Formal-logical Methods Research Articles

TYPOLOGIZATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION MONITORING LEGISLATION OF CONSTITUENT ENTITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The purpose of the work is to identify regional features of the legislative consolidation of anti-corruption monitoring and typology of legislation in Russian regions. The formal-logical method of studying legal norms was used as a basic methodological approach. He helped establish general trends in the legal regulation of anti-corruption monitoring in regional laws. The dialectical approach helped to analyze individual special norms and identify the features of monitoring measures in those subjects of the federation where an attempt at fragmented regulation was made. The author also used discursive, formal legal and textual research methods. The main result should be the alignment of regional legislation into three groups, depending on the consolidation of the institution of anti-corruption monitoring. The author states that the concept of anti-corruption monitoring established in the legislation of individual Russian regions needs to be adjusted taking into account theoretical developments. At the same time, it must be enshrined in federal legislation in order to unify regional legal norms. The absence of systemic norms on anti-corruption monitoring at the federal level is dictated by the peculiarities of the delimitation of jurisdiction between the Russian Federation and Russian regions in the field of anti-corruption policy

Обмежені речові права на земельні ділянки сільськогосподарського призначення: стан і перспективи

The article is dedicated to the realization of limited property rights to agricultural land plots. The author thoroughly examines the regulatory and legal framework of this issue and its doctrinal elaboration. The problematic aspects related to the realization of limited property rights are highlighted. It is noted that the current legislation lacks a clear definition of “limited property rights,” but such a concept may emerge during the update of civil legislation. The scientific literature presents a moderate view on the legal nature of limited property rights, necessitating a summary of different perspectives. The author’s proactive proposals for amending the current legislation are a significant step towards eliminating the existing gaps and ensuring legal certainty in the regulation of the relevant relations. The author also establishes that in today’s environment, the variability of property rights in terms of their content comes to the fore, which calls into question the absolute nature of these rights. This circumstance necessitates a study of an actual contract or a dispositive transaction, given that they (these rights) may be the objects of such contracts or transactions, and this requires the development of a universal contractual basis for the establishment of property rights. It is proposed that within the framework of recodification of civil legislation and considering the peculiarities of the national legal system and the specifics of national legislation, it is possible to consider the introduction of such a structure since this will ensure an inevitable unification of national legislation with EU legislation. In this study, the author used legal analysis and synthesis, systemic and structural, and comparative legal and formal logical methods to analyse the relevant legislation and doctrine and propose amendments to civil legislation. Keywords: freedom of will of the parties to the employment contract; change of employment contract, employee, employer, labor relations, work, labor contract, parties of labor contract, transfer, transfer, change of essential working conditions, right to work.

State Machines for Large Scale Computer Software and Systems

The behavior and architecture of large scale discrete state systems found in computer software and hardware can be specified and analyzed using a particular class of primitive recursive functions. This article begins with an illustration of the utility of the method via a number of small examples and then via longer specification and verification of the “Paxos” distributed consensus algorithm [ 26 ]. The “sequence maps” are then shown to provide an alternative representation of deterministic state machines and products of state machines. Distributed and composite systems, parallel and concurrent computation, and real-time behavior can all be specified naturally with these methods—which require neither extensions to the classical state machine model nor any axiomatic methods or other techniques from formal logic or other foundational methods. Compared to state diagrams or tables or the standard set-tuple-transition-maps, sequence maps are more concise and better suited to describing the behavior and compositional architecture of computer systems. Staying strictly within the boundaries of classical deterministic state machines anchors the methods to the algebraic structures of automata and makes the specifications faithful to engineering practice.

The main mechanisms for the implementation of codes of corporate ethics in the activities of multinational corporations

The corporate code of ethics of a transnational corporation establishes a global standard for business ethics, serving as a corporation’s “calling card” and a self-regulatory mechanism that enhances the corporate identity. The reputational aspect of corporate codes of ethics aims to demonstrate the transparency of the corporation in the relevant industry market, thereby fostering a certain level of trust from of external stakeholders. This article addresses fundamental issues concerning the legal nature of corporate codes ethics. It analyses the main mechanisms and methods of implementing these codes in the daily business activities of corporations. Specifically, the following issues are examined: the position and role of codes within the framework of local regulatory acts, employees’ adherence to codes within the scope of labor discipline, incentivizing counterparties to adhere not only to contract terms but also to the code norms and incorporation of corporate codes of ethic into the compliance system. Throughout the exploration of these topics, the authors address the key challenges and trends in the adoption, application and adherence to corporate codes of ethics by corporations. The paper provides critical analysis of the role of corporate codes of ethics in regulating labor and contractual relations involving corporations, as well as within the compliance system. The research methodology is based on formal logic, comparative legal, dialectical, and system-structural methods.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS INTEGRATION: BUSINESS PLATFORMS, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SYNERGY AND COOPERATION

The subject of the study is the integration of international business: business platforms, international business synergy and cooperation. The purpose of the study is to formulate the concept of integrating international business into a single powerful platform by applying existing practices of business platforms. Methodology. The study used general and specific methods of scientific knowledge: the method of system analysis, the dialectical method, the formal logical method and the structural-functional method, as well as a number of empirical methods. Results. It is found that the study of international business integration is not new at the level of doctrine in foreign countries. However, in Ukraine, this phenomenon has not been thoroughly studied and requires the formation of a national vision and laying the foundations for business integration in modern conditions. The main factors that necessitate the creation of business platforms for Ukraine as tools for achieving synergy in the integration of international business in Ukraine include: globalisation processes, technological progress, integration, the need for unification of legislation, the full-scale invasion by the Russian Federation of Ukraine, resource saving, economic growth, etc. The role of civil society in relations with business was highlighted, as it has become a bridge for the state and business in addressing important issues and a communication intermediary between Ukrainian business and the international community, as well as the importance of academic partnerships and incubation programmes in business integration and cooperation. It was noted that the integration of international business is an effective way to attract investment, move business, increase instruments, and provide opportunities to deepen business through integration processes into another financial system that is more capacious and capable. The article substantiates that integration of international business into a single powerful business platform is a long and gradual process which has to go through various stages related to cultural, legal, financial and other types of adaptation. At the same time, the creation of such a mechanism for integrating international business is the goal of the platform.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RULE OF LAW PRINCIPLE IN THE PRACTICE OF UKRAINE: CONCEPT, STRATIFICATION AND ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION

The subject of the study is the segmental manifestation of the rule of law principle and its elements in the activities of justice authorities, courts and public associations, taking into account the economic basis of its influence. The purpose of the study is to examine the forms of manifestation of the rule of law principle and its individual elements in the activities of justice and court authorities, to clarify the role of the public in its practical application, and to identify opportunities for its economic support. Methodology. The study used general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge: the method of system analysis, the dialectical method, the formal logical method, the structural and functional method, as well as a number of empirical methods. In particular, the method of comparison was used to determine the transformation of penitentiary bodies and their transformation into penitentiary justice bodies. The results of the study demonstrated the need for: qualitative consideration of the aspect of ensuring the correction of a convicted person after serving his or her sentence; involvement of representatives of civil society institutions in the resocialisation processes; and identification of potential ways to implement effective reforms that can increase the efficiency and fairness of the judiciary. Conclusion. The article reveals the relationship between the transformation of the penal system into the penitentiary system and the implementation of the rule of law in this area and its comprehensive enforcement. It is noted that the criminal executive system takes into account the aspect of ensuring the serving of sentences, and in the penitentiary system, which operates under the rule of law, the authors additionally identifies such a qualitative component as ensuring the correction of a convicted person after serving his/her sentence and his/her resocialisation. It was found that the economic rationale for the transformation of the judiciary based on the rule of law consists in reducing the costs of: court functioning due to the possibility of digitalization of the preparatory stages before the court hearing and the holding of court hearings in videoconference mode; reducing costs for the court apparatus through optimization of its functions; reducing the number of court cases due to active mediation and other possible options for resolving disputes peacefully, etc. It is noted that justice in judicial proceedings means not only formal compliance with the law, but also the exercise of rights and freedoms of individuals with due regard for equality, objectivity and impartiality. The authors prove that non-governmental organisations are an important institution capable of promoting the principle of justice as an integral element of the rule of law, since they ensure the right to apply to court and the right to protection of members and third parties. The role of the public in shaping the economic basis for reforms and the proper functioning of state bodies was also highlighted. It is noted that national legislation needs to be amended in terms of granting NGOs the right to apply to court in the interests of third parties, in particular, in cases where a person is unable to protect his or her rights for valid reasons. The study analyses the fundamental provisions on economic support for the implementation of the rule of law in various spheres of public relations.

Information Services of Fundraising Organisations’ Internet Portals

The purpose of the research is to make an information and analytical review and characterise the typical information services of Internet portals used by fundraising organisations in Ukraine and abroad. Research methods. The following general scientific methods were used: systematisation (in the process of selecting the necessary sources of information), generalisation (in the process of defining general concepts that highlight the main features), formal-logical method (in the process of studying the structure and classification of portals), method of systematic analysis of information (in the process of reviewing Ukrainian and foreign experience of the functioning of typical web portals), descriptive method. The scientific novelty of the research is to determine the differences between a website and a web portal; to generalise (based on the results of the analytical monitoring) and to highlight typical information services of fundraising web portals and their functional features that are actively used by domestic and foreign fundraising organisations. Conclusions. The results of the study conclude that Ukrainian fundraising organisations, using benchmarking methods, are actively studying the experience of foreign institutions working in the social sphere and gradually introducing and developing fundraising in the Ukrainian Internet segment. Today, domestic and foreign fundraising activities are carried out through a large number of relevant Internet portals. The relevance of utilizing Internet portals is driven by the fact that an informational web portal contributes to greater transparency of processes occurring within civil society. Moreover, the functional capabilities of Internet technologies help to establish joint work and highlight the activities of both domestic and foreign non-governmental organisations in the digital environment. The research results indicate that the development of the Internet portal market and the constant demand for such services are driving developers to expand the functionality of typical information services and tools that help organisations create user-oriented digital content management capabilities, mobile support, etc. In general, the ratio of the number of foreign and Ukrainian fundraising web portals shows that domestic fundraising is becoming more active and popular in the form of patronage, sponsorship and support through grants, donations, material and information resources, etc. through online portals. It is digital tools and technologies that make it possible for such organisations to remain relevant, with a range of information services and services that are constantly growing and becoming more customer-oriented.

ORGANISATIONAL AND ECONOMIC SUPPORT FOR FOOD SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF EXTRAORDINARY CHALLENGES

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research presented in the scientific paper is based on the solution of the problem of the effective functioning of the market environment, agricultural market infrastructure in Ukraine, problems and prospects that Ukrainian agrarian modernity has today in the development of global food markets. An important block of issues is also the role of the state in building new mechanisms of restrictions and incentives, implementation of the whole set of regulatory policies during the war in the context of global political, economic, food and financial challenges. The purpose of the study is to improve scientific approaches and practical recommendations for solving the problem of ensuring the organisational and economic foundations of the functioning of the agrarian market in Ukraine under martial law. In order to achieve this goal, a wide range of research methods was used, the most important of which were the methods of generalisation and synthesis, scientific abstraction, analytical diagnostics, descriptive statistics. The methodical basis of the research were general and special methods, namely: system analysis - in order to comprehensively characterise the strategic potential of agricultural development; statistical analysis (method of standard deviation) of the dynamics of gross production by main types of agricultural products, generalisation and synthesis - in order to examine the legislative and regulatory bases in the direction of diagnosis of the potential of the agricultural sector to ensure the sustainability of national food security. The dialectical method of understanding socio-economic processes, the formal-logical method and the method of system analysis have been applied in order to better understand the processes of the country's food supply, the formation of food independence from imports, the identification of the regularities of the processes of food self-sufficiency, as well as to take into account the influence of macroeconomic factors on the improvement of the level of national food supply and food security. The main set of indicators and factors (conditions) of national food security and the set of indicators of national food security were formed to address important issues of food supply in accordance with the country's potential capabilities in the production, storage, processing of agricultural products to provide food for all categories of the population with appropriate levels of consumption, as well as food of adequate quality and safety. The study determines that the economic focus of regulatory measures on the food sector, on the protection of domestic consumers, will lead to the provision of agricultural producers with the necessary and optimal level of income, and will help to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector as a whole. It has been proved that solving the problem of improving the organisational and economic foundations of functioning of the agrarian market of Ukraine under martial law will generally contribute to ensuring the level of national food security, which will further give a powerful impetus to the State-building in Ukraine under martial law.

FINANCING OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY

Introduction Innovative activity becomes an integral and necessary element of the successful development of the country's economy, and the task of the state is to implement an effective financial and innovative policy in order to ensure its stable growth. The article reveals the theoretical foundations of innovative development and states that some scientists considered the territorial aspect of innovative growth, which is caused by fluctuations in the level of innovative activity of different countries and civilizations. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical foundations of innovative development and assess the current state of financing innovative development of the Ukrainian economy. Methods. The article uses general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, in particular, epistemological method, dialectical method, induction and deduction, formal-logical method, comparative and systematic methods. Results. The article states that a complex of issues related to the quality financing of innovative processes, which require systematicity and predictability, can be solved on the basis of a program-targeted approach to regulating the flow of investments aimed at innovative development. It was established that Ukraine, with a high level of educational and scientific potential, has a low level of implementation of innovations in the field of economic activity and their commercialization. Budgetary funding in Ukraine is the main source of funding for innovative development and an instrument of scientific and technical policy, a form of direct state support. During 2018‒2022, funding of the scientific sphere from the state budget increased by 60.6 %, however, in 2022, the war did not allow maintaining the dynamics of previous years. It is noted that the limited possibilities of the budget determine the relatively low share of sectors of the economy covered by potentially effective innovative developments, the number of which is decreasing. Conclusion. It was concluded that in the conditions of limited financial resources, which the state is able to direct to innovative development, it is appropriate to strengthen the levers of budget policy as a tool for increasing the efficiency of the use of budget funds directed to the innovative development of the country's economy.

Definition of the term “credit system”

The article examines the credit system. The purpose of the work is to construct a definition of the concept of "credit system". It is assumed that a fairly accurate definition of this concept can be obtained using the formal-logical method of defining the concept. Research methods: formal-logical method for defining a concept, critical analysis of the literature, grouping, generalization. Study results. First, it has been established that the economic system is a generic concept (universe), within which the credit system is conceived; secondly, the necessary and sufficient condition for classifying objects as a class of credit systems is justified – to be a subsystem of the economy, to have specific resources characterized by the properties of return, urgency and payment; thirdly, the definition of the desired concept is formulated. The credit system is a subsystem of the economy that has specific resources characterized by the properties of repayment, urgency and payment. Conclusions. The obtained results make it possible to logically correctly enter into the subject field its own full-fledged definition describing the object under study. The scope of the results. The constructed definition of the concept of "credit system" can serve as the basis for the subsequent disclosure of the content of the credit system.

Inheritance and Heirs in Roman Law: Impact on Modernity

Introduction. The article examines the main provisions of the Roman legal tradition on inheritance in the context of the development of modern legislation in the field of regulation of hereditary legal relations. The article consistently examines the trends in the legal regulation of hereditary relations in the ancient Roman state, both in relation to the normative content of legislation and in relation to the evolution of individual legal means. Using the example of individual institutions of inheritance law – the inheritance contract, unworthy heirs – the article demonstrates the influence of Roman law on modern Russian legislation. An urgent issue for consideration is also the separation of hereditary property, which was solved in a peculiar way in Roman law. The question is raised about the possibility of adapting certain elements of the Roman legal tradition to the modern conditions of the development of hereditary legal relations.The article is based on the analytical approaches generally accepted in the doctrine of private law to understanding the nature of hereditary relations in ancient Roman legislation, based on commonly used terms. The analysis of inheritance in Roman law is based on historical sources (Digests, Institutions).The hypothesis of the article is to recognize the decisive influence of the main legal structures of ancient Roman legislation on the modern inheritance law of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was the tools of the general scientific apparatus and special legal methodology. The article uses the historical-legal, formal-legal, comparative-legal method. The general scientific methodology is represented by the method of analysis, the formal-logical method, the dialectical method.Results of the study. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that Roman private law is a unique historical and legal phenomenon that had a decisive impact on the development of the legislation of the states of the continental legal system on inheritance. The influence of the legislation of Ancient Rome on inheritance and heirs on the civil law of the Russian Federation, in particular the institution of unworthy heirs, where the unworthy heir initially had a positive appearance, and subsequently lost this status due to misconduct, is demonstrated. The current trends in the development of modern legislation of the Russian Federation on the inheritance contract, on separate hereditary property in the context of the influence of key ideas of Roman jurisprudence are considered.Discussion and conclusion. The influence of the legislation of Ancient Rome on inheritance and heirs on the civil law of the Russian Federation is also obvious. The influence of the Roman private law tradition on the civil legislation of the Russian Federation is considered in the context of the reception of universal hereditary succession, as well as the features of singular succession.The doctrine of hereditary succession is organically formulated by the civil law of the Russian Federation and has been further developed. The key elements of the modern system of inheritance law make it possible to overcome the limitations of the classical Roman legal tradition and ensure that legislation complies with current trends in the development of hereditary legal relations of individual institutions of inheritance law - inheritance contract, unworthy heirs, separation of family property.

Risk Factors and Issues of Family Violence Prevention

The purpose of the study is to identify the main factors contributing to the occurrence of violence in families and to consider measures and ways to prevent domestic violence. The main methods used in the study are analysis and synthesis, formal-logical method, induction and deduction, generalisation, and specification. According to the results of the study, domestic violence is a complex problem that arises in society under the influence of various factors that are characteristic of Kyrgyz society. These factors include early marriage, marital traditions such as bride kidnapping, and other socio-legal and economic factors. It is established that to provide comprehensive assistance to victims of domestic violence, some changes and additions have been made to the legislation. However, the study shows that despite all the legislative measures taken, the problem of domestic violence remains quite common in Kyrgyz society

Features of Civil Procedural Legal Relations Arising in the Course of Judicial Management of the Process

The judicial management of the civil process is considered through the legal category “civil procedural legal relationship”, the elements of the structure of individual civil procedural legal relations arising from the implementation of the court’s leading procedural activities are determined. The methodological basis of the study was system analysis, formal logical method, analysis and synthesis. According to the results of the study, the definition of judicial leadership as a subsystem of special procedural legal relations is formulated, the object, subject composition, content, and grounds for the emergence of a single (elementary) legal relationship that develops when the court implements guiding procedural actions are identified.

Преимущества примирительных процедур для сторон в судебном процессе

Conciliation institutions reduce caseload. Some states also see them as a way to ensure public access to justice and strengthen social peace. This article introduces a systematic approach to conciliation procedures, or pre-court mediation. It describes such concepts as social management system, legal regulation, judicial activity, justice, judicial enforcement, alternative methods of dispute resolution, and conciliation procedures. The research relied on the methods of formal logic, legal system analysis, formal legal method, and functional methods. The author identified a system of social regulation that combines reconciliation and legal procedures, as well as classified domestic conciliation institutions as private, private-public, and public. Institutions of public conciliation appear when private reconciliation integrates with jurisdictional activities. Public principles enter conciliation procedures if the state body, e.g., court, has the right to regulate, organize, or conduct reconciliation, as well as approve its results. Pre-court reconciliation has some advantage for the parties. First, it is effective if both parties sought reconciliation: even if the decision is not ideal, they may still find it satisfactory. Second, mediators are free to employ a wider range of regulators, both legal and non-legal, e.g., morality, religion, traditions, corporate norms, etc. Third, conciliation procedure is much less complex than a trial. Pre-court mediation is beneficial for the society in general and needs to be popularized as an effective de-litigating tool that is profitable for both parties. However, the scope of alternative forms of dispute settlement could be expanded only if the parties understand the personal benefits they get from pre-court mediation.

Informed consent in the economic law field of additive manufacturing

Informed consent in the economic law field of additive manufacturing

Creation and Legal Status of a Specially Authorized Body of Non-Banking Financial Services

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of state regulation in the market of non-banking financial services. At the same time, attention was paid to the creation of a specially authorized state body in the form of the National Commission for Control of the Market of Non-Banking Financial Services. The purpose of the article is to reveal the legal status, the order of formation, and clarify the main principles of the National Commission's activity. Achieving the outlined goal became possible thanks to the use of a complex of methods of scientific knowledge, in particular, the dialectical method (for comprehensive knowledge of the nature of the National Commission for Control over the Market of Non-Banking Financial Services), the formal-legal method (for establishing the content of legal norms), the formal-logical method (for identification of shortcomings in national legal regulation), comparative legal method (for studying the experience of other countries and determining the prospects for implementing their principles of activity in the national legal field). It has been studied that the special status of the commission is that it ensures the stability of the entire non-banking financial system of Ukraine, establishing the requirements that such institutions must meet, namely requirements for: liquidity, solvency, capital, asset quality, risk level of operations, profitability. The work examines the relationship between the commission and the National Bank of Ukraine, their cooperation in the market, which consists in the development of regulatory and legal acts and their approval. The need for the National Bank of Ukraine to delegate its powers to the National Commission for Control of Non-Banking Financial Services in relation to: registration of market participants, licensing of non-bank financial institutions, determining the procedure for issuing and canceling a license, approving the terms of operation of such institutions. In view of this, a new model of state regulation on the market of non-banking financial services was proposed in the form of concentration of all control functions on the market in a single operationally independent regulator - the National Commission for Control of Non-Banking Financial Services, which is in close cooperation with the National Bank of Ukraine and by the National Securities and Stock Market Commission. Also, the article emphasizes that regulation by the National Commission for Control of the Market of Non-Banking Financial Services should be complemented by a system of self-regulating participants in the market, which are an additional tool to state regulation.

Conceptualization of Intelligent Control System for Humanitarian Demining Robotic Complexes Based on Verbal Methods

Introduction. Humanitarian demining is characterized by growing attention to the problems of creating and using robotic systems. The most important aspect of their use is the control method.Problem Statement. At present, the fi rst generation robotic complexes (controlled devices) have been the mostcommon, the second generation complexes (semi-autonomous devices) have been improving. To switch to the third generation complexes (autonomous devices), it is necessary to develop intelligent control systems based on artificial intelligence technologies. The most used for system development are quantitative methods, but such models are “black box models” that do not provide complete clarity about their behavior.Purpose. To develop conceptual model of intelligent control systems for humanitarian demining robotic complexes based on verbal methods.Materials and Methods. Formal logic methods, verbal analysis qualitative methods, and BPMN. Results. Conceptual model of intelligent control systems for humanitarian demining robotic complexes and sym bolic models of representing relevant declarative and procedural knowledge based on verbal methods have been developed.Conclusions. The conceptual model makes it possible to formulate Symbolic Models in the notations of selected verbal methods. At the decision-making level, the ordinary classifi cation method by denotation of the terms used by experts in the selected subject area has been chosen. At the executive level, the BPMN method has been chosen to create process diagrams in graphical notation. The verbal methods make it possible to create “white-box models” that unambiguously interpret the dependence of output and input variables and to explain the model behavior. Symbolic models in the notations of selected verbal methods allow the implementation of an intelligent control systems for a specifi c humanitarian demining robotic complex.

Mathematic modeling of risks as a way for determining corruption in the acquisition system

Relevance. The research is relevant due to the potential of mathematical risk modeling in diagnosing corruption within the acquisition system. This approach is highly effective in identifying the causes and conditions of corruption, offering significant prospects for improving anti-corruption measures. Purpose. The study aims to comprehensively analyse both the normative and theoretical foundations of mathematical risk modeling in the acquisition system. The goal is to develop doctrinal proposals to enhance the current state of mathematical modeling in this context. Methodology. The authors used analysis, synthesis, formal-logical methods, system-structural methods, and mathematical modeling to examine Kazakhstan's anti-corruption regulations and establish legal grounds for diagnosing corruption risks. Results. The research presented an evidence-based proposal for the gradual implementation of mathematical modeling provisions in diagnosing corruption risks within the acquisition system, structured in two stages. It offered a critical analysis of theoretical developments on the subject, explored the functions of mathematical modeling in jurisprudence, and discussed their concepts and types. The study also developed a mathematical formula for calculating corruption risks and described its components. Conclusions. The study's findings include recommendations for developing mathematical formulas to diagnose corruption risks in the procurement system, highlighting the practical significance of the work. These recommendations provide valuable insights for improving anti-corruption measures through the application of mathematical risk modeling. Keywords: strategy; Kazakhstan Republic Law; cause and conditions of the crime; scientific program

Exploring the nexus between law and morality: ethical considerations in legal studies

This publication aims to furnish a comprehensive examination of the ethical elements inherent in the roles of judges, prosecutors, attorneys, and notaries, elucidating their influence on the content of pertinent legal statutes governing the professional status of these legal vocations. The research employed various methodologies, encompassing the analytical method, the synthetic method, the method of scientific generalization, the method of interpreting legal norms, and the formal-logical method. The examination of legal understanding from a moral and ethical perspective involves the scrutiny of two principal concepts: the concept of natural law and the concept of legal positivism. This analytical framework enables the author to assert that a hallmark of progressive law-making lies in the adherence to not only the tenets of natural human rights but also moral and ethical principles during the formulation of legislative acts. In the context of the role and significance of ethics in the professional conduct of judges, prosecutors, attorneys, and notaries, the author undertakes an analysis of pertinent Ukrainian laws. It is asserted that within each of the examined legal enactments, ethical requirements assume a predominant role in the regulation of the legal status of practitioners in the specified legal professions. For instance, the non-violation of rules of professional ethics is delineated as a fundamental duty for specific categories of legal practitioners, with breaches serving as grounds not only for disciplinary consequences but also for the termination of the authority. Building upon the aforementioned observations, it is affirmed that the ethical dimensions of jurisprudence hold significance within contemporary legal discourse across three dimensions: adherence to moral and ethical principles in the crafting of legislative instruments; avoidance of breaches against ethical principles in the course of judicial, prosecutorial, attorney-at-law, and notarial activities; and the imperative that moral and ethical requirements remain inviolate during the preparation of legally consequential documents.

V. A. Sukhomlinsky’s pedagogical heritage: innovation and foresight

Introduction. Modern education does not always meet the challenges associated with the rapid changes brought by the new millennium. The spiritual and moral crisis is becoming more and more pronounced. Relying only on “rationality” and practical expediency leads to human degradation and civilizational crisis. This underlies the unprecedented value of pedagogical systems containing certain constructive solutions to the identified problem put forward by practice. According to the general opinion of the world pedagogical community, among such systems is one created by the outstanding humanist V.A. Sukhomlinsky (1918 – 1970). Purpose: To identify and reveal the essence of the ideas and provisions of the Pavlysh innovator that have already played an invaluable role in the enrichment of the national education and will be the driving force of its development in the third millennium. Materials and Methods. The basis of the study is V.A. Sukhomlinsky’s works and the products of his rich educational practice, as well as materials from those who studied the innovator’s creative heritage. The research methodology was based on the conceptual provisions of humanistic pedagogy. The specific methodological tools included the principles of integrity and consistency, objectivity, universal connection of phenomena, combination of retrospective and prospective development, along with sociocultural and system-functional principles. In addition to general scientific methods, such as system-structural analysis and synthesis, the research process also involved formal logical research methods. Results. The study expands and concretizes the existing knowledge about the development of pedagogical theory and school practice in the second half of the 20th century. Identified and characterized are the key ideas and scientific positions of V.A. Sukhomlinsky, the prominent representative of the studied period. They were the foundation of his pedagogical system and played an important role in enriching the theoretical and methodological foundations of pedagogy, the content and support (methodological and technological) of modern educational practice and will certainly become the driving force of its development in the medium and long term. Even though V.A. Sukhomlinsky lived and worked in an ideologized epoch, difficult for creative work, he managed to develop his own pedagogical system, in which the poetic and popular idea merged with its scientific foundations. V.A. Sukhomlinsky’s pedagogy is in many respects the pedagogy of the present and the future. It is entirely aimed at the realization of the humanistic ideal. The concepts of goodness and humanity, preached by the educator, nowadays win more and more supporters. As many other provisions of the innovator concerning the construction of the educational process, they can undoubtedly become one of the cornerstones of developing the educational practice in the third millennium. Conclusion. V.A. Sukhomlinsky’s multifaceted activity not only enriched pedagogical science with new ideas and provisions, but also can rightfully be regarded as an important stage in its development. Nowadays, when the world has entered the third millennium and the pedagogical community solves the problems associated with the renewal of the content essence of all parts of education, we believe that the ideas and practical experience of the outstanding teacher will play a productive role in this process. Keywords: upbringing of a comprehensively developed personality, humanization of the pedagogical process, regental function of upbringing, system-forming factor of upbringing, unity of teaching and upbringing