Waste Management Methods Research Articles

Investigation of the best possible methods for wind turbine blade waste management by using GIS and FAHP: Turkey case.

The aim of this study is to present the status and projections of wind turbine blade retirement in Turkey; to investigate the number of retiring WT blades in the regional, manufacturer, and material aspects; and to discuss the management methods for retired WT blades. To determine the best possible wind turbine blade waste management methods for Turkey, a combined application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is used in this study. It is found that around nine thousand WT blades will become waste between 2020 and 2039 in Turkey, corresponding to around 80,500 tons of waste. On average, 52,325 tons of glass/carbon and 28,175 tons of polymers will be accumulated between 2020 and 2039 from wind turbine blades. More than half of the WT blade waste will come from two WT manufacturers, namely, Enercon and Nordex. Aegean and Marmara regions will provide 74% of the blade waste, where 33% of them will be 2MW and 2.5MW sizes of WT blades. Furthermore, a case study is applied to Izmir city to demonstrate the results of FAHP for finding the best available method to dispose of WT blades. The results show that using blade waste as filling material is the best alternative, while waste-to-energy is the last favorable option for blade waste management. Finally, sensitivity analyses are applied to demonstrate the robustness of the results for the inclusion of new alternatives and the bias of experts' judgments.

Bibliometrics of Scientific Articles on Solid Waste Management in Shopping Malls (1999–2020)

The presence of shopping malls causes a social, economic, and environmental impact. The bibliometric analysis is a valuable method used to dentify published research papers, and understand historic information published in scientific journals. This method can be used to carry out qualitative and quantitative analyses of scientific production on a specific subject. This analytical method primarily focuses on analyzing the bibliometric study of the solid waste management method used in shopping malls. A small number of studies on the management process used in shopping malls are reported. However, the last five years have seen a significant increase in the number of publications, and the papers are mostly reported from Europe and Asia. These publications are published in journals with high impact factors and are characterized by a Qualis/Capes grade [34]. Six groups were formed for similarity analyses, and the words waste, food, and environment were used for analysis. Five thematic sub-areas were identified. Based on the results, it was inferred that the waste management study conducted in shopping malls should be an object of research. This will help understand the processes and search for a way to improve the quality of the waste management process.

Bioconversion of Starch Base Food Waste into Bioethanol

The global demand for fuel keeps increasing daily. The massive depletion of fossil fuels and their influence on the environment as pollution is a severe problem. Meanwhile, food waste disposal is also a complex problem in solid-waste management since one-third of every food consumed is discarded as waste. The standard waste management methods, including food waste incineration and landfilling, are considered hazardous to the environment. Food waste constituents are majorly starch-based and contain various biomolecules, including sugar, lipids, proteins, vitamins, cellulose, etc. These polysaccharides can be hydrolysed into monosaccharides such as glucose, which can then be fermented using microorganisms to produce ethanol through the fermenting of sugars derived from enzymatic hydrolysis treatment of food wastes. The human food system is rich in starch, which can be a potential resource for bioethanol production.

Enhancement of Composting Methods in Solid Waste Management

The most pressing problem faced by any city center in India nowadays is Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM). Rapid urbanization and converting life have caused the era of massive amounts of garbage and waste within the city regions, so much so, over the last few years, just the managing this Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has assumed the share of a primary organizational, economic and environmental task. Despite MSWM being a chief task of the local governments, normally accounting for a massive part of the municipal budget - about 20% to 50%, the Urban Local Bodies (ULBS) are not able to offer effective services. Most of the ULBs do now not even have dependable MSW generation estimates. Unfortunate fallout of rapid urbanization without good enough infrastructure backup is that during all Indian cities/cities, disposal of waste is carried out indiscriminately, main to stray animal menace, clogged drains and unfold of diseases. The procedure of collection, transportation, and disposal of MSW is not complete in a maximum of the towns/cities with rubbish thousands final unattended till the severity reaches unmanageable proportions. Also, the high organic content material of Indian MSW, compounded through the recent, and humid tropical weather results in the rapid decomposition of the uncollected waste and is an ever-present health risk. Municipal waste that is improperly disposed of has a severe and dangerous effect on a wide range of areas. Along with waste discarded close to rivers, lakes, and streams, trash dumped in the street or in open areas poses a threat to public health. Delivers contaminated water. When the trash is burned outside instead of being properly disposed of, pollutants are produced and hazardous gases are released into the atmosphere. Throwing no biodegradable items down open drains causes them to enter the sewer system, blocking pipes and harming the infrastructure. The risks associated with the disposal of untreated medical and commercial waste are increased by the release of pathogens and poisonous substances, which represent a serious threat not only to human life but also to that of plants and animals. The effects of trash thrown in the area go beyond just being an eyesore; entire landscapes are destroyed, and certain habitats for flora and fauna are lost. All of these issues are commonplace in India, where tremendous portions of strong waste remain uncollected within the streets, along side primary roads, in empty plots of land, on downhill slopes, and in illegal dumps.

Groundwater Quality Assessment In Aka-Offot Industrial Layout, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Groundwater quality assessment was carried out on water samples from five boreholes collected through simple random sampling method during wet and dry seasons within Aka-Offot Industrial Layout, Uyo and a non-industrialized area (control site). The aim was to assess their quality by determining their physico-chemical properties and heavy metals for comparison with the control site and the world’s threshold standards. Water samples were collected with polyethylene bottles that were initially rinsed with 10% hydrochloric acid then with sample water. Two samples were collected from each borehole. One was for physico-chemical properties determinations while the other one was for heavy metal analysis. HNO2 was added in the samples for heavy metal analysis for preservation of the metals. The samples were stored in an ice-packed cooler kit to the laboratory for analysis. The results revealed that the temperature of the water was slightly above WHO standard but fell below FEPA standard; turbidity and electrical conductivity fell within the permissible limits. The water was acidic because the mean pH value was lower than the permissible limit; dissolved oxygen was significantly low while biological oxygen demand was higher than the permissible limit signifying high load of organisms and impurities in the water. The total dissolved solid, ammonium, nitrate and sulphate were below the permissible limits. The mean values of Fe, Pb, Zn, Cr and Co fell below the permissible limits. For Cd, it’s dry season mean value was a little above WHO permissible limit but fell below FEPA standard while the dry season mean value of Mn was above FEPA’s permissible limit but all of them fell within the WHO limit. However, industrial wastes disposed in this area have had adverse effects on the groundwater. Therefore, adequate waste management method is one of the recommendations prescribed for a healthy and sustainable environment.

Livestock waste management practices to strengthen the farm profitability

“Livestock waste” means livestock manure, unconsumed feed and associated bedding materials or litter and animal carcasses from normal mortalities of livestock on a farm. Waste management includes the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. Livestock wastes if not manage properly it may lead to fecal contamination of waters receiving agricultural runoff. The danger to humans lies in the possibility of these fecal organisms entering water and food supplies. Groundwater and surface waters may harbor pathogens originating from animal fecal deposits. Animal waste contains many beneficial constituents that if recycled effectively, can be used as fertilizer for crops, fodder for animals and to produce energy. There are a number of methods of livestock waste management to enhance farm profitability. Which are composting, biogas production, rotator drum composting, vermicomposting, biodynamic fertilizer etc. Composting is an accelerated bio-oxidation of organic matter passing through a thermophilic stage, where microorganisms liberate heat, carbon dioxide and water. Biogas is clean environment friendly fuel that can be obtained by anaerobic digestion of animal residues and domestic and farm wastes, abundantly available in the countryside. Biogas is bacterial conversion of organic matter in to gases under anaerobic conditions. The earthworm eats the organic matter and excretes little pelleted material called “vermicompost”. During vermicomposting, the important plant nutrients, such as N, P, K, and Ca present in the organic waste are released and converted into forms that are more soluble and available to the plants. Among all advance methods biogas production and vermicomposting are most common in India. Livestock waste contains significant amounts of micro-organisms which make it a source of major risk to the public. Risks of nutrients, organic material and pathogens containing water bodies and food products are common with increased livestock waste spread.

Effects of two types nitrogen sources on humification processes and phosphorus dynamics during the aerobic composting of spent mushroom substrate.

Aerobic composting is increasingly regarded as a promising technology for the recycling of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), and an applicable nitrogen source is necessary to improve the process. This study is the first to investigate the effects of protein-like N source (chicken manure, CM) and high-N source (urea, UR) on humification process and P dynamics during SMS composting. The effect of different N sources on microbial succession was also studied. Results showed that CM addition achieved a longer thermophilic phase (16d vs 9d), greater germination indices (131.6% vs 106.3%), and higher total phosphorus content (13.1g/kg vs 6.56g/kg) in the end products, as compared to UR. The addition of CM showed beneficial effects on humification and stabilization, including decreased weight loss and fluctuations in the level of functional groups. The P produced in the compost was interconverted and leached in the P pool. In this case, the P detected in the compost was in the form of orthophosphate and MgNH4PO4⋅6H2O crystal as inorganic P and orthophosphate monoester as organic P. The most abundant microorganisms at the phylum level mainly include Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, accounting for more than 88% of the total microorganisms. The addition of CM to SMS compost resulted in higher organic matter degradation rates. This work clarified the role of various N sources in SMS composting and presented an appropriate waste management method beneficial to bioresource technology and sustainable development of the edible fungi business.

Comparative Analysis of Aerobic Composting of Fresh Cut Floral Waste

Abstract Increased levels of pesticide applications are used when growing cut flowers in many developing countries where most are grown and where they are less restrictive on pesticide use when compared to regulations in the United States. Therefore, special consideration should be given to cut flower disposal from floral shops that utilize flowers from other countries due to the potential for pesticide leaching into land and waterways. Most retail florists in the industry dispose of their floral waste in municipal dumpsters. While the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has stringent guidelines to prevent the importation of insect and disease pests, there are no regulations regarding residual pesticides or other harmful chemical contamination on imported floral crops. Composting is one technique used as an alternative waste management method to traditional landfill dumping and can produce a valuable commodity for agricultural, horticultural, and related industries. The main objectives of this study were to compare the physicochemical properties of two different compost protocols that incorporated cut flower and foliage waste and to determine whether pesticide residues remained in the finished compost. Analysis of results were based on the U.S. Composting Council's Tests Methods for the Examination of Composting and Compost used by the U.S. Composting Council's Seal of Testing Approval (STA) program. When compared to STA standards, both compost samples pH, total nitrogen, C:N ratio, and bioassay were found to be within normal ranges for compost sold in the horticulture industry. Chemical analysis found the levels of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc all to be well below set industry standards. Additionally, the compost was tested for 23 herbicides and insecticides. Of those, two herbicides (clopyralid and MCPA) and one insecticide (lufenuron) were found in the sample in trace amounts, though well below USDA standards for food crops after the composting process. Results indicated floral waste collected from retail flower shops has the potential to be incorporated into a composting system to create a quality compost suitable for use in the horticulture industry.

Solid wastes generation and its management in tourist destinations of Sri Lanka

In the recent decade (2009-2019), the tourism industry has become a major driving force Sri Lankan economy. It accounts for 12.6 % of the country's GDP and is considered one of the significant employment generators in the service sector. However, it is an industry that generates a decent amount of solid waste, but a few research findings rely on this to verify. Hence, this review study aimed to identify, quantify, and characterize different types of waste in major tourist destinations of Sri Lanka with adopted management strategies. Solid waste generation in touristic locations is varied between 1 to 12 kg per guest per day, which mainly depend on the tourist attributes, the season of the year, and the prevailing environmental legislation of the country. The management of solid waste in tourist destinations is particularly problematic due to climatic conditions, topography, financial restraints, planning issues, changing consumption patterns, transient population, and seasonal variations in solid waste quantity and composition. Improper waste management methods, lack of essential facilities, underestimation of actual waste generation rates, and inadequate management and technical skills are the key factors attributed to the poor waste management of developing countries like Sri Lanka. Overall, the literature concludes that the proper management of solid waste would enhance the sustainable development of the tourism industry and economy of Sri Lanka.

Yard wastes generation, management and utilization in nigeria

Yard waste is a major constituent of municipal solid waste (MSW) that contain elements that can be used by microorganisms during biological degradation of MSW but whose economic values are less than the cost of collection, transportation, and processing for beneficial use. It is generated from the gardens, plant nurseries, road sweepings, and so on. Yard waste generation is inevitable in any society, and it is clear that rapid urbanization has resulted in significantly more yard waste generation than previously. Gardening is common in communities, whether rural and urban, resulting in garden wastes such as leaves, wood trimmings and grass clipping. At present, most of the yard wastes in Nigeria are illegally dumped into abandoned waste lands or burn up which is very harmful and had raised concerns for the environmental and human health. However, due to a lack of corresponding policy support and management requirements for yard waste usage in Nigeria, this study proposes remedies and proposals for yard waste utilization that are appropriate for Nigeria, based on successful technologies and regulations. So based on the real situation in Nigeria, it is imperative to replace the traditional methods of yard waste management with innovative ones to promote their proper utilization..

Metaheuristics with Deep Transfer Learning Enabled Detection and classification model for industrial waste management

Rapid industrialization has led to the generation of a considerable amount of waste, both solid and liquid, in industrial fields like food processing, sugar, pulp, sago or starch, dairies, paper, fruit processing, poultry, distilleries, slaughterhouses, tanneries, and so forth. Despite the requirement for pollution control measures, the waste is discharged into water bodies or generally dumped on land without appropriate management, and thus becomes a significant source of environmental pollution and health hazards. The most essential step of waste management is the segregation of waste into the various elements, and normally this process is done automatically by hand-picking. A smart waste material classification technique is required to simplify the procedures. Therefore, the study presents a new Metaheuristics with Deep Transfer Learning Enabled Detection and Classification Methods for Industrial Waste Management (MDTLDC-IWM) method. The presented MDTLDC-IWM model facilitates the use of DL models for the identification and classification of waste materials in the IWM system. To accomplish this, the presented MDTLDC-IWM model follows two key phases, namely waste object recognition and waste object classification. At the initial stage, the YOLO-v5 object detector with the Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) algorithm is used. Next, in the second stage, the stacked sparse auto encoder (SSAE) model is applied for the waste object classification method. The SSAE model is effectively optimized using the Aquila Optimization Algorithm (AOA), which helps to accomplish maximum classification of waste objects. The MDTLDC-IWM model has achieved a precision of 96.84 percent and an F score of 96.71 percent. A benchmark dataset is used to test the experimental validity of the presented MDTLDC-IWM model. Extensive comparative analysis reported the enhanced performance of the MDTLDC-IWM model over recent state-of-the-art approaches.

The Implementation of Environmental Communication for Community Waste Management Initiative in Bontang, East Kalimantan

Improper waste management has a detrimental effect on the quality of life due to its impact on the ecosystem and public health. Therefore, effective environmental communication is required to raise public awareness about preserving the environment. This research examines the role of environmental communication implemented by Mekarsari Guntung Sejahtera Cooperative in the Guntung community of Bontang City. The study utilizes a descriptive qualitative method focusing on the function of environmental communication. The findings indicate that Mekarsari Cooperative employs two communication functions: constitutive and pragmatic. In the constitutive function, environmental communication promotes values of awareness, compassion, and cooperation to create a clean environment and economically empowered community. In the pragmatic function, environmental communication is used to educate and inform individuals about proper waste management methods and their benefits for the community.

Hospital Waste Management in Dhaka City during COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Medical waste has received less attention in underdeveloped nations like Bangladesh and poses a severe threat to public health. The management of medical waste therefore, has been of major concern due to potentially high risks to human health and the environment. Notwithstanding this, Bangladesh has no standards governing the management of medical waste. As a result, the focus of this research was to gather information about the waste management in several hospitals in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among five different types of hospitals in Dhaka to find out the waste management methods of the hospital. Purposive sampling technique was used for selecting the study place. A checklist was used to observe the current medical waste management in all the hospitals. In addition, every hospital’s record regarding waste management was reviewed to extract information in this regard. A simple descriptive statistic was applied for data analysis. Results: The Mean ± SD age for the participants were 26.63± 4.18 years where female (52%) was more than male (48%). Among the participants, the highest (40%) were medical officer and maximum (77.3%) had working experiences ≤ 3 years. According to the checklist, it was found that United and Lab aid hospital had almost all the indicators related to placement of container. In regards to the segregation of wastes according to color code, all the selected 5 hospitals had seen to observe the protocol except liquid wastes. Unfortunately, Al-Basar, Al-Manar and city hospitals’ waste handler did not use safety gear during waste transportation despite they were provided safety stuff. Conclusion: This study concludes that in order to create an effective waste management program, the government should conduct periodic oversight by establishing strong provisions in this regard.

A culture-based and culture-independent approach to the study of landfill leachate bacterial and archaeal communities

The landfill is a convenient and affordable method of municipal solid waste (MSW) management. Landfill leachate contains a heavy load of pollutants and pathogens. Discharge of untreated leachate is the leading cause of surface and groundwater contamination and a threat to public and environmental health. To develop an efficient leachate treatment technology, an in-depth understanding of landfill chemistry and microbiology is essential. In the present manuscript, we conducted a comparative study of three different landfill leachate samples using cultivation-based and culture-independent molecular studies. We cultivated 85 species of aerobic, anaerobic bacteria and archaea from leachate represented by a total of 200 strains using extensive culturomics approaches. Twelve out of 200 cultivated strains of bacteria showed very low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (84–98.6%) with their closest relatives and could be the potential novel taxa, the first time cultivated from leachate. Members of the six genera only have 2–5 representatives from past studies from other habitats but first time cultivated from leachate. In addition to bacteria, we also cultivated and characterized different groups of methanogenic archaea. Our chemistry data indicate that leachate is a highly stressed ecosystem with an assemblage of many toxic wastes like sulfur, zinc, mercury, chromium, etc. 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon analysis showed the dominance of (30–55%) methanogens and haloarachaea. Our data suggest that archaea are the significant regulators of leachate ecology, and more in-depth studies with multiple leachate samples are required to understand their role in leachate nutrient cycling and the development of effective leachate treatment technology.

Exploring the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from the current municipal solid waste system of Kazakhstan: case study of Nur-Sultan city

As we move forward, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, particularly in developing countries, contribute notably to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, the MSW sector plays a key role in planning strategies for developing countries such as Kazakhstan to decrease GHG emissions. With respect to the Paris Agreement, Kazakhstan has set the target of reducing GHG emissions to 15-25% by 2030 compared to the level of 1991, which will undoubtedly require certain measures in the field of MSW management. Several recent articles have been published on the waste management sector of Kazakhstan; however, none have explicitly focused on the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and possible pathways towards sustainable management. Thus, this paper describes the existing MSW system in Nur Sultan city as representative for the rest of the country. The quantitative evaluation of GHG emissions from the existing MSW system in the capital is carried out based on the IPCC methodology using the SWM-GHG calculator developed by the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IFEU). An assessment and cost analysis of a set of several suitable MSW management scenarios, such as scenario 1: existing case (15% recycling rate and 85% disposal), scenario 2: 30% recyclable materials, and 70% sanitary landfill with gas collection; scenario 3: 30% recyclable materials and 70% biological stabilization and landfill without gas collection; scenario 4: 30% recyclable materials, 20% composting and 50% waste to be sent to the WtE plant (incineration). The level of GHG emissions decreases with the introduction of more integrated waste management methods, but requires more financial investments. Therefore, Scenario 3 is the most efficient to implement in terms of the combination of cost of €19.4 million/year and magnitude of GHG emissions of 48 kt of CO2 eq/year. The outcomes of this work will help to extrapolate the model to other large cities in Kazakhstan

Revaluation of Local Waste through an Ecotechnologies Strategic Plan: A Case Study with Digesters

In Mexico, the accelerated and unplanned growth of population causes the increment in informal facilities, complicating access to essential services such as adequate sanitation and organic waste management, where the most affected are usually the vulnerable population. The Mexican government has implemented programs and support to encourage the use of ecotechnologies and thus provide alternatives to improve their living conditions by taking advantage of local resources and waste. However, these programs and supports lack planning, creating little interest from users. This research proposes an acceptance strategy for the integration of ecotechnologies that adapt to the lifestyle of populations that need an alternative for their method of sanitation and organic waste management. The strategy is mainly based on a course of action that operates with four main lines of intervention. It was executed as a practical exercise with biodigesters, in the Mexican community of La Trinidad, in the municipality of Tequisquiapan, Querétaro. With the help of the strategy, important factors for the end-user were identified that must be considered when integrating one ecotechnology into the population. In general terms, the strategy showed an improvement in sanitation and organic waste management and a greater acceptance of biodigesters as an alternative of use.

Current Prospects for Plastic Waste Treatment.

The excessive amount of global plastic produced over the past century, together with poor waste management, has raised concerns about environmental sustainability. Plastic recycling has become a practical approach for diminishing plastic waste and maintaining sustainability among plastic waste management methods. Chemical and mechanical recycling are the typical approaches to recycling plastic waste, with a simple process, low cost, environmentally friendly process, and potential profitability. Several plastic materials, such as polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and polyurethanes, can be recycled with chemical and mechanical recycling approaches. Nevertheless, due to plastic waste’s varying physical and chemical properties, plastic waste separation becomes a challenge. Hence, a reliable and effective plastic waste separation technology is critical for increasing plastic waste’s value and recycling rate. Integrating recycling and plastic waste separation technologies would be an efficient method for reducing the accumulation of environmental contaminants produced by plastic waste, especially in industrial uses. This review addresses recent advances in plastic waste recycling technology, mainly with chemical recycling. The article also discusses the current recycling technology for various plastic materials.

Pathways for Sustainable Waste Management for Renewables

Waste management has been significantly difficult to address. In recent years, the national and local waste management law in Indonesia were stipulated not only to reduce volume of waste, but also to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and open pathways for renewable energy production. Addressing waste problems in Indonesia would also mean solving the pervasive marine debris issues, which is highly critical to do as the home to various marine biodiversity. However, the current state of Indonesia’s waste management law and regulations had not yet reached its best condition. Turning to Hawaii, a federal state in the United States that has similar geographical characteristics as Indonesia, the much smaller island yet densely populated also had been dealing with its own waste problems in a different take. The active participation of community and establishing ambitious goal of zero waste in Hawaii contrasted the more rigid, top-down approach that Indonesia implemented coupled with a lax enforcement. This paper would cover the regulatory framework of both states in regard to its respective waste management methods that may be of lessons learned to further the achievement of zero waste state.

Waste management practices in developing countries: a socio-economic perspective.

Growing populations, expanding economies, industrialisation, and urbanisation pose a problem for waste management in developing countries. Their waste management methods, on the other hand, are not as efficient as they could be. Most developing countries' current waste management practices do not fully conform to developed countries' best practices for meeting socioeconomic goals. As a result, the importance of waste management in developing countries has grown in recent years. In order to highlight the socioeconomic perspectives of waste management practices, the present study examines the existing literature, policies, information, and records on waste management in developing nations. The findings indicate that essential socioeconomic factors such as finances, population density, per capita income, education level, policies, and technology have a significant impact on waste management, which encompasses waste generation, collection, composition, and disposal/treatment. Nonetheless, waste management has a number of economic benefits, including financial stability, job creation, and community cohesion. This study will inspire further research on the need for developing nations to consider the socioeconomic benefits of proper waste management and to develop a policy plan to achieve these benefits.

End-of-Life of Composite Materials in the Framework of the Circular Economy

Composite materials constitute an appealing choice in many industrial sectors, due to their unique composition and characteristics, such as low maintenance requirements, light weight, corrosion resistance, and durability. However, the sustainable management of end-of-life composite materials remains a challenge. Recovery strategies, design aspects, and their interconnection are currently largely unexplored, while technologies involved in the circular economy (reuse, reduce, recycle, refurbish, etc.) could be improved. The current paper provides an overview of the existing methods of composite material waste management, while presenting new circular economy prospects for end-of-life strategies and providing a brief roadmap towards circularity for industries. Finally, existing circular economy practices in regard to composites are presented in different European countries to present the applicability of composite material end-of-life waste management.