Method For Evaluation Of Resistance Research Articles

Experimental Study on Limiting Temperatures of Circular Hollow Sections

Fire resistance is required to sustain the structural stability when building elements are exposed to a severe fire condition. To evaluate the fire resistance of structural members such as columns and beams, fire engineers can apply either prescriptive methods or performance-based fire design. These two kinds of fire resistance evaluation methods have been developed independently and performance fire design consists mainly of an advanced and simple methods. The simple method stipulated in New Zealand and the U.K. use the limiting temperature. The values of the limiting temperatures of structural steel members were shown in the BS, SNZ, etc but the temperatures of individuals were not classified. In general steel columns were made of H-section but recently the hollow section is inclined to increase for its higher resistant of structural stabilities than any other sections. But the hollow section shows different pattern when it carry out the loads in the cold and is expected to show different behavior when it is exposed to fire. Therefore the limiting temperature of the hollow section is required for evaluation of fire resistance. The paper is to make the limiting temperature of the circular hollow section (CHS) with or without filling of concrete and variance of applied loads.

Comparison of Rapid Tests for Evaluation of Chloride Resistance of Concretes with Supplementary Cementitious Materials

AbstractIn this research, the performance of three rapid methods for evaluation of chloride resistance of concrete, including the rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT), rapid chloride migration test (RCMT), and electrical resistance test, are compared. Because the ability of the RCPT method to evaluate of concrete mixes containing supplementary cementitious materials has been questioned by some researchers, the mixes studied included the control mix and mixes containing 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% silica fume (SF); 7.5 and 15% fine fly ash (VFA); 15 and 30% fly ash (FA); 15 and 30% pumice (PU); and 15, 30, and 50% slag (SL). The results of all three methods show a considerable decrease in chloride permeability of mixes containing silica fume at the ages of 28 and 90 days and mixes containing other supplementary cementitious materials at 90 days. However, the RCPT test considerably overestimated the improvement compared to the other two methods, mainly as a result of the temperature rise effect in this test. Des...

S082015 ガスタービン用遮熱コーティングを対象とした熱抵抗の非破壊評価法の開発

S082015 ガスタービン用遮熱コーティングを対象とした熱抵抗の非破壊評価法の開発

E224 ガスタービン翼を対象としたTBC遮熱性能非破壊評価法の開発(OS7 高温・高効率発電)

E224 ガスタービン翼を対象としたTBC遮熱性能非破壊評価法の開発(OS7 高温・高効率発電)

벼 키다리병 저항성 검정을 위한 기내 유묘 검정법 개발

벼 키다리병은 매우 중요한 벼의 병 가운데 하나로 아시아 지역에서 넓게 발생하고 있다. 포장에서의 저항성 검정체계가 개발되어 있지만, 그 검정 결과가 환경조건에 따라 다르게 나타나는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 정확하고 빠른 키다리병 품종 저항성 검정을 위하여 기내에서 검정하는 시스템을 개발하였다. 병원균을 접종한 '남평벼', '주남벼', '추청벼', '삼천벼', '오대벼', '화신벼' 등 6개 품종의 종자를 MS배지가 10 ml 씩 담겨 있는 직경 30 mm, 길이 450 mm 시험관에 벼 종자 3립씩 파종 후 <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>와 <TEX>$28^{\circ}C$</TEX> 항온기에 치상하고 하루 12시간 광조건으로 배양하였다. 키다리병 증상은 벼가 도장한 후에 2-3주 경과시점 부터 잎 끝이 마르기 시작하여 고사하게 된다. <TEX>$10^5$</TEX> 포자/ml 농도와 <TEX>$28^{\circ}C$</TEX> 조건에서 '남평벼'는 파종후 28일째부터 잎 끝이 마르는 증상을 보이기 시작하여 35일째에 완전히 고사를 하는 반면 다른 품종들은 19-23일째에 모두 고사하였다. 기내유묘검정법을 이용하여 72개 품종에 대해 저항성검정을 한 결과 '남평벼'와 '인월벼'를 저항성으로 '화동벼', '석정벼', '삼광벼', '삼평벼', '농호벼', '흑진주벼', '조안벼'를 중도저항성으로 선발하였다. 기내유묘검정법을 이용할 경우 파종 후 35일 이내에 키다리병 품종저항성 검정을 완료할 수 있었다. Rice bakanae disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, is one of the most important rice diseases and distributed widely in Asia. Resistance screening system in rice field had been established. However, the evaluation results of the system vary according to the environmental conditions when the test is conducted. To develop precise and rapid evaluation method of disease resistance of rice to bakanae disease, in vitro screening system was attempted in this study. The six cultivars namely, 'Nampyeongbyeo', 'Junambyeo', 'Chucheongbyeo', 'Samcheonbyeo', 'Odaebyeo' and 'Hwasinbyeo' were tested. They were planted onto MS agar medium (10 ml) in test tube (<TEX>$450\;mm{\times}{\phi}30\;mm$</TEX>) and incubated at <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$28^{\circ}C$</TEX> in growth chamber under 12 hr light condition. Symptoms of over growth appeared a few days after seeding and then seedling were withered 2-3 weeks after over growth. The disease symptoms such as leaf dryness on top of rice were appeared in the 'Nampyeongbyeo' from 28 days at the concentration of <TEX>$10^5$</TEX> spores/ml culturing at <TEX>$28^{\circ}C$</TEX> and then withered completely 35 days after seeding. Whereas the other varieties withered entirely 19-23 days after seeding. Using the in vitro seedling screening method, 72 rice varieties were investigated to select resistant cultivar. Finally, two resistant cultivars ('Nampyeongbyeo' and 'Inwolbyeo') and seven moderately resistant cultivars ('Hwadongbyeo', 'Seokjeongbyeo', 'Samgwangbyeo', 'Sampyeongbyeo', 'Nonghobyeo', 'Heukjinjubyeo' and, 'Joanbyeo') were selected. If in vitro seedling screening method was used for evaluation of bakanae disease resistance, it would be completed within 35 days after sowing of rice seed.

Scratch Hardness of Polypropylenes: Effect of Applied Normal Force

A set of model polypropylene (PP) and talc-filled PP with various lubricants were prepared to study the effects of normal force on the scratch hardness of polymers. The effects of additives and annealing treatment on the scratch behavior of neat and talc-filled PP systems were investigated using a multiple-finger scratch test with focus on the influence of applied normal force on the scratch hardness. A way to revise the scratch hardness test method based on ASTM G171-03 (standard test method for scratch hardness of materials using a diamond stylus; ASTM International; West Conshohocken, PA) and ASTM D7027-05 (standard test method for evaluation of scratch resistance of polymeric coatings and plastics using an instrumented scratch machine; ASTM International; West Conshohocken, PA) is given. Differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy were used to characterize crystallinity, morphology, and scratch deformation mechanisms in the PP systems. It was found that the scratch hardness is related to the applied normal loads, the friction coefficient, and the fracture features generated during the scratch process. The talc-filled impact copolymer polypropylene (ICPP) exhibited higher scratch hardness than the neat ICPP. Homo-PP exhibited superior scratch resistance and less susceptibility to scratch deformation than ICPP. The addition of lubricant and annealing treatment improved the scratch resistance of both neat and the talc-filled PP systems.

A standardised method for the quantitative analysis of resistance to grapevine powdery mildew

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator is one of the most important diseases affecting grapevine (Vitis vinifera, L.). Control of this pathogen is based on the use of fungicides, which cause environmental damage and increase production costs. A cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to control the disease relies on using resistant varieties. While most V. vinifera cultivars are susceptible to powdery mildew, several species belonging to the Vitaceae have been described as resistant. Several loci for resistance to grapevine powdery mildew have been identified through genetic analysis of segregating populations derived from different resistance sources. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) with minor effects on the resistance may prove valuable in a strategy of pyramiding, which aims at increasing the durability of the resistance. However, current methods for evaluation of resistance either do not take into account quantitative variations, or, if they do, are not adapted to large sample sets. Here we develop a method for the analysis of quantitative resistance to grapevine powdery mildew in large populations. We devised a semi-quantitative resistance scale and confirmed the usefulness of a cell counter to quantify sporulation. We compared three inoculation methods and identified dry inoculation using a settling tower as the one giving the best infection. Finally, we confirmed the value of the method by applying it to a set of plants segregating for resistance to E. necator. Using the method described here for the quantitative analysis of the resistance to powdery mildew will prove valuable for breeding for durable resistance.

Isolation of Enterococcus raffinosus from an ostrich chick with diarrhoea

Enterococci have been incriminated as a cause of opportunistic infections in humans and different animal species. The glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus raffinosus has been reported as an emerging pathogen in humans recently, but the importance of E. raffinosus in animals is largely unknown. The present manuscript appears to be the first report of isolation of E. raffinosus from animal source; more importantly, the isolated organism showed resistance to vancomycin in conventional antibiotic resistance evaluation methods. The organism was isolated from a 35-day-old ostrich chick suffering from diarrhoea in pure culture. Public health and clinical significance of this emerging pathogen need further attention in veterinary and human medicine.

Impedance Behavior of SOFC at High Fuel Utilization and a Way of Evaluating Diffusion Contribution

A quantitative evaluation method of gas diffusion resistance is proposed in which measurement of V-I characteristics under constant fuel utilization (Uf) and ac impedance were combined to separate diffusion and electromotive force change contributions from the low frequency semi-circle observed in complex impedance diagrams. Diffusion resistance was evaluated using various hydrogen content mixture diluted with nitrogen, Uf , hydrogen flow rate and current as parameters. From the measurement under various Uf, it was found that the diffusion resistance at low Uf originates mainly from the diffusion of H2O. Also, from the measurement under various hydrogen concentration in inlet fuel, the diffusion resistance was found to become significantly large with decreasing hydrogen content.

Measuring the thermal resistance of LED packages in practical circumstances

In this paper, a new evaluation method for thermal resistance of LED packages is proposed. The method is based on the electrical test method and the time constant theory. The temperature difference of junction-to-case is obtained by the appropriate inflection point on thermal transient response, which is calculated by the minimum point of the 1st derivative curve. Since the method only requires a natural convection heat sink, the thermal resistance of LED packages can be measured quickly and conveniently. The theoretical and experimental results show that it is an effective approach to the measurement of thermal resistance of LED packages in practical situations.

Searching for Thin Film Amorphous Alloys using Combinatorial Deposition Process and High-Throughput Evaluation Method

For thin film amorphous alloys, including thin film metallic glasses, novel combinatorial deposition process and high-throughput evaluation methods have been researched. Combinatorial arc plasma deposition is able to deposit thin film having various compositions directly, without layer structure with each element in the alloy system. Thin film library consist of separated samples from the thin film having various compositions. Novel high-throughput evaluation methods are also introduced. One is high-throughput evaluation method for corrosion resistance using the thin film library. Another is measurement of crystallization temperature using emissivity change at the crystallization of the amorphous samples in the library by thermography.

ESTABLISHMENT OF MEASUREMENT METHOD OF CONTACT RESISTANCE WITH PALMS AND HANDS

The purpose of this study is to present the evaluation method of contact resistance of building elements and members with palms and hands from the view point of motion support and posture control. First, sensory tests to make evaluation scales from the view point of motion support and posture control with palms and hands were carried out. Next, the contact resistance meter with palms and hands that could measure the contact resistance of samples were developed. Then, coefficients of contact resistance of the samples were searched with the contact resistance meter. Also, the relations were investigated between contact resistance and evaluation scales from the view point of motion support and posture control. As a result, the measurement method of contact resistance of building elements and members with palms and hands were presented.

Epitaxial graphene field-effect transistors on silicon substrates

We have fabricated and characterized the field effect transistors having an epitaxial-graphene channel grown on Si substrates. Epitaxial graphene is usually formed on SiC substrates by ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) annealing. We used an approach to grow 3C–SiC layer on Si substrates and subsequently to anneal them in UHV to make few layers of graphene on the sample surface. Backgate transistors were able to be formed by using the SiC layer as a gate insulator. Although the gate-leakage current is not negligible, the drain current modulation by means of the gate voltage is confirmed by extracting the channel current from the total drain current. A new evaluation method of the area contact resistance between graphene and metal is also proposed.

Biomass Production and Lodging Resistance in ‘Leaf Star’, a New Long-Culm Rice Forage Cultivar

Biomass production and lodging resistance in the new long-culm forage cultivar ‘Leaf Star’, developed using a precise evaluation method for lodging resistance, were evaluated by comparing these properties with those of its parents and recently improved forage rice cultivars. Leaf Star had a higher biomass production of above-ground parts than its parents, and its straw yield was 13 t ha-1. The bending moment of the basal internode at breaking in Leaf Star was three times higher than that in Koshihikari, owing to a large section modulus and a high bending stress. Biomass production of above-ground parts of Leaf Star did not differ significantly from that of other forage cultivars. However, Leaf Star had the highest straw yield of all forage cultivars. Leaf Star accumulated a large amount of starch in straw. Bending moment of the basal internode was the highest among forage cultivars owing to a large section modulus. These results show that the traits related to lodging resistance such as culm thickness and culm stiffness could be introduced into long-culm cultivars by using the precise evaluation method for the traits related to lodging resistance. The results also show that Leaf Star has a large biomass and high quality, which are suitable properties for feed and biofuel production.

THE EVALUATION METHOD OF CONTACT RESISTANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS AND MEMBERS WITH FINGERS FROM THE VIEW POINT OF MOTION SUPPORT AND POSTURE CONTROL

The purpose of this study is to present the evaluation method of contact resistance between fingers and building elements from the view point of motion support and posture control.First, sensory tests to make evaluation scales from the view point of motion support and posture control with fingers were carried out. Next, the contact resistance meter that could measure the contact resistance of samples was developed.Then, coefficients of contact resistance of samples were searched with the contact resistance meter by various pull angle and vertical loads.Also, the relations were investigated between contact resistance and evaluation scales from the view point of motion support and posture control.As a result, the measurement method of contact resistance of building elements and members with fingers was presented.

A novel inoculation method for evaluation of grey leaf spot resistance in Italian ryegrass.

We developed a novel inoculation method, the ‘filterpaper method’, for the assay of grey leaf spot (GLS) in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). In this method, a conidial suspension of Pyricularia oryzae, the causal agent of GLS, is dropped onto a filter paper, which is placed, inoculated-side down, on the abaxial surface of a detached leaf on an agar plate. The filter-paper method was more repeatable than the spot inoculation method developed for rice, and the disease scores obtained were correlated (r = 0.6, P < 0.01) with those obtained under glasshouse conditions by the standard inoculation method. We optimized this novel method and demonstrated its usefulness for the selection of GLS resistance in Italian ryegrass.

Study and evaluation of drought resistance of different genotype maize inbred lines

Using cultivating experiments in fields under drought stress, yields and characteristics in morphology, growth and development of different genotype maize inbred lines were studied systematically. We evaluated and classified the drought resistance of these materials based on the needed indexes, including subordinate function values of drought resistance (SV), drought coefficient (DC) and drought index (DI) of yield by fuzzy function method and cluster analysis. We also analyzed the correlations between parameters and tested values of traits. The effective parameters and indexes of comprehensive evaluation for drought resistance were selected with principal component analysis. The results showed that under drought stress, the yield of maize inbred lines obviously decreased. The anthesis and silking interval (ASI) was prolonged compared with the control, with a smaller leaf area, thinner stalk, shorter and smaller ears, lengthened barren ear tip, a decline in plant height and ear position, reduced grain number per ear and grain weight, which led to a yield decline. Effects of drought treatment on different maize inbred lines were significantly different. 79-1E, Jiao51, Su1-1 and 18599 were found to be highly resistant to drought, while 1125 and 5311 performed the worst. DI and SV were significantly correlated with drought resistance. Our results indicated that DI, SV, yield and leaf area could be used as parameters and indexes to effectively evaluate the drought resistance of maize. Meanwhile, DC, plant height, ASI, grain number per ear or row, ear length and diameter could be taken as auxiliary parameters and indexes. An applied scientific method for the comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance was offered in this paper.

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Resistance Evaluation Againts Black Pod Diseaseand Effectiveness of Inoculation Methods

The general objective of this experiment was to standardize method of resistance evaluation of cacao germplasm against Phytophthora palmivora, the pathogen causing black pod disease in cacao. The sepecific objectives were to evaluate (1) effects of inoculum type and pod injury, (2) effects of inoculum type and seedling injury, and (3) effects of genetic background of cacao seedlings on infection of P. palmivora. In this experiment, effectiveness of either zoospora or mycellia was evaluated as inoculation sources for pod, leaf and stem of cacao clone GC 7 and Sca 12. Part of the tested cacao pods, leaves, and stems were injured prior to P. palmivora inoculation while the others were not. Observations were conducted on diameter of the necrosed symptoms on inoculated cacao pods, number of necrosed spot on inoculated leaf, and the length of necrosed symptoms on stem of tested cacao seedlings. Results of the experiment indicated inoculation using mycelia of P. palmivora was more effective than zoospora and injuring the tested cacao pods and seedlings before P. palmivora inoculation can be used to prediction the resistance of tested cacao clones against P. Palmivora infection. Results of resistance prediction using detached pod assay was similar to that of using seedling assay; therefore, seedling assay could be used as an alternattive method of resistance evaluation. Cacao F1 hybrids derived from TSH 858 x Sca 12 showed some resistance against P. palmivora and they might potentially result in high yielding lines.Key words: Phytophthora palmivora, cacao breeding, germplasm evaluation, inoculation standardization, pod assay, seedling assay.

Simplified DMT-based methods for evaluating liquefaction resistance of soils

This paper presents simplified dilatometer test (DMT)-based methods for evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils, which is expressed in terms of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR). Two DMT parameters, horizontal stress index ( K D) and dilatometer modulus ( E D), are used as an index for assessing liquefaction resistance of soils. Specifically, CRR– K D and CRR– E D boundary curves are established based on the existing boundary curves that have already been developed based on standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT). One key element in the development of CRR– K D and CRR– E D boundary curves is the correlations between K D (or E D) and the blow count ( N) in the SPT or cone tip resistance ( q c) from the CPT. In this study, these correlations are established through regression analysis of the test results of SPT, CPT, and DMT conducted side-by-side at each of five sites selected. The validity of the developed CRR– K D and CRR– E D curves for evaluating liquefaction resistance is examined with published liquefaction case histories. The results of the study show that the developed DMT-based models are quite promising as a tool for evaluating liquefaction resistance of soils.

Efficient prediction of damage resistance and tolerance of composite aerospace structures

The present work introduces efficient methodologies based on the finite-element method for a quick evaluation of damage resistance and damage tolerance of composite aerospace structures. Monolithic, stringer-stiffened structures, and sandwich structures are considered. The presented methodologies cover the simulation of the dynamic response of a structure during a low velocity impact event including the prediction of the internal non-visible or barely visible damage that develops during the impact. Additionally, methods for the prediction of the compression-after-impact strength are presented. In order to permit an accurate and efficient calculation of deformations and stresses in sandwich structures, special finite-element formulations have been developed. A comparison of simulation results with experimental data is presented for a two-stringer monolithic panel and for a honeycomb sandwich plate. The examples demonstrate that the presented methodologies can be used to quickly assess the damage tolerance of composite structures.