Scientific Research Research Articles

Mind beyond the brain: proposal of a pragmatic interactionist framework

The nature of consciousness remains unclear, and academic discussions usually ignore the scientific evidence about anomalous and spiritual experiences suggestive of the mind beyond the brain, mainly because of the lack of a scientific framework that makes sense of these experiences. This manuscript proposes the ‘Pragmatic interactionist’ scientific framework for the mind–brain relationship based on the evidence from scientific studies of spiritual or anomalous experiences, especially near-death, end-of-life, out-of-body, and mediumistic experiences and alleged memories of previous lives. Based on the epistemic principles of an enlarged empirical base and expanded naturalism, the framework’s main components are: interactionist mind–body relationship; the mind exists and functions beyond the brain and survives bodily death; and the brain is a tool and a filter for the mind manifestation. Research proposals to advance and test the framework are: in-depth ‘360 degrees’ studies of the ‘good specimen of the class’, studies on mind-over-brain phenomena, free-will beyond extreme social and biological factors, enhanced mentation with a dysfunctional brain, reports of veridical hallucination, extracerebral memory, and early sharp personality differences between monozygotic twins. The proposed framework is a working hypothesis to enlarge our observational and analytical capacities to foster theories to better understand the human mind.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТАРІЙ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПЕНІТЕНЦІАРНОЇ СИСТЕМИ УКРАЇНИ: ПОНЯТТЯ ТА ЗМІСТ

This article presents the author’s own position regarding the methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine, since there is no single point of view in penitentiary science regarding the needs of methodological support for the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine. The methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is considered by us as the cognitive basis of the subject of research, and therefore we show the methodology as a system that combines: theoretical principles, general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, combining dialectics, epistemology and logic. It is certain that the research methodology of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is included in the system of scientific knowledge not only of law, but also of pedagogy and psychology. This can be explained by the fact that the knowledge of these sciences fully corresponds to the order and conditions of execution/serving of punishment. European rules and international standards for the treatment of convicts and prisoners are based on this conceptual basis. At the same time, the methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine not only creates effective and optimal conditions for learning the content of the object and the subject of the study, but is also necessary for conducting such a scientific search, since this study is designed to accompany the reforms carried out by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine under the conditions of the legal regime martial law. At the same time, the outlined problems show the existence of methodological approaches in penitentiary science and provide not only recognition of methodological knowledge about the penitentiary system, but also adequate solution of the problems of the criminal-executive direction. Taking into account the fact that the state policy in the field of execution of punishments and probation belongs to complex system objects of research, therefore their complexity, multifacetedness and social nature require a comprehensive study of the methodology of research of the penitentiary system of Ukraine, since it is the methodology in scientific sources that is interpreted differently. Therefore, the methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is carried out by us using general philosophical, general scientific and special legal methods. The combination of different types and levels of methods in the scientific research made it possible to objectively and comprehensively highlight certain aspects of the problems of the penitentiary system of Ukraine in the state mechanism of socialization, resocialization and reintegration of convicts in places of imprisonment of the State Criminal Enforcement Service of Ukraine. Therefore, the understanding of various research methods of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is extremely necessary for future applicants and postgraduate students. After all, for them, knowledge of research methods is a guarantee of quality scientific research of the research subject. The author’s definition of the methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is formulated – it is a pluralistic system of scientific knowledge about the order and conditions of execution/serving of punishment through the use of general scientific, special scientific and individual preventive methods, which can ensure the completeness of the objective penitentiary analysis of the studied subject. Key words: methodology, toolkit, penitentiary system, research, problems, cognition, places of imprisonment, State Criminal Enforcement Service, punishment, personnel.

Age as an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital cataract in children

The onset of congenital cataract is in the sensitive period of eyeball and visual development, and the pathogenic factors and clinical manifestations are diverse. The age of patients seeking medical treatment can range from the neonatal period to adolescence or even adulthood. However, minors are in continuous growth and development with various characteristics at different periods, which makes the diagnosis and treatment of congenital cataract complicated. In this article, the diagnosis and treatment strategies of congenital cataract are expounded according to the characteristics of the disease in infancy, early childhood, pre-school age and school age. It is pointed out that age is an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital cataract, which should be considered in related clinical work and scientific research.

‘Nonetheless biosocial’: experiences and embodied knowledge of birth cohort participants in the UK and Brazil

AbstractThe relative expansion of biosocial research within the life sciences has generated substantial interest from social sciences, with epigenetic science and scientists the primary target of critical commentary. This has led to a narrow perspective on what the biosocial is and how it is being (re)constituted within scientific research, highlighting a need to engage diverse publics in this unfolding terrain of knowledge making. Whilst birth cohorts are often a central resource and primary context for emerging fields of biosocial and epigenetic research, how cohort participants perceive and understand ‘biosocial’ interactions in the context of their lifelong and intergenerational participation is less well known. Drawing on pilot study research with birth cohort participants in the UK and Brazil, we comparatively examine how, in the absence of explicit references to a biosocial exemplar of epigenetics, biosocial dynamics are nonetheless understood by participants in relation to (i) embodied experiences, (ii) intergenerational participation, and (iii) understandings of the knowledge the studies aim to produce. Attending to different understandings of biological and social dynamics in diverse publics helps diversify and broaden the conceptual and methodological tools used to engage in and understand what the biosocial is and how it is coming into being.

Види покарань які застосовуються до неповнолітніх

Abstract. The article examines the types of punishments that can be applied to minors according to the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is noted that Article 51 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine contains a general list of punishments, while Article 98 establishes a special subsystem of punishments for minors, which includes: a fine, community service, correctional work, arrest and imprisonment for a certain period. A fine is considered a monetary penalty. The problems of the modern legal definition of the fine and its compliance with reality are emphasized, in particular, regarding the possibility of minors to pay the fine independently without burdening their parents. Community service is analyzed as a punishment with punitive and educational elements aimed at benefiting society. Examples of judicial practice are given and the importance of taking into account the individual characteristics of minors when imposing this type of punishment is emphasized. Correctional work is considered as a punishment that combines the restriction of labor rights and the withholding of a part of earnings. Various scientific approaches to evaluating their effectiveness are discussed, in particular regarding the possibilities of resocialization and reducing the rate of recidivism. Particular attention is paid to arrest as a form of punishment, the possibility of its application from the age of 16, and discussions about the feasibility of lowering the age threshold to 14 years. Foreign practices are compared and ways of improvement are suggested, including the introduction of house arrest. Deprivation of liberty for a certain period as the most severe punishment for minors, its legal framework and terms of appointment are considered. Proposals to introduce new types of punishment, such as "juvenile restraints", are being discussed for a more flexible and humane approach. The conclusions emphasize the need for a balance between punishment and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders, the importance of an individual approach and the possibility of improving legislation taking into account modern social conditions and international experience. Keywords: punishment; minors; fine; community service; correctional work; arrest and imprisonment for a certain period.

MODELS OF MARKETING ACTIVITY IN AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE

The article presents the results of a study of theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of marketing activities at industrial enterprises, systematized in the form of three functional models of marketing activities implemented at industrial enterprises, taking into account the specific features of changes in marketing activities depending on the functional marketing model implemented at the enterprise. The research uses traditional methods of scientific analysis, including technical, economic and logical analysis, systematization and ranking. The analysis takes into account that the dynamic nature of the external environment of enterprises implies constant changes in the criteria of competitiveness and efficiency, leading to the emergence of new business goals, new tools and methods of work, changes in the ownership structure, relationships, the development of new functions and directions, diversification and integration. The obtained results can be used at an industrial enterprise when changing the model of marketing activities, as in the conditions of the formation of technological independence of the Russian Federation the most important task is to ensure the market orientation of the production capabilities of domestic enterprises.

Intersection of Studious Legal Research Philosophies and Scientific Chics In Nigeria: A Comprehensive Analysis

This study investigates the Intersection of Studious Legal Research Philosophies and Scientific Chics in Nigeria: a comprehensive analysis considering the challenges and opportunities in transitioning from traditional legal research approaches to systematic, procedural, and scientific methodologies in academic legal research in Nigeria. The study employed Non-doctrinal legal research design, though OSCOLA and NALT citation style were employed do to the nature of the study. Likert scale was used to compute the Mean for descriptive analysis and ANOVA was used for inferential statistical analysis, four hypotheses were tested to examine the utilization of scientific approaches, availability of relevant data and tools, institutional support, and the impact of citation styles on scientific legal research. The findings reveal that the utilization of scientific approaches remains low, despite adequate availability of resources. Institutional support for scientific methodologies is insufficient, and the current citation styles significantly affect the implementation of scientific approaches. Recommendations include comprehensive training programs, enhanced access to research tools, prioritization of scientific methodologies by academic institutions, and revision of citation styles or to develop Okuma-NC (hybrid) citation model to better support scientific research. These insights aim to contribute to the advancement of legal scholarship in Nigeria by promoting more rigorous, empirical, and interdisciplinary research practices.

Novelty in the Scientific Approach Permits a New Way of Considering Issues Surrounding Abortion and the Social Construct of Reality Theory

At present, the issue of abortion is creating a polarity in many societies; the USA is a prime example, where the 'progressive' left is in a continual battle against the conservative right-wing party. The opinion presented here is that in their articles, scientists are not supposed to become involved in doing 'propaganda' for one position or the other but should look at issues like the Social Construct of Reality Theory and abortion, from a new perspective based on the cutting edge of scientific thinking and research that is both interdisciplinary and, where necessary, includes ancient spiritual wisdom; it is wholistic. A multidisciplinary approach that draws from multiple fields allows for a more comprehensive understanding of complex issues. Thus, this scientific stance presented here can be considered 'evolutionary within the tapestry of human evolution'. Scientists must also remember that science, in essence, is creative and was once considered philosophy and was taught in tandem with the creative arts, including music; from a systemic point of view, all these disciplines are part of a whole, where the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The holistic approach does not provide nice, tidy answers regarding right and wrong. However, going beyond binary thinking opens dilemmas, creating new unthought-of ways to contemplate issues, which enables policymakers and the public to make more informed decisions backed by scientific evidence and research.

Miracles in the MiddleAges and Today // Miracle Healing, Miracle Visions, and Miracle Narratives in the Premodern and Modern World

As much as we live today in a world that is seemingly mostly determined by rationality and technology, we are actually far away from such a status, fortunately so, at least depending on one’s perspective. Hidden behind much scientific research and a mechanistic world determined by machines, for instance, we can easily discover countless examples of superstition, faith, irrationality, wishful thinking, dreams, speculation, and imagination. This is fortunately so, indeed, because it respects the indigenous human nature irrespective of many faults and problems resulting from it. Contrary to Max Weber’s famous formulation, the modern experience of the disenchantment of this world was actually accompanied by a profound rediscovery of or return to magic, spirituality, and fantasy, whether we think of the Romantics, the high popularity of the genre of fairy tales, the ever-growing body of video games and related media today all predicated on science fiction and hence fantasy, or the world of movies. This paper, however, does not intend to develop a large concept about the history of science, the emergence of modernity and individuality, and the steady rise of rationality at the latest since the eighteenth century, all of which have been discussed already at length by historians, anthropologists, philosophers, literary scholars, art historians, and sociologists. Instead, the focus will rest on the belief in miracles and miracle healings and trace the vast discourse on charms and miracles from the early Middle Ages to the modern times as a constant, consistent, and impactful aspect of all human culture we cannot and should not deny if we want to subscribe to a realistic assessment of human culture and mentality. The argument focuses on the curious phenomenon that the belief in miracles continues to run strongly until today both among religious individuals and ordinary individuals who face, for instance, a desperate health situation, a personal crisis, or dangers of all kinds. Popular culture appears to be highly influenced by the belief in miracles, in divine agents who come to people’s rescue in critical moments, and hence the belief in the power of prayer. Each individual aspect would require an extensive scholarly discussion, which this paper cannot offer. Instead, I will trace primarily the discourse on charms and miracles from the early Middle Ages to the present, whereby we can determine the continuity of pre-modern ideas, values, and concepts as valuable aspects for all people throughout time. To make good sense, the concept of the charm as a verbal statement for a magical and religious transformation is widened to include all word magic in medicine, athletics, politics, friendship, and family relationships whenever there is a perceived need to draw from other powers for the well-being of a human being.

PELATIHAN PENULISAN KARYA SASTRA DAN KARYA TULIS ILMIAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI SISWA SMP NEGERI 149 JAKARTA TIMUR

This community service discusses writing scientific papers or literary works. Writing literary works and scientific papers is a writing process based on scientific principles. This principle is an important foundation for ensuring the validity and accuracy of the work produced. The scientific writing training aims to foster interest and creative and innovative spirit from students at SMP 149 East Jakarta so that they can produce scientific works in accordance with the correct writing rules. In addition, this training also aims to improve students' critical, creative, communicative, and collaborative thinking skills. The evaluation of this training activity showed satisfactory results with full support from the school and active participation from all participants. It is hoped that this kind of activity can continue and involve the role of accompanying teachers.

Cardiorespiratory system of massage therapists when performing a dosed massage procedure

The article tells about the presentation of a number of studies on the effect of massage procedures on the physiological, biochemical and psychological status of a person, while work on evaluating the functional indicators of massage therapists during the procedure is rare. The study aims to determine the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system (CRS) of massage specialists in the dynamics of performing a 30-minute back massage session. The object of the study was 10 male massage therapists (age 36.0 (29.0;42.0); BMI 24.7(23.3;31.3). The study consisted in performing a classical back massage procedure for 30 minutes according to a generally accepted technique using six massage techniques. To determine the functional state during the work of specialists, an ergospirometric system and measurement of blood pressure (BP) by the Korotkiy method were used. During the massage procedure, specialists noted an increase in metabolic parameters, oxygen consumption (OC), respiratory coefficient (RC) and energy consumption, as well as blood pressure by the 30th minute of the procedure. When performing a 30-minute back massage, massage specialists significantly mobilize the links of the cardiorespiratory system. At the end of the procedure, there is an increase in blood pressure. However, the maximum increase in the parameters of the cardiorespiratory system occurs when performing a shock vibration reception. Limitations. Due to the small sample of the group, it is not possible to statistically reliably assess the significance of changes in some indicators. Ethics. The protocol of the experiment corresponded to the Helsinki Declaration. The study was developed and conducted in accordance with the methodological guidelines of the Local Scientific Research Committee on Bioethics of the Institute of Physiology of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE URBAN PLANNING FORMATION

The article examines the key works that formed the scientific foundations of modern urbanism. They reflect the peculiarities of the stages of the formation of this science and form a general idea of its fundamental components. The history of the development of scientific research summarizes the process of formation and clearly demonstrates the main periods of the formation of urbanism. A retrospective review of scientific works made it possible to identify key moments in the development of urbanism, starting from the first theoretical studies and ending with modern urban planning practice. Over several centuries, urbanism has evolved from intuitive planning methods to a complex scientific discipline that covers a wide range of issues: from architecture and engineering to sociology, ecology and economics. The research methodology is built on a historical approach. The following methods were used: terminological analysis, comparison, systematization, forecasting. Thanks to the systematization of the ideas of thematic works of urbanists of different periods, which constitute the theoretical basis of modern urbanism, it can be concluded that the works can be divided into classical theoretical and practical applied. Regarding the prospects for the evolution of urbanism in the context of globalization and sustainable development of cities, it is necessary to note the sphere of innovative technologies, which allows opening up new horizons for the study and analysis of urban spaces. Also, thanks to the research conducted, it is possible to trace the trends in the complication of the object of urban knowledge, which are influenced by internal aspects, namely social, environmental, economic, psychological, etc. Modern urban research is aimed at finding the optimal combination of innovative technologies and sustainable development in order to ensure the harmonious existence of cities and their residents in the face of global challenges. Keywords. Urban planning, urban development, architecture, urban environment, sustainable development.

Lessons from the sex wars: reflections on five decades of the scientific study of pornography

ABSTRACT This article consists of reflections derived from five decades as a research contributor to the scientific study of pornography and its effects. In the article, I note that have learned a lot about classical approaches to the scientific study of pornography, and about what science can – and, importantly, cannot – tell us about pornography and its effects. I have also seen the distorting influence of strongly held beliefs about pornography in creating bias in the conduct, interpretation and reporting of scientific research in this area. The examples I cite are to be regarded as something akin to ‘teaching cases' and do not provide comprehensive state-of-the-art reviews of the scientific literature – but they do provide a cautionary tale.

Extracurricular Tandem as a Powerful Tool for Enhancing Intercultural Communicative Competence

Regular interaction with the representatives of the target language is a key driver in enhancing linguistic and intercultural competence. This study explores the frequency of communication between Kazakhstani students and native speakers, additionally examining their emotions during foreign language interaction. Furthermore, it seeks to identify the efficacy of extracurricular tandem in fostering intercultural communicative competence and the challenges faced by students when studying languages in extracurricular tandem. Following the quantitative method of scientific research, the authors conducted an anonymous survey of 587 foreign language students. To create an opportunity for intercultural communication, the research group developed the website and initiated an extracurricular language tandem pilot project between foreign and local students. The survey findings revealed that only a small portion (11%) of students regularly communicate with native speakers, while the majority of respondents (73%) experience both language difficulties and anxiety during interactions. The extracurricular tandem project provided positive outcomes, with students reporting enhancement in both their linguistic skills and understanding of the target culture. The project contributed the development of friendships and boosted confidence in using the target language. Nevertheless, students encountered some difficulties related to organizational aspects. This study can guide educators and educational institutions in creating conditions that promote intercultural exchange among students and enhance their intercultural communicative skills.

О влиянии профессиональной структуры занятости на экономику России

The paper attempts to identify the relationship between the professional structure of employment and per capita income in modern Russia based on correlation analysis and construction of regression models using regional statistics. The obtained research results show that the expansion of the scale of using the labor of managers, the labor of operators of production plants and machines, assemblers and drivers can contribute to the growth of per capita production. The use of unskilled workers, whose number is from 7% to 18% of employed workers, reduces the level of per capita production, indicating the use of technologies of relict technological structures. The absence of a significant impact on per capita production of specialists indicates that their role in accelerating scientific and technological progress is insignificant. This may be due to the insufficient volume of scientific research and development, limited funding for this area of activity.

Enhancing Stability of Microwave-Synthesized Cs2SnxTi1-xBr6 Perovskite by Cation Mixing.

The double-perovskite material Cs2TiBr6 shows excellent photovoltaic potential, making it a promising alternative to lead-based materials. However, its high susceptibility to degradation in air has raised concerns about its practical application. This study introduces an interesting synthesis approach that significantly enhances the stability of Cs2TiBr6 powder. We implemented a gradual cation exchange process by substituting Ti4+ with Sn4+ in the efficient microwave-assisted synthesis method, developing a double perovskite Cs2SnxTi1-xBr6 type. A systematic study of increasing concentration of Sn4+ in Cs2TiBr6 perovskite has been performed to analyze the effect of Sn-doping degree on the chemical and thermal stability of the material and the optical features in both nitrogen and ambient atmospheres, significantly increasing the stability of the material in the air for over a week. Furthermore, introducing Sn4+ results in a more uniform polygonal crystal morphology of the powders and a slight band gap broadening. We show that microwave-assisted synthesis is highly efficient and cost-effective in producing more sustainable lead-free perovskite materials with enhanced stability and desirable electrical characteristics. This work suggests a promising method for synthesizing perovskite materials, opening new routes for scientific research and applications.

Placing Art Practice into the Field of Bioimaging: Testing Play as a Methodological Tool to Explore and Reflect upon Art Practice

Abstract Bioimaging experiments are carried out in discrete labs, and artists are rarely granted access. The author finds that they are an underused resource for artist-researchers. In this article, she demonstrates how an artist-researcher can contribute to artscience initiatives in pharmacological research by working in an advanced imaging and microscopy lab and responding innovatively to current circumstances in bioimaging. She does this by thinking about scientific and artistic interdisciplinary practice in a playful way. Informed by established play theories and practices from the literature, she has reviewed, studied, and adapted. Here she discusses research conducted at the School of Life Sciences at the University of Nottingham, where she evaluated play as an insightful concept to provoke a reaction to scientific methods.

‘Water resource’ framing for the value and governance of glacier water availability in the semi-arid Chilean Andes

Water scarcity associated with glacier retreat in mountainous regions is of growing concern worldwide, especially in arid regions, where precipitation is scarce or seasonal. Scientists and decision makers aim to respond to glacier driven water scarcity by improving glacier protection and developing water resource management strategies. Despite the increasingly prominent ‘water resource’ lens for understanding the changing mountain cryosphere, little research has investigated what this framing means for how different actors value, study, manage, and protect cryospheric water stores. This paper therefore presents a critical analysis of how we conceptualise the importance of glaciers. Specifically, this paper examines how environmental campaigns, scientific research, and policy interact to make glaciers into a water resource, and how this impacts glacier protection. Focusing on a case study of glacier management and protection in the Chilean Andes, the motivations and processes that made glaciers into a water resource in Chile are examined, and the impacts of this for glacier protection in a country where glaciers are exposed to threats from climate change and the mining industry are explored. This paper presents qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with experts in glacier science, policy, and environmental campaigning, and documents associated with managing glaciers as a water resource in Chile. The research shows how, in response to mining threats, glaciers were strategically framed as water resources by environmental campaigners to improve Chilean state protection. This framing was institutionalised within Chile’s water resource management system through science and policy, resulting in some successful protection legislation. However, this resource framing has also integrated glaciers into a system which inherently limits their protection, because their protection is conditional on the shifting ways glaciers are valued for storing and releasing water to downstream communities and ecosystems. Here, we highlight processes that make glaciers into a resource, demonstrate that glaciological knowledge is not directly translated into policy, and importantly, show how managing glaciers as a resource may limit, or even undermine glacier protection efforts. As concern globally grows about water scarcity driven by glacial retreat, these findings are vital for the development of glacier protections and effective management of glacial water.

Optimizing dormant account management in UAE banking: Legal gaps and proposed reforms

The management of dormant accounts and unclaimed balances is a pressing challenge in the banking sector of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), particularly given the complex regulatory landscape. This study analyzes 150 dormant accounts across five major UAE banks (Emirates NBD, First Abu Dhabi Bank, Dubai Islamic Bank, Sharjah Islamic Bank, and Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank) and identifies gaps in the legal framework, including the absence of clear definitions and handling of non-monetary assets.The study investigates the legal framework governing dormant accounts, specifically focusing on the Dormant Accounts System No. 1 of 2020. The results highlight critical issues, including the lack of clear timelines for transferring unclaimed balances and inconsistencies in communication protocols for notifying account holders. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for standardized practices across financial institutions in the UAE.To address these challenges, the study proposes legislative amendments to improve asset management and consumer protection. Key recommendations include establishing standardized definitions, implementing automated tracking systems for dormant accounts, and integrating dormant balances into social welfare programs to enhance public trust. These reforms could significantly improve operational efficiency and legal clarity in the UAE banking sector, contributing to a more transparent and effective management of dormant accounts and unclaimed balances. Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at the University of Bisha for supporting this work through the Fast-Track Research Support Program.

Value System Formation Through Project and Research Activities Part of Science Lessons

More effective methodologies are still needed to achieve a system that can inspire students' interest and motivation and guide them toward science and research. This results in a need for more robust value system formation among students in educational settings. The study's main objective was to develop and implement a value system formation technology for school children in the context of active teaching, focusing on biology education. This research is a qualitative study involving biology teachers and schoolchildren in a school's educational environment. The data collection methods used in this study were interviews, observation, and document analysis. The instrument used was an observation sheet. The data analysis methods used in this research are thematic and content analysis. The results showed that Monakhov's axiom technology effectively increased students' involvement and interest in project and research activities and assisted teachers in achieving educational goals oriented towards the holistic development of students' values. In conclusion, the findings of this study show a significant increase in the number of scientific and research works conducted by students of schools participating in competitions such as DARYN and MAN over the past three years. This research is expected to inform educational policy and curriculum development, promoting the integration of project and research activities to develop individuals with solid scientific thinking, ethical values, and a sense of responsibility towards their environment.