Transmission Method Research Articles

Conductivity measurements in the 10–40 GHz band using Fabry–Pérot open resonator

In this paper we introduce a novel approach to measurement of electric conductivity of bulk, metallic samples. The method is based on a Fabry–Pérot Open Resonator operating in the plano-concave configuration. Because the resonator supports multiple TEM0,0,q modes, the proposed method provides properties of the sample-under-test at multiple frequencies in the band of 10 to 40 GHz with separation of ca. 1.5 GHz between consecutive frequency points. Contrary to other methods, it does not require that a sample is cut to any particular shape, as long as it is significantly larger than the TEM-mode beam waist and thicker that the penetration depth. It also provides high measurement accuracy that is comparable to alternative methods based on single-mode resonant setups and superior to the broadband transmission methods known in the literature. We demonstrate that the open resonator due to its relatively high Q-factor reaching 135000 can be successfully used in measurements of different samples of conductivity ranging from ca. 103 S/m (e.g. laminates based on carbon-fiber) up to the order of 107 S/m (e.g. aluminum alloys, copper). Using the measurement set-up we also demonstrate an interesting effect of strong frequency dependence of the effective conductivity of stainless steel. It is expected in all magnetic materials and results from large complex permeability of such samples. It is important to emphasize that no similar characterization campaigns are to be found in the literature.

Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Drugs from the Group of Polymer Electrolyte Derivatives against a Wide Range of Viruses

Background. The modern healthcare system is constantly improving and introducing new measures to protect the population from viral diseases, but the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that infections cannot always be controlled on global scale. In this regard, the development of new broad-spectrum antiviral drugs is more relevant than ever.The aim of the study was to investigate the antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of copolymers of sodium styrene sulfonate and vinyl monomers of various chemical structures, as well as to identify promising polymers for the development of new antiviral agents.Materials and methods. 14 copolymers of sodium styrene sulfonate (NaSS) with various functional comonomers were synthesized. Three viruses with different reproduction strategies and transmission methods — respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and herpes virus — were selected for the assessment of antiviral activity.Results. The screening identified copolymers that showed high activity against all three viruses. It was found that the introduction of various functional groups into the structure of NaSS did not decrease antiviral activity, but significantly reduced cytotoxicity. The molecular weight has also shown a noticeable effect on the activity. Different sensitivity of viruses and cells to the studied polymers was revealed, likely due to the structural features of the virus shell and cell wall.Conclusions. The results demonstrate the potential of sodium styrene sulfonate copolymers as a model for developing a broad-spectrum antiviral drug.

Electroseismic Scholte‐wave analysis: A potential method for estimating shear‐wave velocity structure of shallow‐water seabed sediments

AbstractThe potential application of conducting Scholte‐wave analysis using electroseismic pressure fields excited by an electric current source due to the electrokinetic effect in fluid‐saturated porous seabed sediments is investigated. First, we develop a numerical modelling algorithm by combining the Luco–Apsel–Chen generalized reflection and transmission method with the peak‐trough averaging method to simulate the electroseismic wave fields in stratified fluid/porous media. The modelling results show that the electroseismic pressure signals recorded on the seafloor are mainly composed of evanescent electroseismic waves, and Scholte waves are the dominant wave pattern. Their amplitudes are generally within the order of magnitudes capable of being detected by current seismic instruments. Then, the modified frequency–Bessel transform method is extended to extract the Scholte‐wave dispersion curves from electroseismic pressure fields. Results demonstrate that Scholte‐wave dispersion curves extracted from electroseismic records are superior to those extracted from conventional seismic wave fields excited by an airgun source under the same source–receiver geometry because they contain many overtones and are almost free from the interferences of dispersive guided waves. Furthermore, the Scholte‐wave dispersion inversion results obtained by employing the Levenberg–Marquardt method show that the shear‐wave velocity model inverted by Scholte‐wave dispersion curves extracted from the electroseismic pressure field is more accurate than those obtained by dispersion curves extracted from the seismic wave fields with the guided‐wave removal. The above results indicate that the electroseismic Scholte‐wave analysis method has the potential to evaluate the shear‐wave velocities of shallow‐water seabed sediments.

Relationship between health literacy and generalized anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Khuzestan province, Iran.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many changes occurred in various cultural, social, and economic fields, leading to the creation of psychological effects, especially anxiety, in the community. Fear and anxiety about emerging diseases (COVID-19) and less participation in preventive behaviors reduce individual resistance and ultimately lower one's quality of life. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between health literacy and generalized anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Khuzestan province, Iran. This was a descriptive-analytical (cross-sectional) study conducted among participants aged 18-65 in Khuzestan province during the years 2020-2021 through online sampling. Due to the prevalence of COVID-19 and the impossibility of face-to-face communication, the questionnaire was designed on the Porseline Survey website and the questionnaire link was provided to participants through WhatsApp and Telegram. The data collection tool includes the Iranian Health Literacy Questionnaire, which includes 33 items, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, which has 7 items based on a Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using STATA14 software and descriptive and analytical statistical tests at a significant level less than 0.05. The mean (standard deviation) score for health literacy was 52.9 ± 9.3 and for generalized anxiety disorder was 5.2 ± 3.1. A significant negative correlation was found between the mean of anxiety disorder and health literacy (p < 0.05). The frequency of health literacy in individuals included 427 (37.8%) with inadequate health literacy, 628 (55.6%) with marginal health literacy, and 75 (6.6%) with sufficient health literacy. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean of generalized anxiety disorder among individuals with different levels of health literacy (p < 0.05). As the level of health literacy increases, the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder caused by fear of COVID-19 decreases. Therefore, increasing awareness and health literacy about this virus, its transmission, and prevention methods is very effective in managing anxiety and stress caused by COVID-19. Paying attention to the issue of health literacy and generalized anxiety disorder, and promoting preventive behaviors can be effective tools for planners, health officials, and policymakers to promote health literacy for any type of disease.

A fault recognition method for transmission systems based on independent component analysis and convolutional neural networks

Accurate recognition of transmission line (TL) faults plays a vital role in protection systems, avoiding misoperations and false trips. Several studies in this area have revealed the limitations of existing algorithms, particularly when considering more complex electrical power systems (EPS), where some expected operations (capacitor and load switching, for example) can be misinterpreted as fault events. This work addresses the critical issue of fault recognition (FR) in TLs with a special focus on distinguishing faults from other types of disturbances. The primary objective of this study is to introduce an approach based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) for FR in EPS. This method relies only on voltage signals acquired with a reasonable sampling frequency. The proposed method is enhanced with an Independent Component Analysis (ICA)-based preprocessing, making it robust and versatile in handling different types of disturbances, such as adjacent line faults, load switching and capacitor switching. The evaluation of the proposed method is done considering two different EPS, achieving an accuracy up to 99 %, showing the robustness of the method against different scenarios such as fault events and switching operations.

Ultrasonic monitoring of hydration behavior of cement paste doped with triethanolamine using novel piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer

The propagation of ultrasonic wave in cement paste is closely related to its physical properties, and therefore shows a potential application in fields of online monitoring of hydration and hardening properties of the cementitious materials. Here, the hydration characteristics of cement paste doped with triethanolamine were studied based on the ultrasonic transmission method using the tailor-made horizontal omnidirectional piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer. The results show that clear ultrasonic waveforms can be observed at hydration age of 2 h. The dominant frequency of the reception wave is low at early hydration age and shifts towards the high frequency direction with hydration. The amplitude of the head wave increases sharply before hydration of 24 h, and the increasing extent decreases gradually until hydration of 166 h. The hydration process of cement at early hydration age can be classified into three stages based on amplitude changes of the head wave, that is, the induction period before 4 h, the acceleration period during 4–12 h, and the deceleration period after 12 h. The acoustic parameters of cement paste at early hydration age conform well to the logistic function distribution. The research finding might provide a new method to estimate hydration and hardening properties of cementitious materials, especially on large construction sites.

Molecular survey on the parasitic nematode Contracaecum spp. in fish (Planiliza abu) destined for human consumption

Contracaecum spp. is a parasitic nematode belonging to the Anisakidae family and which has a significant potential zoonotic effects on different hosts. Anisakiasis in humans is caused due to consumption of raw infected or undercooked seafood that contains nematode larvae. In this study, the prevalence of Contracaecum spp. nematodes in the fish, Planiliza abu, was determined over eight months from June 2022 to January 2023. The source of fish was Razzaza Lake, while the specimens of Planiliza abu were purchased from the local market, Karbala city, Iraq. The Contracaecum spp. nematodes were examined by morphological and molecular techniques.The total prevalence was 32%, as 133 of 416 fish were infected in the viscera by Contracaecum spp. third stage (L3) larvae. Molecular diagnosis of the COX-2 gene in Contracaecum spp. from P. abu was used to confirm the infection and to study their population biology. In the parasitology laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine College at Kerbala University, we confirmed the nematodes morphologically and molecularly as Contracaecum spp. The infection rates in September and November were greater than in October 2022. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the length of the fish and the number of nematodes per fish. This study detected the presence of Contracaecum spp. using analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase II (COX-2 gene). In conclusion, molecular genotyping might be an effective method for detecting the Contracaecum L3 larval species, determining the biology of the life-cycles, population structures, transmission methods, and intermediate hosts types.

Research on the Current Situation of the Inheritance of the Production Skills of the Xinlong Medicine Mud-hidden Mask

Masks, as a cultural phenomenon, are both ordinary and unique in human life, with a long history found in almost every corner of the world. The emergence of Xinlong medicine mud-hidden mask is deeply connected to the lives and spiritual beliefs of the original inhabitants. In 2009, the production technique of Xinlong medicine mud-hidden mask was recognized as a provincial-level intangible cultural heritage project in Sichuan Province. However, due to the intricate craftsmanship involved and the difficulty in passing down the skills, this cultural heritage was once on the brink of extinction. This article conducts research through a combination of literature review and field investigation to explore the origins, transmission methods, characteristics, and challenges faced in the transmission of Xinlong medicine mud-hidden mask. It reveals that the complexity of the production process, geographical limitations, and inadequate income for artisans have become the primary factors hindering the inheritance and development of this cultural heritage.

Evaluation of mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax by Stomoxys calcitrans in a region without a cyclic vector.

This work investigated the mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma vivax by Stomoxys calcitrans to cattle in a region without a cyclic vector. The study involved two experiments, one with calves experimentally infected with T. vivax, in the acute phase of trypanosomosis (Experiment 1) and the other in the chronic phase (Experiment 2). In both experiments, two transmission methods were used with flies that had not fed for 24h or had never fed: (i) Method 1: flies released freely in cattle pens (≈3,300 flies/pen for 10days); and (ii) Method 2: flies placed in a feeding chamber (12 flies/animal). To develop Method 1 in the two experiments (acute and chronic phases), T. vivax-positive animals were kept with T. vivax-negative animals. Periodically, the Brener method, Woo method, blood smears, cPCR, ELISA, IFAT, and Imunoteste® were performed to detect T. vivax in the animals. We also recorded the animals' head tossing and hoof stomping and the number of flies near the pens' inner walls. Subsequently, biological testing was performed using lambs. For Method 2 in both experiments, flies inside the feeding chamber first fed on T. vivax-positive animals and later on negative animals. In both experiments and methods, we examined the flies for the presence of T. vivax through blood smears and cPCR of the proboscis and abdomen. In Experiment 2 (chronic phase), a test was conducted to determine how long trypomastigotes forms could survive on the blood of animals with different levels of parasitemia. None of the animals (calves and lambs) became infected with T. vivax or showed antibodies against it. During the evaluation period, the animals in the presence of the flies exhibited more hoof stomping and head tossing compared to those without flies (control). Additionally, there was an increase in the number of flies in the pens during the experiment. Only in Experiment 1 (acute phase) were T. vivax trypomastigotes and DNA found in the abdomen of the flies but not in the proboscis. In Experiment 2 (chronic phase), higher concentrations of trypomastigotes per milliliter of blood were associated with a shorter the lifespan of this stage of the parasite. In conclusion, under the variable conditions of the experiments (hosts, number of flies, and level of parasitemia), S. calcitrans was unable to mechanically transmit T. vivax to cattle.

Routing Methods For Data Transmission In Large Networks: A Review

Routing Methods For Data Transmission In Large Networks: A Review

Performance Evaluation of IoT Sensors in Urban Air Quality Monitoring: Insights from the IoT Sensor Performance Test

In this paper, we report on extensive experiments conducted to evaluate Internet of Things (IoT) sensor performance in monitoring urban air quality. As certified sensors showed a considerably reduced air quality measurement error of 4.3% compared to uncalibrated sensors at 8.5%, our results highlight the crucial function of sensor calibration. The performance of sensors was impacted by environmental factors; higher temperatures produced better accuracy (3.6%), while high humidity levels caused sensors to react more quickly (2.3 seconds). The average air quality index (AQI) recorded by inside sensors was 45, but outside sensors reported an AQI of 60. This indicates that the positioning of the sensors had a substantial influence on the air quality data. Additionally, the methods of data transmission were examined, and it was found that Wi-Fi-transmitting sensors had lower latency (0.6 seconds) and data loss (1.8%) than cellular-transmitting sensors. These results emphasize the significance of environmental factors, sensor placement strategy, sensor calibration, and suitable data transmission techniques in maximizing IoT sensor performance for urban air quality monitoring, ultimately leading to more accurate and dependable air quality assessment.

СПОСОБ ПЕРЕДАЧИ ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКИХ ДАННЫХ О ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ СОСТОЯНИИ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

The article analyzes modern wireless data transmission technologies. Their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. A method for remote transmission of diagnostic data from agricultural machinery engines using Lora technology is proposed. A simplified diagram for transmitting diagnostic data is presented. Laboratory studies of the diagnostic method were performed.

NONCOHERENT DATA TRANSFER BY USING ORTHOGONAL NOISE SIGNALS

The modern period of communications development is associated with the search and use of new broadband noise-like signals. One of the pressing problems in this area – large-power ensembles synthesis of broadband noise-like signals with good correlation and group properties. Another problem is the difficulty of isolating components from a mixture of several broadband noise-like signals under noise conditions, as well as the difficulty of reproducing such signals during correlation reception shape. The article discusses an incoherent correlation method of data transmission, based on the use of signals generated on the transmitter side by some noise generator. The noise signal is divided into parts (noise pulses) of a given duration. When the current noise pulse is transmitted, the next noise pulse is orthogonalized or collinearized depending on the transmitted data bit. On the receiver side, the mutual energy of the current and previous noise pulse is calculated. If this energy is less than the threshold, a decision is made to transmit zero, otherwise, to transmit one. Synchronization of the receiver and transmitter is carried out by changing the sign of the mutual energy of adjacent noise pulses.

The Application of Spectrogram in the Teaching of High-level Vocal Music Major Students

Abstract Vocal music teaching has developed to the present day, still following the method of oral transmission, but with the development of modern science and technology, sound images can be processed to clearly see the quality of sound used. Students’ vocal signals are used in the article to extract articulation features and construct a vocal spectrogram. The vocal spectrogram is used in vocal music teaching to enhance the students’ timbre resonance. In order to verify its application in dissecting students’ singing effects, the state of different students’ American soprano articulation area is concretized on the spectrogram in terms of students’ voice change differences, breathing aspects, and vocal resonance while comparing the differences between the manual evaluation and the evaluation of the vocal spectrogram analysis. It can be seen that the minimum fundamental frequency of student A in the first group is 191.7 lower than that of student B, which is 287.8, and the maximum fundamental frequency of 1033.2 is also significantly higher than that of student B, which is just the same as the conclusion drawn from the manual scale. To sum up, according to the sound spectrogram, the teacher can well analyze the students’ voice waveforms visually, and the students can adjust the vocal state through the voice waveforms so as to carry out the correct reinforcement training and add new means for the traditional mode of vocal teaching, so as to make the teaching of vocal music gradually realize the visualization and intuition.

A Recursion-Based SNR Determination Method for Short Packet Transmission: Analysis and Applications

A Recursion-Based SNR Determination Method for Short Packet Transmission: Analysis and Applications

Sunlight avoidance planning method for data transmission with phased array of low-earth orbit optical satellites

Sunlight avoidance planning method for data transmission with phased array of low-earth orbit optical satellites

Stability detection method of large-scale network information transmission based on digital twin technology

Stability detection method of large-scale network information transmission based on digital twin technology

Substantiation of the technical characteristics of laser systems for transmitting information in the hydrosphere in the optical range

The exchange of information between correspondents in the optical range in the hydrosphere is an urgent and breakthrough direction of scientific and technological progress. Important tasks in this method of data transmission are the protection of the transmitted information, as well as ensuring sufficient data transfer speed when exchanging television im- ages. This article provides an explanation and calculation of the technical characteristics of laser systems for transmitting information in the optical range, with the help of which it is possible to transmit a digital television signal via a laser beam in the hydrosphere.

Современные вокальные техники в профессиональном становлении музыканта

In the study of modern vocals there is not a single classification or definition that would have the status of an axiom. This article tries to collect the most fair and objective statements regarding the methods and techniques that interest us. The author does not have the task of describing all possible existing methods of sound production and sound transmission by voice and giving them appropriate definitions, but it is important to collect information and make an analysis of those methods and techniques that will be useful in their practical application. Vocal techniques involve auditory perception, the physiological features of which are discussed in the article. Each technique has a specific meaning in the vocalization process from the point of view of emotional and auditory transmission.

Stability detection method of large-scale network information transmission based on digital twin technology

Stability detection method of large-scale network information transmission based on digital twin technology