Methoxy Ethyl Research Articles

Investigations into the free radical polymerizations of allyl carbonates—I. The reaction of t-butoxyl radical

The radical trapping technique employing 1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindolinyl-2-oxyl (TMIO) as scavenger has been used to study the reactions of t-butoxyl radicals with diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate) [CR39] and some model compounds. Extensive hydrogen abstraction as well as attack at the allyl group was observed. Interestingly, abstraction from methoxy ethyl allyl carbonate, ethoxy ethyl allyl carbonate and CR39 occurred predominantly from the ethylene groups of the glycol moiety.

Effect of Pesticides on the Nematode Pathogenic Bacteria, Bacillus macerans In vitro

Sensitivity of Bacillus macerans Schardinger, 1905, a potent biocontrolagent of root-knot nematode, to different pesticides was tested in vitro by filter paper disc method. The pesticides were metham sodium, phorate, aldicarb, carbofuran and formalin representing nematicides and HCH (BHC), endosulfan, malathion, quinalphos and carbaryl representing insecticides and agallol, . carbendazim, copper oxychloride, maneb, zineband ziram the fungicides. B. macerans was highly sensitive to metham sodium and formaldehyde with an inhibition zone diameter ranging from 20 to 44 m.m. While aldicarb was slightly inhibitory, phorate and carbofuran were non-inhibitory. All insecticides except quinalphos (1000 ppm only) and carbaryl were non-inhibitory. Among the fungicides tested, the systemic fungicide carbendazim was the safest. Methoxy ethyl mercury chloride, mancozeb, zineb and ziram were toxic to B. macerans . These fungicides showed statistically significant increase in inhibition among the different fungicides.

Hydroxymethylation enantioselective d'alkyl benzenes chrome tricarbonyle ortho substitues

Benzylic hydroxymethylation of chiral ortho alkyloxy, or dialkylamino, alkyl benzene tricarbonylchromium was found to show high or complete diastereoselectivity. Resolution of ortho methoxy ethyl benzene tricarbonylchromium provided (-)-(R)-2-(orthomethoxy phenyl)propanol.

Branchial and renal pathology in the fish exposed chronically to methoxy ethyl mercuric chloride.

Pathological manifestations causally related to pesticide poisoning have been described in both surficial and internal tissues of the fishes. Among the various organomercurials are phenyl mercuric acetate, methyl mercuric dicyanidiamide, methoxy ethyl mercuric chloride, methoxy ethyl mercuric silicate etc. Of these, the methoxy ethyl mercuric chloride (MEMC) is used in agriculture as an antifungal seed dressing, and its toxicity is primarily manifest in the Hg/sup 2 +/ ion. This report describes pathogenesis of branchial and renal lesions in the common freshwater fish, Puntius conchonius exposed chronically to sublethal levels of MEMC. Prior to this, alterations in the peripheral blood and metabolite levels in response to experimental MEMC poisoning have been demonstrated in this species.

Biomonitoring of low levels of mercurial derivatives in water and soil by Allium micronucleus assay

The Allium micronucleus (MNC) assay was developed to monitor low levels of mercury in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Four mercurial derivatives namely mercuric chloride (MC), methyl mercuric chloride (MMC), phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA) and a methoxy ethyl mercuric chloride based fungicide, Emisan-6, were tested to assess the sensitivity and versatility of the Allium MNC assay. Allium bulbs were set directly on water and soil contaminated with known levels of mercurial derivatives (0.0001–10.00 ppm). On the 5th day the endpoints measured were root length, mitoses with spindle abnormality and cells with MNC in root meristems. The effective concentrations of the test chemicals that cause 50% of root length as compared to control (EC 50) were determined from dose-response curves so obtained. The lowest effective concentration tested (LECT) and highest ineffective concentration tested (HICT) for each of the mercurial derivatives for the induction of spindle malfunction and MNC were determined. It was found that EC 50, LECT and HICT values for mercurial derivatives in soil were higher than those in water. The frequencies of cells with MNC and mitoses with spindle abnormality were highly correlated indicating that MNC is a good parameter of spindle malfunction. The present approach increased the sensitivity of the Allium assay by 10-fold, the detection limit being 0.001–0.1 ppm and 0.1–1.0 ppm in aquatic and terrestrial environments respectively, depending on the species of mercury.

Histopathological and biochemical changes in the liver of a teleost fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) induced by a mercurial fungicide.

The chronic toxic effects of a prolonged exposure of 6 months, from January to June, to a 'safe dose' (0.20 mg litre(-1)) of a commercial organomercurial fungicide, Emisan (methoxy ethyl mercuric chloride: MeEHgCl), on the histophysiology of liver in adults and young (yearlings) of Channa punctatus, are described in this investigation. In both of the experimental groups, liver histology exhibited various abnormalities, including hyperplasia, nuclear pyknosis, fatty necrosis, and degeneration of hepatocytes leading to tumour and syncytium formation, which are indicative of carcinogenesis. Apart from this, blood vessel congestion and oedema were also observed in young treated fish. In the livers of both exposed groups, corresponding with this cellular damage, a marked reduction in hepatosomatic index, levels of total protein and lipid, and an elevation in cholesterol and acid and alkaline phosphatase contents were recorded. However, these alterations were more pronounced in young than in adult fish. These Emisan-induced, histopathological and biochemical changes are suggestive of severe hepatic dysfunction, which may result in the impairment of the physio-metabolic process, in this species.

GBR 13098, a selective dopamine uptake inhibitor; behavioural, biochemical and electrophysiological studies.

Previous in vitro studies have suggested that GBR 13098 (1-(2-(bis(4-fluophenyl methoxy) ethyl)-4-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-propyl)piperazine) dimethane sulfonate) acts as a selective dopamine uptake inhibitor. In the present study, behavioural, biochemical and electrophysiological effects of GBR 13098 in rats were analyzed. GBR 13098 (10-40 mg/kg, i.p.) increased locomotor activity of habituated rats. The effect was almost totally prevented by pretreatment with the monoamine-depleting drug reserpine (5 mg/kg, 6 h) or the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg, 30 min). GBR 13098 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced DOPA formation in the striatum and in the limbic region, whereas the dopamine poor hemispheres were unaffected in this regard. GBR 13098 (0.1-20 mg/kg, i.v.; or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter the spontaneous firing rate of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra zona compacta. However, pretreatment with the drug (20 mg/kg, i.p., 10-30 min) enhanced the inhibitory response of microiontophoretically applied dopamine onto the dopamine neurons of substantia nigra. Taken together, the present series of experiments show that GBR 13098 acts as a specific and potent inhibitor of dopamine uptake in brain. Present electrophysiological data are in line with the existence of a somatic or dendritic uptake system of dopamine within the substantia nigra but do not support the notion that the impulse activity of nigral dopamine neurons is regulated via a striatonigral feedback pathway.

The role of antagonists in the chemical control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi

Treatment of narcissus bulbs with methoxy ethyl mercury chloride, pimaricin or thiram provided control of basal rot and primary root rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi and secondary root rot and ‘skin disease’ caused by F. oxysporum ff. spp. A similar treatment with formal in was only effective against basal rot and root rot. Newly formed roots of bulbs treated with the mercurial, pimaricin or thiram became more heavily colonized by Penicillium and Trichoderma spp. than those of untreated or formal in-treated bulbs. Especially P. janthinellum and T. viride appeared to protect the roots against the pathogens. These fungi were found to be antagonistic to F. oxysporum f. sp. narcissi and F. oxysporum ff. spp., both in experiments in vitro and in vivo. A synergism between P. janthinellum and thiram was observed with respect to inhibition of mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. narcissi in vitro and to control of root rot and basal rot in vivo. In vitro, similar effects were found for pimaricin and organic mercury. Pimaricin was found to stimulate the production of antibacterial metabolites by Cylindrocarpon destructans in vitro. In the field, a synergistic effect was observed between pimaricin and C. destructans with respect to control of basal rot.

逆性石鹸の殺菌劑としての研究

We have synthesized the following quaternary ammonium compounds as the continuation of the preceeding report. (1) N, N'-bis dimethyl-N, N'-biseetyl-(N-ethylthio-N'-ethyl) diammonium chloride, mp. 219°; (2) dimethyl dodecyl-β-thioethyl ethyl ammonium chloride, mp. 172°; (3) dimethyl cetyl β-thioethyl ethyl ammonium chloride, mp. 163°; (4) dimethyl cetyl-β-thiophenyl ethyl ammonium chloride, mp. 154°; (5) dimethyl dodecyl-β-thio (p-brombenzyl) ethyl ammonium chloride, mp. 99°; (6) dimethyl cetyl β-thio (p-bromobenzyl) ethyl ammonium chloride, mp. 157_??_8°; (7) dimethyl dodecyl-β-thio (o-bromobenzyl) ethyl ammonium chloride, mp. 117°; (8) dimethyl cetyl-β-thio (o-bromobenzyl) ammonium chloride, , mp. 153_??_3°; (9) dimethyl dodecyl β- (p-bromobenzyl) ethyl ammonium chloride mp. 115°; (10) dimethyl cetyl-β-(p-bromobenzyl) ethyl ammonium chloride, mp. 180_??_1°; (11) dimethyl dodecyl β-thiobenzyl ethyl ammonium chloride, mp. 115° and (12) dimethyl cetyl β-thiobenzyl ethyl ammonium chloride, mp. 191°. We have examined their germicidal activities using the spores of Gibberella Fujikuroi as the testing microorganism comparing with the solutions of Uspulum and dimethyl dodecyl benzyl ammonium chloride. The figures in the following table indicate the concentration of synthesized compounds which shows the physiological activities. 1) 1.000 2) 1.000 3) 1.000 4) 1.000 5) 1.000 6) 1.000 7) 1.000 8) 1.000 9) 1.000 10) 1.000 11) 1.000 12) 1.000 Usp. 1000 Dimethyl dodeyl 5.000 benzyl ammonium, chloride Uspulum contains 3% of methoxy ethyl mercuric chloride and, therefore, the concentration of this Uspulum solution corresponds to a 3×10-4 solution of the methoxy ethyl mercuric chloride.