Transmission Method Research Articles

Sequencing the Parasitic Nematode Contracaecum spp. in Edible Fish (Planiliza Abu)

Contracaecum rudolphii Hartwich,1 964 (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea, Anisakidae) is a typical anisakid recorded globally. Consumption of undercooked seafood, raw or infected, contains the nematode larvae that cause human anisakidosis . Fish (Planiliza abu) specimens were obtained from a local market in Karbala, Iraq. This type of fish came from the Razzaza Lake. The prevalence of Contracaecum spp. parasites was done over eight months from June 2022 until January 2023, using ITS1, morphological and molecular analysis of the nematodes Contracaecum spp from fish. Out of 395 fish, 124(31.3%) had visceral infections caused by Contracaecum spp. larval type (L3). The morphological and genetic identification of Contracaecum spp. was validated in the parasitology laboratory of the veterinary medicine college at Kerbala University. The result showed the infection rate in January 2023 was (46.6%) and it dropped in 2022, September with a percentage of (20%). With the use of ITS1 gene, the molecular analysis for Contracaecum spp. was to investigate Contracaecum spp. and to confirm it. However, the nematode count, number of infected fish, and length were all substantially different at the P≤0.05. This study detected the isolate=(a1) at the locus=OP787071 and sequencing the parasites. The isolates were confirmed as Contracaecum rudolphii, isolate a1 internal transcribed spacer 1, partial sequence. In conclusion, molecular genotyping might be a useful technique for identifying the Contracaecum L3 larval species., life-cycle biology, transmission methods, and types of intermediate hosts.

Characterization of PbMo0.3W0.7O4 Crystal: A Potential Material for Photocatalysis and Optoelectronic Applications

AbstractPbMo0.3W0.7O4 semiconductor crystal, which contains the balanced ratios of Mo and W, is grown for the first time by Czochralski method. The structural and optical properties of the crystal are investigated in detail in the present study. Structural analysis shows that crystal has tetragonal structure like PbMoO4 and PbWO4 compounds. The optical characteristics are studied by transmission, Raman, FTIR and photoluminescence methods. The bandgap energy is found to be 3.18 eV, and the positions of the conduction and valence bands are determined. The vibrational characteristics are studied by means of Raman and FTIR spectroscopy techniques. Photoluminescence spectrum presents three peaks around 486, 529, and 544 nm which fall into the green emission spectral range. Taking into account the properties of the compound, it is stated that PbMo0.3W0.7O4 (or Pb(MoO4)0.3(WO4)0.7) has the potential to be used in water splitting applications and optoelectronic devices that emit green light.

Research on the Technology and Application of Remote Wireless Transmission of Digital Image Signal

Abstract. With the increasing demand for remote real-time high-quality video transmission, especially in the context of large area applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and remote location instant live broadcast, traditional wired transmission methods have been surpassed by digital transmission methods due to their superior performance in image quality, transmission distance and delay. Therefore, this study focuses on the application of digital image wireless transmission in remote scenarios such as UAVs, including key digital transmission technologies such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM), as well as public network link communication technologies such as 4G and 5G, by means of a literature study and a case study. It also analyzes the development of WiFi, Lightbridge and OcuSync graphics transmission systems using DJI brand products as case studies. The analysis shows that digital image wireless transmission, especially COFDM and advanced proprietary systems such as DJI's OcuSync, has significant advantages in terms of transmission distance, interference immunity, encryption techniques, and reusability. However, factors such as building obstruction, frequency interference, and weather conditions can affect the transmission quality. To mitigate these challenges, solutions are proposed, such as auxiliary signal enhancement systems, adaptive frequency hopping and software-defined radio technologies.

Wireless Data Transmission through Concrete Structures

Chloride ion presence in the concrete pore solution is an important factor in the initiation of rebar corrosion. Therefore, elevated chloride concentration in the pore solution needs to be detected as early as possible. For this early detection to be achieved, it is ideal to deploy sensors inside the concrete structure itself. This allows real time sampling of the pore solution which is closest to the rebar. To achieve this one needs to have a system based on wireless communication which allow the sensors to communicate within the structure. This would avoid wired communications methods, which impart fragility and implementation difficulties. This literature review paper endeavours to look at the various types of radiation which can be harnessed to penetrate through the opaque concrete structure. Potential data transmission methods utilising Radio Frequency Radiation, Ultrasonic Radiation, X-Ray Radiation and Neutron Beam Radiation physics were reviewed and evaluated against a set of parameters. The paper scores each radiation type against System Size, Power Supply Requirements, Transmission Range, Complexity of Circuits and Safety issues. Through these scores, each transmission technology was graded on its potential to act as the basis on which to build a micrometre sized intra-concrete data transmission system. The paper shows that ultrasonic radiation is the most promising radiation technology for use in this application.

Study of the features of angular stabilization of spacecraft with flexible struc-tural elements with the use mobile control methods

The development of space power engineering is one of the well-known lines in rocket and space science and innovative technologies which attracts the attention of many scientists and researchers. Engineering solutions in space-based solar power plant design and wireless space-to-Earth and satellite-to-satellite power transmission and power spacecraft control methods have been substantiated theoretically to sufficient depth. However, despite this, there is a need to improve methods for and approaches to the development of an optimal design methodology for power spacecraft. A way to improve existing approaches to the development of space-based solar power plants and power satellites may be the use of mobile control methods in the development of an attitude and orbit control system. Such methods allow one to reduce power consumption for control operations. The goal of this paper is to study the features of mobile control and construct a methodology for the development of solar power satellites’ attitude and orbit control system (AOCS) using mobile control algorithms. The paper considers the features of mobile control algorithm synthesis for the attitude control and stabilization of solar power spacecraft (solar power plants and power satellites). Power spacecraft control tasks are classified, and the expediency of using mobile control methods is justified. An analysis is made for the stability problem that arises in controlling power spacecraft with flexible elements. The paper presents methodological recommendations on determining the AOCS design parameters for space-based solar power plants and power spacecraft for wireless satellite-to-satellite power transmission. This methodology may be used in power satellite development.

Wireless Data Transmission through Concrete Structures

Chloride ion presence in the concrete pore solution is an important factor in the initiation of rebar corrosion. Therefore, elevated chloride concentration in the pore solution needs to be detected as early as possible. For this early detection to be achieved, it is ideal to deploy sensors inside the concrete structure itself. This allows real time sampling of the pore solution which is closest to the rebar. To achieve this one needs to have a system based on wireless communication which allow the sensors to communicate within the structure. This would avoid wired communications methods, which impart fragility and implementation difficulties. This literature review paper endeavours to look at the various types of radiation which can be harnessed to penetrate through the opaque concrete structure. Potential data transmission methods utilising Radio Frequency Radiation, Ultrasonic Radiation, X-Ray Radiation and Neutron Beam Radiation physics were reviewed and evaluated against a set of parameters. The paper scores each radiation type against System Size, Power Supply Requirements, Transmission Range, Complexity of Circuits and Safety issues. Through these scores, each transmission technology was graded on its potential to act as the basis on which to build a micrometre sized intra-concrete data transmission system. The paper shows that ultrasonic radiation is the most promising radiation technology for use in this application.

Research on the Progress of Modulation Technology and Data Transmission Technology in Underwater Wireless Optical Communication

Recently, as an efficient data transmission method, underwater wireless optical communication has become one of the key research topics in the fields of military communication and underwater surveillance. Modulation technology and technology in the transmission process play a key role in the UWOC system, which directly affects the performance, accuracy and safety of the system. The advanced modulation techniques from Intensity Modulation (IM), Pulse Modulation, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) to the combination of multiple modulation techniques, as well as the development process of modulation technology in optical encryption, are summarized in this paper. In terms of data transmission technology, the technological progress process from simplex to full-duplex communication is summarized. Finally, a reference solution is proposed to solve the challenges in realizing the underwater communication goals of long-distance, high-speed, low-bit error rate, and large-capacity underwater communication at the same time, and future development is prospected.

MNCATM: A Multi-Layer Non-Uniform Coding-Based Adaptive Transmission Method for 360° Video

With the rapid development of multimedia services and smart devices, 360-degree video has enhanced the user viewing experience, ushering in a new era of immersive human–computer interaction. These technologies are increasingly integrating everyday life, including gaming, education, and healthcare. However, the uneven spatiotemporal distribution of wireless resources presents significant challenges for the transmission of ultra-high-definition 360-degree video streaming. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi-layer non-uniform coding-based adaptive transmission method for 360° video (MNCATM). This method optimizes video caching and transmission by dividing non-uniform tiles and leveraging users’ dynamic field of view (FoV) information and the multi-bitrate characteristics of video content. First, the video transmission process is formalized and modeled, and an adaptive transmission optimization framework for a non-uniform video is proposed. Based on this, the optimization problem required by the paper is summarized, and an algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed method, MNCATM, outperforms existing transmission schemes in terms of bandwidth utilization and user quality of experience (QoE). MNCATM can effectively utilize network bandwidth, reduce latency, improve transmission efficiency, and maximize user experience quality.

Anisotropic nonlinear optical responses of Ta2NiS5 flake towards ultrafast logic gates and secure all-optical information transmission

Abstract Optical logic gates based on nonlinear optical property of material with ultrafast response speed and excellent computational processing power can break the performance bottleneck of electronic transistors. As one of the layered 2D materials, Ta2NiS5 exhibits high anisotropic mobility, exotic electrical response, and intriguing optical properties. Due to the low-symmetrical crystal structures, it possesses in-plane anisotropic physical properties. The optical absorption information of Ta2NiS5 is investigated by anisotropic linear absorption spectra, femtosecond laser intensity scanning (I-scan), and non-degenerate pump-probe technology. The I-scan results show a distinct maximum of ∼4.9 % saturable absorption (SA) and ∼4 % reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at different polarization directions of the incident laser. And, these unique nonlinear optical (NLO) properties originate from the anisotropic optical transition probability. Furthermore, the novel Ta2NiS5-based all-optical logic gates are proposed by manipulating the NLO absorption processes. And, the all-optical OR and NOR logic gates possess an ultrafast response speed approaching 1.7 THz. Meanwhile, an all-optical information transmission method with higher security and accuracy is achieved, which has promising potential to avoid the disclosure of information. This work provides a new path for designing versatile and novel optical applications based on Ta2NiS5 materials.

A Retrospective Analysis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Epidemiology During 2016 - 2021 in Hoveyzeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran

Background: Leishmaniasis, a significant neglected tropical disease, is caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the Leishmania genus. Objectives: This research aimed to investigate the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) from 2016 to 2021 in Hoveyzeh county. Methods: This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study based on available data. The study population included all individuals treated and followed up in health care centers who were clinically diagnosed with CL and confirmed by laboratory tests. Results: Among the 628 individuals diagnosed with CL, 324 (51.6%) were male, and 304 (48.4%) were female. The average age of the patients was 16.58 ± 15.17 years. The highest proportion (45.4%) of cases occurred in the 0 - 10-year age group, highlighting the vulnerability of children, while those above 50 years had the lowest incidence (3.7%). Approximately 68.2% of patients resided in urban areas, with the remainder living in rural settings. The hand was the most frequently affected area (44.5%), and the maximum number of lesions reported in a single individual was 25. Most patients (46.82%) were treated with topical glucantime along with cryotherapy. Disease incidence showed seasonal variation, with the highest number of cases reported in autumn (54%) and a significant peak in December (22%). The highest incidence year was 2016 (30.3%). Conclusions: Effective strategies to combat this disease should include comprehensive public awareness campaigns focused on health education, early recognition of symptoms, and transmission methods. Promoting personal protective measures is crucial for disease prevention efforts.

Improving Communication Networks to Transfer Data in Real Time for Environmental Monitoring and Data Collection

Integrated communication networks (CN) have proven successful in tracking environmental activities, wherein several sensors are installed throughout diverse surroundings to gather data or observe certain events. CNs, comprising several interacting detectors, have proven effective in various applications by transmitting data via diverse transmission methods inside the communication system. The erratic and constantly changing surroundings necessitate conventional CNs to engage in frequent conversations to disseminate the latest data, potentially incurring substantial connection expenses through joint data gathering and dissemination. High-frequency communications are prone to failure due to the extensive distance of data transfer. This research presents a unique methodology for multi-sensor environmental monitoring networks utilizing autonomous systems. The transmission system can mitigate elevated communication costs and Single Point of Failing (SPOF) challenges by employing a decentralized method that facilitates in-network processing. The methodology employs Boolean systems, enabling a straightforward verification process while preserving essential details about the dynamics of the communication system. The methodology further simplifies the data collection process and employs a Reinforcement Learning (RL) technique to forecast future events inside the surroundings by recognizing patterns.

Resilient Discrete‐Time Quantization Communication for Distributed Nash Equilibrium Seeking Under DoS Attacks

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the design of resilient distributed Nash equilibrium (NE) algorithm for second‐order multi‐agent systems in the presence of Denial‐of‐Service (DoS) attacks, which prevent information transmission in the network with limited bandwidth and transmission rate. Resilient communication schemes, integrating periodic/event‐triggered schemes and a dynamic quantized transmission method, are designed in a distributed NE seeking algorithm to ensure the convergence of agents' strategies to the NE of the game. For the designed two resilient communication schemes, the sufficient conditions for the convergence of the algorithm are established, and the tradeoff between the sampling period and the frequency and duration of DoS attacks is analyzed. Cournot competition with distributed energy resources is used as an example to verify the proposed methods.

Pengembangan Mesh Network Sebagai Ekspansi Protokol LoRaWAN di Politeknik Negeri Malang

In realizing a smart campus, Politeknik Negeri Malang (Polinema) has implemented digital technology in its learning and administrative processes with the goal of improving efficiency, speed, and operational ease. One of the key areas being developed is the Internet of Things (IoT), which is expected to function autonomously to support various campus activities. However, the main challenges in IoT implementation are the limitations in communication range and device power consumption, which cause issues in sensor and actuator data transmission, especially when data cannot be optimally received between nodes. To address these challenges, Polinema is ex-ploring the application of LoRaWAN technology. Although LoRaWAN is effective, it experiences a decline in data transmission quality when the sender and receiver are located in multi-story buildings, which can lead to delays, packet loss, or other disruptions. As a solution, the use of a Mesh Network is proposed to enhance the range and stability of data transmission. This study collected data using RSSI, SNR, and delay parameters in the civil engineering building at Polinema, with sensor data visualized through Grafana. The results show that the system can be well-integrated without conflicts between WiFi and LoRa. The average transmission time was approximately 29 seconds, with no packet loss detected. Additionally, changing the transmission method to confirmed uplink was necessary to maintain data integrity, while adjusting transmis-sion intervals was crucial to avoid scheduling issues. These findings indicate that implementing a Mesh Network as an extension of the LoRaWAN protocol can significantly improve the perfor-mance of IoT systems in Polinema’s indoor environment.

Dual-ratio approach to pulse oximetry and the effect of skin tone.

Pulsatile blood oxygen saturation ( ) via pulse oximetry is a valuable clinical metric for assessing oxygen delivery. Individual anatomical features, including skin tone, may affect current optical pulse oximetry methods. We developed an optical pulse oximetry method based on dual-ratio (DR) measurements to suppress individual anatomical confounds on . We designed a DR-based finger pulse oximeter, hypothesizing that DR would suppress confounds from optical coupling and superficial tissue absorption. This method is tested using Monte Carlo simulations and in vivo experiments. Different melanosome volume fractions in the epidermis, a surrogate for skin tone, cause changes in the recovered on the order of 1% in simulation and in vivo. Different heterogeneous pulsatile hemodynamics cause greater changes on the order of 10% in simulations. recovered with DR measurements showed less variability than the traditional single-distance (SD) transmission method. For the models and methods considered here, measurements are strongly impacted by heterogeneous pulsatile hemodynamics. This variability may be larger than the skin tone bias, which is a known confound in measurements. The partial suppression of variability in the recovered by DR suggests the promise of DR for pulse oximetry.

Cost Apportionment Method for Transmission and Distribution Projects Based on Multiple Apportionment Factors

In today’s society, sustainability has become a key theme, and utilizing renewable energy is part of sustainability. Under the high proportion of renewable energy access, the conventional grid is gradually shifting to an active and distributed structure, which makes the existing cost apportionment method of transmission and distribution projects unable to match the actual situation. Reasonable apportionment of the costs of different voltage levels is the basis for the evaluation of transmission and distribution projects and is important for the formulation of transmission and distribution tariffs, which in turn have a significant impact on the development of renewable energy. To this end, this paper takes China’s power system as the research object and firstly analyzes the impact of the activization of the grid on the cost apportionment of transmission and distribution projects and then the inadequacy of the existing cost apportionment, which only considers a single factor and part of the cost which should be apportioned downward is still borne by this voltage level, and then combines the activation and the inherent characteristics of the power grid to extract the multiple factors to be considered for cost apportionment, and at the same time takes into account the reverse direction of the power trend, and divides the cost apportionment into two scenarios. The cost sharing model of transmission and distribution projects based on multiple apportionment factors is established. Finally, the feasibility and applicability of the model are verified by the examples of linear and reticulated grids, and the cost sharing results obtained by this method and the traditional method are compared. Using this method for the cost sharing of transmission and distribution projects, lower voltage levels will share more costs, and higher voltage levels will share fewer costs. The results show that the inclusion of the factors affecting cost sharing in the case of an active grid is more in line with the development trend of the new power system; the cost apportionment method based on multiple sharing factors makes the results fairer; and the inclusion of the power trend conduction relationship in the sharing process reflects the essential attributes of the grid. This is conducive to improving the operational efficiency of the power grid and promoting the long-term sustainability of the power system.

Summary of Wireless Charging Technology for Electric Vehicles

The rapid popularity of electric vehicles has promoted the rapid development of wireless charging technology. This paper reviews the current research progress and application status of wireless charging technology for electric vehicles. Inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and non-directional radiofrequency radiation, three main wireless power transmission methods, including their principles and advantages, are introduced. In addition, the practical application of the technique, such as near field application and far field application, is also discussed. Finally, the development direction of wireless charging technology for electric vehicles in the future is looked forward, including the key technical paths of optimizing system design, improving energy transmission efficiency and reducing system cost. In summary, this paper aims to provide comprehensive theoretical support and practical guidance for the research and practice of wireless charging technology for electric vehicles.

Dual-wavelength transmission based on liquid crystal tunable filter with high signal-to-noise ratio

Aiming at the problem of limited transmission energy of liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), a dual-wavelength transmission system with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is proposed in this paper. The proposed transmission factor Qp is the main influence on the number and location of transmission wavelengths as well as the bandwidth of each transmission wavelength for dual-wavelength systems. Dual-wavelength LCTF can improve the effective transmission energy of the system by increasing the number of filtering channels, and the transmission energy can be increased by about 1.8 times and 70% at short and long wavelengths, respectively, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system. Moreover, the dual-wavelength LCTF system is even possible to increase the transmission energy by about 7% at a 33% increase in spectral resolution. Therefore, the dual-wavelength LCTF transmission method not only can improve the SNR of target detection with dual-wavelength response features, but also can effectively solve the problem of contradiction between spectral resolution and spectral transmission energy.

Effects of Humidity on Mycelium-Based Leather.

Leather is a product that has been used for millennia. While it is a natural material, its production raises serious environmental and ethical concerns. To mitigate those, the engineering of sustainable biobased leather substitutes has become a trend over the past few years. Among the biobased materials, mycelium, the fungal "root" of a mushroom, is one of the promising alternatives to animal leather, as a material with tunable physicomechanical properties. Understanding the effect of humidity on mycelium-based leather material properties is essential to the production of durable, competitive, and sustainable leather products. To this end, we measured the water sorption isotherms on several samples of mycelium-based leather materials and investigated the effects of water sorption on their elastic properties. The ultrasonic pulse transmission method was used to measure the wave speed through the materials while measuring their sorption isotherms at different humidity levels. Additionally, the material's properties were mechanically tested by performing uniaxial tensile tests under ambient and immersed conditions. An overall reduction in elastic moduli was observed during both absorption and immersion. The changes in the measured longitudinal modulus during water sorption reveal changes in the elasticity of the test materials. The observed irreversible variation of the longitudinal modulus during the initial water sorption can be related to the material production process and the presence of various additives that affect the mechanical properties of the leather materials. Our results presented here should be of interest to material science experts developing a new generation of sustainable leather products.

Integrating Deep Learning and Homomorphic Encryption for Secure Image Transmission

This paper introduces a novel approach to securing medical image transmission through the integration of deep learning techniques into cryptographic processes. Leveraging the capabilities of Backpropagation (BP), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Residual Networks (ResNet), and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), our method aims to enhance the privacy and security of medical images in real-time applications like telemedicine. The proposed system focuses on optimizing performance metrics including Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Mean Average Precision (MAP), and encryption speed. Through experimental evaluation, our approach demonstrates promising results in terms of encryption efficiency and preservation of image quality. By addressing the critical need for secure transmission methods in healthcare, this research contributes to advancing the field of medical image cryptography and lays the groundwork for further exploration in deep learning-based security solutions for healthcare data.

Modeling and Verification of Cable-Hole Transmission Tension Ratio Considering the Cable Lateral Extrusion

Cable-hole transmission is widely applied in cable-driven mechanisms to reduce the mechanical size. However, the driving tension is attenuated with the cable threading through the hole caused by uncertain factors such as local deformation, friction, and other effects, and errors in cable-hole transmission occur. To improve the transmission accuracy of cable-driven mechanisms, a tension distribution model considering the cable lateral extrusion is established. Then, an analytical tension ratio of the cable-hole transmission is derived based on the perturbation method and tension distribution model. Parameters of the tension ratio are identified using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. An adaptive tension control method considering the cable lateral extrusion is designed and compared with the method excluding the cable lateral extrusion in the cable-hole transmission. Finally, a cable-hole transmission experimental device was constructed to verify the tension ratio, parameter identification, and servo control method of the cable-hole transmission. The results show the motion control accuracy of the cable-driven mechanism can be significantly improved with the tension ratio considering the cable lateral extrusion. Compared to the case excluding the cable lateral extrusion, the errors in cable-hole transmission considering the lateral extrusion are reduced by an order of magnitude, and the tension vibration is significantly weakened.