising from the action of moisture contained in the skin. Polymerisation occurs in a few seconds. The epidermis will now be stuck firmly to the slide and the paper backing can be lThe wvork leading to this report was done at the Royal Brisbane Hospital, Department of Pathology. *Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer is marketed by Eastman Chemical Products under the name, Eastman 910.

Influence of Methyl 2-Cyanoacrylate Monomer on the Habit of Ice Crystals Grown from the Vapor

Ice crystals grow from the vapor in the presence of Eastman9 10 cement (containing methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer) in the form of fine fibres a few microns in diameter, in the c axis direction of the nucleating crystal. A previous suggestion that similar fibers observed using this material for the replication process occur undernatural conditions and are a source of atmospheric ice crystals appears unlikely.

Combined Suture and Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Monomer for Reanastomosis of the Ureter

Combined Suture and Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Monomer for Reanastomosis of the Ureter

Reactions of rabbit brain and peripheral vessels to plastics used in coating arterial aneurysms.

M ANY techniques have been applied to the surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysm. Hypothermia, hypotensive drugs, and hypertonic solutions for reducing brain volume have helped the surgeon, but some aneurysms cannot be clipped, ligated, or trapped because of their configuration. Muscle and gauze wrapping techniques have been used for a long time, but are now being replaced with synthetic adhesives.4,6, s, 9,12,17.21--27 Many different types of adhesives have been used experimentally and clinically. Ideally they require ease of application, rapid setting, and security of adhesiveness even in a moist environment. They should withstand elevated blood pressure and should be nontoxic. Untoward effects of Eastman 910 adhesive and monomer (methyl 2-cyanoactylate) have been reported on various occasions;3~ nevertheless there have been a number of reports of their successful use in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. ~8,17 Histologic preparations have revealed epineural inflammation, increased vascularity and giant cells, destruction of neural tissue, thrombosis of small vessels, necrosis of arterial wall, as well as aneurysm formation. Other clinically applied synthetic adhesives include Selverstone's mixture (polyvinyl polyvinyledene chloride and epoxy polyamide resin), 21,24 Pudenz's mixture (Silastic RTV.502), 2~,27 Aneuroplastin (methyl methacrylate), 1~ Ad/Here (methyl alpha-cyanoacrylate), is and Biobond (EDH adhesive; a mixture of polyisocyanate and nitrile rubber with a small amount of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer in a nitro-methane solution).l~, 25 Investigations of separate adhesives have been noted in individual reports. Our current investigation was directed toward comparison of seven such adhesives under similar conditions.

"CONTAMINATION AND RECOVERY OF BACTERIAL SPORES FROM METHYL 2-CYANOACRYLATE MONOMER"

To the Editor. —For some years, medical literature has stated that methyl-2-cyanoacrylate monomer is Lehman et al1reported Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate has been available for a considerable period of time and it has long been known to be self-sterilizing. Statements such as these generally refer to the original conclusion of Fassett et al2in 1961, which stated, It seems probable that 910 Monomer (Methyl 2-Cyanoacrylate Monomer) can be regarded as self-sterilizing, and that packaging in sterile containers would probably be sufficient for most purposes. Tests with other species, particularly bacterial pathogens of importance in surgery, should be conducted. Awe et al3studied methyl-2-cyanoacrylate and concluded that bacteriological investigation of the Eastman 910 adhesive indicated that it was both bacteriostatic and bactericidal in vitro. In our opinion, any tissue adhesive to be used within the body must be sterile and not be capable of acting as a vehicle

An experimental study of the effects of a plastic adhesive, methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer (M2 C-1) in various tissues.

An experimental study of the effects of a plastic adhesive, methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer (M2 C-1) in various tissues.

Experimental use of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer to obliterate the pleural space

Experimental use of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer to obliterate the pleural space