Sampling Method Research Articles

An Efficient and Stable Registration Framework for Large Point Clouds at Two Different Moments

Point cloud registration plays a great role in many application scenarios; however, the registration of large-scale point clouds for actual different moments suffers from the problems of low efficiency, low accuracy, and a lack of stability. In this paper, we propose a registration framework for large-scale point clouds at different moments, which firstly downsamples large-scale point clouds using a random sampling method, then performs a random expansion strategy to make up for the loss of information caused by the random sampling, then completes the first registration by a deep learning network based on the extraction of keypoints and feature descriptors in combination with RANSAC, and finally completes the registration using the point-to-point ICP method. We conducted validation experiments and application experiments on large-scale point clouds of key train components, and the experimental results are much higher in accuracy or efficiency than other methods, which proves the effectiveness of our framework, which can be applied to actual large-scale point clouds.

Investigating surface area and recovery efficiency of healthcare-associated pathogens to optimize composite environmental sampling.

Hospital surfaces are known to contribute to the spread of healthcare-associated antimicrobial pathogens. Environmental sampling can help locate reservoirs and determine intervention strategies, although sampling and detection can be labor intensive. Composite approaches may help reduce time and costs associated with sampling and detection. We investigated optimum surface areas for sampling antimicrobial-resistant organisms (AROs) with a single side of cellulose sponge, created theoretical composites (TC) by adding recovery results from multiple optimum areas, then compared the TC to the standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sampling method (one sponge using all sides, whole tool; (WT)). Five AROs were evaluated: carbapenemase-producing KPC+ Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC), Acinetobacter baumannii (AB), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) and Clostridioides difficile spores (CD). Steel coupons comprising four surface areas (323; 645; 1,290 and 2,258 cm2) were inoculated, dried, and sampled with one sampling pass using the larger side (face) or the smaller side (edge) of a pre-moistened cellulose sponge tool. Based on the optimum areas determined for each organism, composite areas were 1,290 cm2 for MRSA and VRE, 1,936 cm2 for AB, 2,580 cm2 for CD spores and 3,870 cm2 for KPC. Total colony forming units (CFU) recovered using a composite approach was greater or comparable than using multiple WT samplings (over the same area as the composite) for MRSA, VRE and AB (130%; 144% and 95%) yet less than if using multiple WT samplings for KP and CD (47% and 66%). We propose a conservative composite sampling strategy if the target organism is unknown; 323 cm2 sampling area for each of the four sides of the sponge, (1290 cm2 total). The conservative composite sampling strategy improved the recovery of KP (from 47% to 85% of multiple WT samplings), while MRSA, VRE, AB and CD (131%; 144%; 97% and 66%) remained within 5% to that of the optimum area TC.

Assessing the long-term care (LTC) service needs of older adults based on time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC)–a cross-sectional survey in central China

BackgroundThe global population’s aging has led to an increasing demand for long-term care (LTC), especially in developing countries like China. Comprehensive assessment of LTC service demands by including the time and cost analysis is crucial to inform the planning and financing of LTC resources, yet such research is lacking in China. Our research team has developed a quantitative index system of the medical and nursing services needs of older adults (QISMNSNE) based on the framework of Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC), providing a valuable tool for measuring LTC service needs. This study aimed to assess the LTC service needs of older adults in China and the factors associated with such needs.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Changsha City, Hunan Province, China, from June 2021 to December 2022. A stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used to recruit 1,270 older adults from five nursing homes and three communities/streets in three regions of Changsha City. The LTC service needs were assessed by calculating the service time required from caregivers, nurses, and doctors and the total service time (min/d) using the QISMNSNE. Participants’ disability, activities of daily living (ADLs), mental status and social involvement (MSSI), and sensory and communication (SC) were assessed using standard scales. Generalized linear regression models were used to analyze factors associated with LTC service needs.ResultsThe participants had an average age of 76.41 ± 8.38 years, with 43.7% being female. The median service time required from caregivers, nurses, and doctors was 53.34 min/d, 3.66 min/d, and 0.33 min/d, respectively, and the total service time was 83.31 min/d. The generalized linear regression model identified the following factors that were associated with higher total service time: aged 75–84 years, living in nursing homes, income over 5000 per month, ADLs, MSSI (9 ~ 40), SC, and having 3 ~ 4 kinds of geriatric comorbidity (P < 0.05).ConclusionsOlder adults have a high need for LTC services, especially those provided by caregivers, indicating an urgent need to expand and improve LTC systems. The LTC service time needed is associated with multilevel factors encompassing socio-demographic, functional, and psychological aspects. This study offers preliminary insights into the needs, demands, and costs of LTC services for older adults and provides essential guidance for future planning and financing of LTC resources.

Exploring the Relationship Between Very-High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Data and Fruit Count for Predicting Mango Yield at Multiple Scales

Tree- and block-level prediction of mango yield is important for farm operations, but current manual methods are inefficient. Previous research has identified the accuracies of mango yield forecasting using very-high-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery and an ’18-tree’ stratified sampling method. However, this approach still requires infield sampling to calibrate canopy reflectance and the derived block-level algorithms are unable to translate to other orchards due to the influences of abiotic and biotic conditions. To better appreciate these influences, individual tree yields and corresponding canopy reflectance properties were collected from 2015 to 2021 for 1958 individual mango trees from 55 orchard blocks across 14 farms located in three mango growing regions of Australia. A linear regression analysis of the block-level data revealed the non-existence of a universal relationship between the 24 vegetation indices (VIs) derived from VHR satellite data and fruit count per tree, an outcome likely due to the influence of location, season, management and cultivar. The tree-level fruit count predicted using a random forest (RF) model trained on all calibration data produced a percentage root mean squared error (PRMSE) of 26.5% and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 48 fruits/tree. The lowest PRMSEs produced from RF-based models developed from location, season and cultivar subsets at the individual tree level ranged from 19.3% to 32.6%. At the block level, the PRMSE for the combined model was 10.1% and the lowest values for the location, seasonal and cultivar subset models varied between 7.2% and 10.0% upon validation. Generally, the block-level predictions outperformed the individual tree-level models. Maps were produced to provide mango growers with a visual representation of yield variability across orchards. This enables better identification and management of the influence of abiotic and biotic constraints on production. Future research could investigate the causes of spatial yield variability in mango orchards.

Factors Influencing Teacher Enthusiasm: A Qualitative Study in Turkish Context

This study explores the factors influencing teacher enthusiasm in Turkish public schools through a qualitative, exploratory case study design conducted in two provinces in the northwestern region of Türkiye. Data were collected from 28 teachers using semi-structured interviews, with participants selected through convenience and maximum variation sampling methods. Content analysis was employed to analyze the data. The research identified three primary themes: personal factors, contextual factors, and external factors. Personal factors include motivation, affection for teaching and job satisfaction. Contextual factors encompass students’ academic performance and behaviors, school leadership practices, relationships with colleagues, and working conditions. External factors involve parental attitudes, educational policies, the value perception of the teaching profession, and incentives and rewards. The findings emphasize the critical role of personal motivation, affection for teaching, and job satisfaction in fostering teacher enthusiasm. Additionally, supportive leadership, positive student interactions, and a collaborative work environment are crucial contextual factors. External factors such as positive parental attitudes, consistent educational policies, societal recognition of the teaching profession, and appropriate incentives and rewards also play a vital role in fostering teacher enthusiasm. These results suggest that policymakers should prioritize consistent educational policies as well as recognition and rewards for teachers, while school principals should create supportive and collaborative environments. By addressing these areas, stakeholders can enhance teacher enthusiasm, ultimately improving teaching quality and student outcomes.

Knowledge and Adherence to Radiation Protection among Non-Radiation Health Care Workers at Two Operating Theatres in Windhoek, Namibia.

Background: In operating theatres, diagnostic radiography is used to capture images during surgical operations. With the growing use of fluoroscopy, there are concerns about increased radiation exposure to healthcare workers such as doctors and nurses. Thus, assessing HCWs' knowledge and adherence to radiation protection is crucial to prevent overexposure, radiation-related health issues, and ensure patient safety. Objective:The study aimed to assess the knowledge of non-radiation HCWs regarding radiation protection and determine the level of adherence to radiation protection in two theaters. Methods: A quantitative descriptive research methodology was used. Data collection involved a questionnaire, and participants were selected through a simple random sampling method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: Fifty-eight non-radiation HCWs participated. Most (77.6%) were female with nurses comprising the largest demographic (62.1%). Most participants (53.4%) lacked prior education in radiation protection. Concerningly, 70.7% did not use dosimeters during theater radiography, which is a requirement for radiation protection. No significant association was found between participants' allocated hospital and the level of knowledge, but a significant association (p = 0.027) was found between participants' allocated hospital and adherence levels. Conclusion: The findings suggest inadequate knowledge and adherence to radiation protection. Therefore, education on radiation protection must be mandated, and measures should be taken to enforce adherence.

The impact of health literacy on health-promoting lifestyle among community residents: the chain-mediating role of family health and physical activity

BackgroundAdopting health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) is crucial for improving overall well-being and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. The relationship between health literacy (HL) and HPL among Chinese community residents is complex, with potential mediating factors yet to be fully understood. Family health and physical activity (PA) may play significant roles in this relationship. This study aims to construct a chain mediation model to explore whether family health and PA mediate the effects of HL on HPL in Chinese community residents.MethodsUsing the convenient sampling method, 1,072 Chinese community residents were selected for a cross-sectional study. All participants completed a self-report questionnaire that collected demographic information, as well as data from the Health Literacy Scale Short-Form (HLS-SF12), Family Health Scale Short-Form (FHS-SF), Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II Revise (HPLP-II R). Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, with mediation analysis performed using the SPSS PROCESS macro.ResultsThere were significant pairwise correlations between HL, family health, PA, and HPL (p &amp;lt; 0.01). HL was directly linked to HPL (effect = 0.442; SE = 0.025; 95% CI: 0.392, 0.491). Additionally, three indirect pathways were identified: family health independently mediated 6.02% of the effect (effect = 0.032; SE = 0.010; 95% CI: 0.013, 0.051), PA also independently mediated 9.02% of the effect (effect = 0.048; SE = 0.010; 95% CI: 0.030, 0.068), and a combined chain mediation through both family health and PA accounted for 1.88% of the effect (effect = 0.010; SE = 0.003; 95% CI: 0.005, 0.017).ConclusionHL not only has a direct impact on promoting HPL but also influences it indirectly through the mediating roles of family health and PA. These insights elucidate the mechanisms by which HL affects HPL, providing valuable theoretical guidance for the development and implementation of effective strategies to encourage healthy lifestyle practices.

Exploring the Health Care Seeking Behavior of Rohingya Community during COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: COVID-19 was declared a 'pandemic,' and it was the most horrific diseases the world. Objective: The study aimed to explore the healthcare-seeking behavior of Rohingya people during the COVID-19. Materials and methods: It was conducted as a cross-sectional study involving a sample size of 200 participants. Respondents were chosen through convenience sampling methods. The study population was the Rohingya population residing in Cox’s Bazar. A well-designed and pretested set of structured questionnaires was used to collect the information. The total study duration was for 3 months. Informed consent was taken from the participants, and Ethical clearance was taken from the IRB of AIUB. Data were analyzed using IBM STATA 16. Place and period of study: The study was conducted at Cox’s Bazar Rohingya Camp in Bangladesh. Results Majority (40%) of the respondents was aged between 30 to 49 years and 51% of them were female. A significant majority, 88%, expressed a preference for treatment at a Refugee health camp, while 9% opted for a Pharmacy and 3% chose a Traditional healer. Overall, 88% of respondents demonstrated positive behavior, in contrast to 12% who exhibited negative behavior. The results of a multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that factors such as low educational attainment, fear of visiting health facilities, and a lack of awareness regarding COVID-19 prevention were significantly associated with negative health-seeking behavior. Conclusion: The healthcare-seeking behavior exhibited by the Rohingya community in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic has been observed to be commendable.

Perspectives of Parents towards the Use of Corporal Punishment for Children

This article intends to identify the perspectives of parents towards the use of corporal punishment for shaping their children's behaviors. To achieve the objective, this research was guided by interpretive paradigm followed by basic qualitative research design. Only 10 parents were chosen by using purposive sampling method to conduct open-ended interview. Document analysis was also used to gather supplementary information required for the study. The study results reveal that though the corporal punishment is legally banned and has negative consequences on children, parents are continuously using it as a disciplinary method to shape their children's behaviors. Nevertheless, there is an increasing recognition of the limitations of punishment and the long-lasting implications of alternative approaches to making sustainable changes in children's behaviors. Almost all parents believe that punishment should be used to a minimal extent by giving more priority to alternative approaches to modify children’s behaviors.

Recovery of culturable Streptococcus pyogenes from swabs stored at different temperatures

AbstractImproving our understanding of superficial Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A) carriage and transmission necessitates robust sampling methods. Here, we compared the effect of storing swab samples in fridge (+4°C) and freezer (−20°C) conditions on the recovery of laboratory‐cultured S. pyogenes. Streptococcus pyogenes colony‐forming units progressively declined at +4°C, but not at −20°C, over 2 weeks. Results demonstrate that freezing is preferable over refrigeration for storage and transport of skin and throat swabs to ensure that culturing accurately reflects the true results of sampling. This is particularly important in remote community research and practice when immediate incubation is not possible or batch processing is most practical, increasing the elapsed time between collection and laboratory analysis. The study suggests that temperature negatively affects S. pyogenes viability and provides a method to further investigate the role of other environmental factors affecting S. pyogenes transmission.

Magnitude and associated factors of prescribing drugs by their brand names among prescribers working at selected hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background One possible mechanism for lowering expenditure on drugs and increasing their accessibility is by prescribing generic drugs, which are less costly and have equivalent safety and effectiveness profile as brand drugs. However, in Addis Ababa brand-prescribing practice is so common to the extent of making the health department administration of the city to write letters to subcities and hospitals discouraging brand prescribing. This study tried to identify the magnitude and factors affecting brand prescribing in the city. Objective: General objective of this study was to assess magnitude and associated factors of prescribing drugs by brand names at Addis Ababa. Methods An institution based analytical cross-sectional study design was employed from May to August, 2022, using a sample of 485 prescribers. The hospitals were selected by using simple random sampling method and prescribers from different departments were selected by using systematic random sampling method. Data was collected using semistructured, self-administered questionnaire and entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25 for analysis. The data was described using percentages, graphs and tables. Mean and standard deviations were calculated to identify measures of central tendency and dispersion. Association between dependent and independent variables was checked using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Statistical significance was declared at 95% confidence interval and p &lt; .05. Results The magnitude of prescribing drugs by their brand names was 54.0%. Being trained on good prescribing practice (AOR: 6.81; 95%CI: 2.08-22.28), confidence on Ethiopian Food and Drug Administration Authority (AOR: 18.18; 95%CI: 6.78-48.80), and knowledge about generic drugs (AOR: 11.86; 95%CI: 4.76-29.55) were found to be independent predictors of prescribing drugs by their brand names. Conclusion and recommendation Brand medicine prescribing is positively associated with training on good prescribing practice and knowledge about generic drugs. Hence, training prescribers on good prescribing practice and educating them about generic drugs can minimize brand prescribing.

A note on wavelet packet summation methods

The wavelet summation method is a method to obtain a non-linear approximation with ‘nice properties’ for a given signal. This technique has been shown to be effective in non-parametric regression and other fields, including signal denoising. By utilizing a shrinkage rule on the empirical wavelet packet coefficients, wavelet packet summation methods can be obtained. In this paper, we show that the wavelet packet expansion of any finite energy function converges pointwise almost everywhere under the wavelet packet projection, hard sampling, and soft sampling methods.

Assessment of Key Factors Affecting Farmers' Migration Intentions Due to the Syrian Conflict

This study aims to identify the migration patterns of Syrian farmers in northern Aleppo and to investigate the main factors affecting their migration patterns. In this context, the study data were obtained through face-to-face surveys with a total of 210 farmers from 17 villages in three administrative districts of Aleppo Governorate using a proportional sampling method. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a logistic regression model. According to the results of the study, education level, land size, and household income were found to decrease the tendency to migrate. On the other hand, the factors that increase the tendency of farmers to migrate include being temporarily settled in the region and having family members abroad as refugees. As the war-induced environment has reduced participation in non-agricultural work, more farmers consider agriculture as their main source of livelihood.

The Impact of Microfinance on Women Empowerment in the Kpone Katamanso Municpal Assembly

Microfinance is a financial service that provides small loams, savings and other financial products to individuals or groups who lack access to traditional banking services. The Kpone Katamanso Municipal Assembly which was carved out from the Tema Metropolitan Assembly with the promulgation of the Legislative instrument (L.I) 2031 was selected for the study on the impact of Microfinance Institution (MFI) on women empowerment. A descriptive approach was adopted for the study. Primary and secondary data were used. Two sets of questionnaires were administered in the study; one each for clients of the MFI and the officials of the Eddieyn Microfinance Ltd. Combinations of purposive and convenient sampling methods were used to select the MFI and the clients for the study. The main findings of the study revealed that the presence of MFI has contributed to a large extent, an increase in access to credit and savings mobilization. This contributed in women’s ability to improve their petty trading, hence increase their income, and subsequently leading to good health and education for their families, acquisition of assets and taking part in household decision making. Based on the findings it is recommended that financial education be intensified by financial institutions to educate women on financial services available and how to access them through meetings and seminars. Also, the Municipal Assembly should encourage MFIs to establish their branches in rural areas.

Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted and Dermatological Diseases among Patients in 250 Bedded General Hospital, Jamalpur, Bangladesh

Background: Skin diseases are widespread in developing nations. It is commonly acknowledged that the occurrence and characteristics of skin and venereal diseases vary across countries and even within different regions of a single country. These variations are influenced by a complex interplay of social, economic, racial, and environmental factors. Objective: To assess the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections and skin illnesses among patients visiting the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This study was conducted at the outpatient department of skin and venereal diseases at the 250-bedded General Hospital in Jamalpur. The study took place from January 2023 to June 2023 and used a descriptive cross-sectional design. A total of 150 patients, spanning all age groups and presenting with various skin and venereal diseases, were included as the study sample from the 250-bedded General Hospital in Jamalpur during the study period. Data collection was conducted using the purposive sampling method. Results: The study findings revealed that a significant proportion of the patients (28%) fell within the age range of 20-29 years, with 23.3% and 18.7% falling within the age ranges of 10-19 years and &lt;10 years, respectively. A mere 7.3% of individuals were encompassed within the age bracket of 50 years and older. Out of the 150 patients, a majority (54.70%) were male. In the study it was discovered that a noteworthy 14% of the patients were affected by venereal diseases and 86% of the patients were affected by skin diseases. It was particularly noteworthy that the highest prevalence of these venereal diseases was concentrated within the 20-29 years age range, affecting approximately 14.29% of individuals within this group. Specifically, 19.51% of males in the study were found to have venereal diseases, in contrast to a lower prevalence of 7.35% among females. Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU) was a notable condition observed ...

Application of a new multi-elevation method for determining the elemental composition of atmospheric precipitation in coastal marine zones.

Assessing local air quality using traditional methods, such as analyzing precipitation composition, is often difficult due to the complex data, which is influenced by a variety of chemical elements from distant atmospheric sources and cyclone formation areas. This study presents a new approach to overcome these challenges: a multi-elevation sampling method that improves the accuracy of local air quality measurements. By collecting precipitation samples at different ground elevations, the technique takes advantage of the natural process where raindrops and snowflakes collect more elements as they fall through the air. This method helps to distinguish local air quality from background levels found at higher, non-industrial elevations. The primary goal was to isolate and identify the elemental fingerprints of marine influences, while excluding contributions from cyclones. In February 2023, 51 meltwater samples were collected from 17 observation points in the city of Sochi under southeast wind conditions. These samples revealed a spectrum of chemical elements, predominantly of marine origin (Mg > Na > Sr > Ca > K > Ce > Mn). The results showed significant differences in elemental concentrations between upland and coastal areas. The Geochemical Indicator of Marine Origin (GIM) ranged from 22 to 3235, confirming the strong influence of marine aerosols in the area. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the multi-elevation sampling method in providing robust environmental assessments. This approach, combined with the GIM index, offers valuable insights for improving environmental policies and public health, particularly in coastal regions affected by marine aerosols.

The mediating role of competence, autonomy, and relatedness in the activation and maintenance of sports participation behavior

This study aims to explore the complex and multifaceted relationship between Behavioral Activation and Behavioral Maintenance in sports participation, delving into the underlying mechanisms to provide practical insights into how individuals initiate and sustain engagement in sports activities. Utilizing a combination of convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods, 378 sports participants from over ten provinces and cities in China were selected as survey subjects, and an intermediary model concerning the activation and maintenance of sports participation behavior was constructed. Discriminant validity and mediation effect analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS 23.0. The results indicate that Behavioral Activation indirectly influences Behavioral Maintenance through Competence (ad = 0.39), with a 95% confidence interval [0.201, 0.642], excluding 0. Behavioral Activation also indirectly influences Behavioral Maintenance through Autonomy (be = 0.23), with a 95% confidence interval [0.109, 0.421], excluding 0. However, Behavioral Activation indirectly influences Behavioral Maintenance through Relatedness (cf. = 0.09), with a 95% confidence interval [-0.068, 0.336], which includes 0. The study reveals that both Competence and Autonomy significantly mediate the activation and maintenance of sports participation behavior among athletes. However, Relatedness does not play a significant mediating role in the activation and maintenance of sports participation behavior among the participants.

Fertilization with Olive Mill Pomace Compost Can Moderate Pest Damage in a Superintensive Olive Grove

Olive cultivation is a key agricultural activity in Spain, primarily for producing oil. The extraction process of olive oil from the drupe yields a by-product known as ‘alperujo’, which can be composted and utilized as fertilizer. This research examines the impact of composted ‘alperujo’ on arthropod assemblages in the tree canopy, comparing it to mineral fertilization over the years 2021 and 2022. The study was conducted in two olive groves with different management systems (superintensive and traditional). Two types of sampling methods were used for the canopy: visual survey and sweep net. Under superintensive management, the presence and damage of Eriophyidae (Acari; Trombidiformes) in the shoots was significantly lower in the compost treatment in 2022 (20% of the shoots were occupied/damaged) compared to the mineral treatment (60% of the shoots were occupied/damaged). Araneae abundance was significantly higher (p = 0.033) in the compost treatment compared to the mineral treatment. However, under traditional management, no clear effect on arthropod assemblage was observed. In conclusion, the addition of compost to the superintensive grove helped to limit the presence of some arthropod pests compared to mineral treatment, contributing to a more sustainable crop. Grove type management appeared to play a significant role in the arthropod assemblages and effect of compost addition, but future research utilizing a greater number of groves (replicates) and an extended observation period should be performed to confirm these results.

Total quality management (TQM) for sustainable growth performance in the private healthcare sector

This study explores the influence of total quality management (TQM) on the sustainable growth performance of companies in the private healthcare sector. A quantitative research method and a purposive sampling method were used. A questionnaire comprising 25 items was spread among 282 administrative employees in private hospitals and healthcare centers in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Structural equation modeling (SEM) via Smart PLS revealed that, except for leadership, all TQM variables exhibit positive and direct interrelationships within the sector. Key findings indicate that customer focus, continuous improvement, and employee involvement positively correlate with company performance, while leadership has a negative direct impact. Collectively, these exploratory TQM factors explain 73% of the variance in healthcare company performance (R² Adj = 0.732, P &amp;amp;lt; 0.01), with employee involvement identified as the most critical component for enhancing performance. These results highlight the importance of prioritizing employee engagement in hospital management to achieve optimal performance outcomes. Additionally, the study suggests a need to reevaluate traditional leadership approaches, as they may hinder performance. This investigation advances the understanding of TQM in healthcare, advocating for a strategic emphasis on employee involvement and a reassessment of leadership practices to drive organizational success. Acknowledgment This study received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The questionnaire was validated based on studies involving human participants that were reviewed and approved by the social sciences, arts, and humanities ECDA University of Hertfordshire (UK).

ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROGRAMS ON SHOULDER FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH KINESIOPHOBIA.

Background: Involvement of overhead activities is present in many of the games. In volleyball it’s very important. In a competitive atmosphere the collegiate players tend to get injuries, because of that they are developing apprehension. They are becoming kinesiophobia, there are very less studies are available related to this domain, Objective: This study analyzed the effectiveness of SINEX (Shoulder instability neuromuscular exercises) program on shoulder function in patients with kinesiophobia compared to HOMEX (Home based standard care exercise) program. Methods: This is an experimental study; participants were volleyball players who is kinesiophobic. Study setting was KG Campus, study duration is 6 months, and Treatment duration is 12 weeks. Total sample size was 22. By using random sampling method, the population divided into two groups. SINEX was given for Group A and HOMEX for Group B. The outcome measures were SPADI (shoulder pain and disability index) and Spiking velocity. Results: The study assessed the Shoulder function, after the training program, the player improved as well as the player was able to perform the game as well. Both SPADI and spiking velocity show positive improvement. T values of SPADI and Spiking velocity is 11.731 and 2.765 at p&lt;0.05. Conclusion: SINEX (Shoulder instability neuromuscular exercises) program shows better improvement on shoulder function in patients with kinesiophobia compared to HOMEX (Home based standard care exercise) program.