Information Delivery Methods Research Articles

Push or pull? Digital notification platform implementation reduces dysglycaemia.

Pushing selected information to clinicians, as opposed to the traditional method of clinicians pulling information from an electronic medical record, has the potential to improve care. A digital notification platform was designed by clinicians and implemented in a tertiary hospital to flag dysglycaemia. There were 112 patients included in the study, and the post-implementation group demonstrated lower rates of dysglycaemia (2.5% vs 1.1%, P = 0.038). These findings raise considerations for information delivery methods for multiple domains in contemporary healthcare.

The effect of educational animation compared to leaflets on patients’ knowledge regarding root canal treatment: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundIncorporating video as a tool for education offers a multitude of advantages. However, it is unknown what is the best educational tool to use for increasing public awareness, consequently reducing fear about root canal treatment. For this reason, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of educational animation and leaflets as delivery methods for providing information on root canal treatment to patients and to assess their ability to retain the information.MethodsOne hundred fifty adult volunteers were recruited via social media and Umm Al-Qura University Dental Hospital to participate in this randomized control trial study. The volunteers were divided into the study group (SG) and the control group (CG). The SG was provided with information through animations created by the research team, while the CG received the same information through a leaflet. Pre-intervention (T1), immediate post-intervention (T2), and one-month post-intervention (T3) validated questionnaires were completed by the participants to assess the changes in their knowledge. To evaluate the impact of the information delivery method, the knowledge scores of T2 and T3 were compared to T1 within each group using Paired T-tests. Additionally, the study compared the knowledge scores of the two groups using unpaired T-tests. The significance level was set at a P-value of less than 0.05.ResultsA significant improvement in endodontic therapy knowledge among the participants in both groups (T1 compared to T2 in the same group) was noted (P < 0.050). However, when comparing T2 between groups, no significant difference was found in delivering the information and improving the knowledge (P = 0.080). Still, the mean differences between T1 and T2, as well as T1 and T3, were greater (P < 0.050) in the SG than in the CG. Furthermore, the total knowledge score in the SG at T3 was significantly higher than the CG.ConclusionBoth educational animation and leaflets are practical tools to increase patients’ awareness about root canal treatment. However, educational videos are more effective than leaflets in delivering and retaining information about root canal treatment.Trial registrationThis study was retrospectively registered as a randomized control trial at the ISRCTN registry with the document number ISRCTN18413241, 15/05/2023.

Effect of information delivery techniques in reducing pre-procedural anxiety in computed tomography

ObjectivesPatients undergoing medical procedures often experience heightened anxiety, which can affect their experience and overall health. The current study aimed at looking at a quality improvement initiative to compare written and audiovisual information delivery methods to reduce anxiety prior to Computed Tomography (CT). MethodsIn this prospective interventional study, we assessed state and trait anxiety in patients scheduled for their first CT scan. Three PDSA cycles were carried out over six months, with each cycle lasting for two months each. The participants were divided into three groups, the baseline, written, and audiovisual intervention groups. Anxiety levels were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire. State anxiety is a temporary emotional response, while trait anxiety reflects enduring personality characteristics. ResultsThe mean age of participants was 43.26 years (SD 15.07) in the baseline group, 39.9 years (SD 14.72) in the written group, and 48.59 years (SD 13.54) in the audiovisual group. For state anxiety, the baseline mean was 58.4 (SD 6.9), notably reduced to 43.2 (SD 5.5) with written intervention and to 38.6 (SD 7.7) with audiovisual intervention (p < 0.001). Trait anxiety scores remained relatively stable in all groups (p = 0.31). ConclusionBoth written and audiovisual interventions successfully alleviate pre-imaging anxiety in patients undergoing CT scans. The findings underscore the superior efficacy of audiovisual materials in achieving a more substantial reduction in state anxiety compared to written information. These findings are particularly relevant in resource limited settings where simple interventions show significant improvements.

Exploring different stroke populations’ information needs: a cross-sectional study in England

BackgroundWhile tailored information might have the potential to motivate stroke survivors to make essential lifestyle changes and improve long-term outcomes, how this varies among different stroke populations is not yet fully understood.MethodFrom November 2022 to May 2023, stroke survivors in the UK, who were clinically stable, participated in a community-based, descriptive cross-sectional study. Participants rated several information themes on a Likert scale from one to five, indicating the relevance of each information group to them. Data were analysed using Wilcoxon and chi-squared tests on SPSS. Descriptive statistics were employed for examining the preferred information delivery method, timing, personnel, and frequency.ResultsSeventy survivors, with an average age of 67 ± 19 (61% males), were recruited. Survivors emphasised the importance of symptoms, risk factors, and recovery information during hospital stay, while medication and lifestyle change information were more significant in the community. Subgroup analysis revealed distinct patterns: First-time stroke survivors highlighted the importance of social and financial support (acute phase median Likert score 3, chronic phase median Likert score 4; p < 0.01), while those with prior strokes emphasised information on driving and working after stroke (acute phase median Likert score 4, chronic phase median Likert score 3; p < 0.05). Survivors recruited after six months of stroke prioritised knowledge of carer support in the community (acute phase median Likert score 3.5, chronic phase median Likert score 4; p < 0.01).ConclusionSurvivors’ information needs differ depending on factors such as the recovery phase, type of stroke, time since diagnosis, and the presence of a previous stroke. Considering these factors is essential when developing or providing information to stroke survivors.

Analyzing the pros and cons of paper-based 2D drawings in construction: a survey of U.S. construction professionals

Despite the well-known weaknesses of paper-based 2D drawings like cross-referencing and the dependency on other documents and instructions, they continue to be widely used in construction sites across the US. These weaknesses can cause misinterpretation, errors, safety, and productivity issues on construction sites. This study aims to shed light on the reasons behind the enduring popularity of paper-based methods (e.g. 2D drawings) by understanding the pros and cons of traditional information delivery methods used by construction tradespeople. The methodology includes a survey examining the continued prevalence of paper-based drawings on construction sites despite the availability of computer workstations and tablets. The survey targeted professionals actively engaged in construction projects. The evaluation results revealed that although paper-based methods have significant shortcomings compared to digital methods, they also offer advantages that justify their ongoing use. The findings can help future efforts to improve information delivery methods in the construction industry by developing hybrid approaches that leverage the strengths of both paper-based and digital methods while mitigating their drawbacks. This could lead to a reduction in errors related to the interpretation of design and construction information, particularly by combining the reliability of paper-based documentation with the accessibility and efficiency of digital methods.

The Effect of Arrow Spacing and Blinking Speed Difference on Driver's Visual Perception and Cognitive Functioning in an Augmented Reality Information Delivery Method of Head-Up Display

The Effect of Arrow Spacing and Blinking Speed Difference on Driver's Visual Perception and Cognitive Functioning in an Augmented Reality Information Delivery Method of Head-Up Display

Features of the influence of new media and media convergence on the educational process of young journalists

The work analyzes the main criteria of new media and examines the specifics of the processes affecting the education of young journalists through new media and media convergence. It is shown that modern journalism is constantly developing and, as a result, undergoes numerous changes: new technologies and methods of information delivery appear, the preferences of content consumers regularly change, and consumers become more and more demanding of the quality of the information product. All these changes require journalists to master new skills and improve previously acquired ones, as well as reconsider many principles of work. This applies not only to current practitioners who have been in the information and communication sphere for many years, but also to specialists just starting their journey in journalism.

Investigating Driver Preferences for Traffic Information Using Digital Signage and Road Surface Holograms

This study investigates road users' information preferences to enhance traffic information provision strategies. Traditional road signs primarily convey static information like speed limits and restricted areas. However, smart street poles now offer the capability to collect real-time road conditions and deliver dynamic traffic updates promptly. Leveraging these smart poles allows for more effective and tailored information delivery strategies. The research examines three types of media for information dissemination: digital signage, road surface hologram, and a combination of both. Additionally, it surveys road users' preferences for information delivery methods, including text, graphics, or a mixture, based on the type of information. Conjoint analysis of 220 responses reveals essential attributes influencing users when they receive information. The findings indicate that a majority of road users prefer a blend of digital signage and road surface holograms, with a notable preference among younger individuals for digital signage. For road surface holograms, the favored approach involves a mix of text and graphics. This study lays the foundation for user-centric information strategies, offering insights into tailoring approaches based on the type of information and user preferences.

Health Technology Readiness amongst Patients with Suspected Breast Cancer Using the READHY-tool - a Cross-sectional Study

Information technologies are increasingly used when informing patients about their disease, treatment and prognosis. These digital platforms have many advantages compared to traditional education interventions. However, there are concerns that some patients may have difficulty with this mode of information delivery. Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients are dependent on understanding their treatment options to make informed treatment decisions. Yet, there is a lack of published material on breast cancer patients and their relationship with technology. We aimed to assess health technology readiness profiles amongst women with a suspected breast cancer diagnosis. Secondly, we wanted to investigate the potential differences between these profiles according to sociodemographic factors and the patients´ current use of technology. This cross-sectional study used the Readiness and Enablement Index for Health Technology (READHY) questionnaire. We included all patients (n = 92) referred to our department with suspected breast cancer. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct profiles: medium (n = 54), high (n = 18), and low (n = 20) health technology readiness. The third profile showed difficulties in health literacy, eHealth literacy, and health insights, along with higher emotional stress. Our study found that most patients had medium to high health technology readiness, but we also identified a group with lower health technology readiness. Based on our results, healthcare personnel dealing with women with suspected breast cancer should be aware of patients struggling with health technology. Age and technology familiarity may indicate vulnerable patients. Future studies should explore optimal methods for information delivery to these distinct profiles and evaluate the long-term impacts.

Investigating the gendered nature of new parents’ digital technology use for health information

Abstract Background Parenting is marked by intense emotional and health information needs for individuals and families. Understanding how digital technologies are used by new parents may allow public health organizations to tailor digital health information resources and delivery methods to better meet needs. Methods A qualitative descriptive study was conducted to understand new parents’ experiences with digital technology during their transition to parenting. Individuals in Ontario, Canada who had become a parent in the past 24 months were recruited to participate in a focus group. Participants were asked to describe the technologies used to support their parenting and how they were used to support self and family health. Focus group data were subjected to thematic analysis using inductive coding. Results Focus groups were conducted with 26 heterosexual female participants. Participants primarily used digital technologies (smartphone, social media) to seek information on maternal, foetal, and infant health and establish social and emotional supports. Parental health information work was gendered and categorized by 2 dominant themes. First, “‘Let me know when I'm needed'” typifies fathers’ limited health information seeking and reinforces mothers as lay information mediaries. Second, “Information Curation” captures participants’ belief that gender biases built-in to digital parenting resources reified the gendered nature of health information work for new parents. Conclusions While parents regularly use digital resources for health information seeking, the gendered nature of such digital resources reinforces gendered divisions of health work. Key messages • Digital technologies tailored to new parents actively reinforces gender norms. • Public health organizations have an opportunity to engage with new parents to identify how digital information resources can be created that support equitable division of health information work.

Research on the construction path of the megacity from the perspective of Nudge Theory: Empirical evidence of the “Park City” construction in Chengdu Tianfu New Area

The transformation of Chengdu Tianfu New Area, a state-level new district, from the first site of constructing the “Park City” to the representative of the “Park City”, contains a unique path of “Chinese Style Governance”. To expand the diverse paths of constructing megacities, the current research references the nudge theory of behavioral science, adopts the extended case method, and takes Chengdu Tianfu New Area as a typical case to summarize the “nudge” path of “Party City” construction. The study found that the government achieves the lock-in effect by the priming mechanism and uses the nudge strategy of improving environment and guiding public opinion, thereby helping the people make free choices. It realizes the framework effect by the salience mechanism and uses the strategies of highlighting key information and optimizing information delivery methods, which directly affects the behavior of the public. It achieves the commitment effect by the comparison mechanism, including the horizontal comparison and vertical comparison strategies, and gradually realizes the policy goals. It realizes the social norm effect by the imitation mechanism and uses the strategies of creating peer pressure and playing celebrity effect, which in turn influence people’s choices. With the help of the “nudging” mechanism, the construction of the park city has realized the interactive cycle of “government output-citizen feedback” and achieved the goal of “making great change through small actions”. As a new behavioral intervention tool, “nudging” provides an alternative explanation for the construction of the park city in Tianfu New Area and opens up new ideas for the construction of megacities. This study concludes that the construction of megacities can achieve the goal of “common return” through different ways and provides practical inspiration for future urban construction.

Learning Needs of Patients with Cancer and a Pre-Existing Autoimmune Disease Who Are Candidates to Receive Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Patients with pre-existing autoimmune disorders and cancer considering immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) need to receive balanced information about the benefits and risk of developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and flare-ups of their autoimmune disease. To assess the learning needs of patients with cancer and pre-existing autoimmune disease regarding ICI treatment, we interviewed 29 patients with autoimmune disease and cancer from a comprehensive cancer center, of whom 20 had received ICI and 9 were candidates to receive ICI at a US Cancer Center. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted from August 2021 and January 2022. Interviewee's opinions and preferences about content and information delivery methods were collected. We recorded and transcribed interviews and analyzed them using thematic analysis. Half of the participants were female, and their median (SD) age was 62.9 (±10.9) years. The identified health information needs included the following: (1) information on irAEs and autoimmune disease flare-ups; (2) benefits of ICI; (3) ICI mechanism in the context of autoimmune disease; (4) management of flare-ups; (5) reasons for stopping or modifying cancer or autoimmune disease treatment; (6) likelihood of autoimmune disease progression or organ damage; and (7) lifestyle changes that could help avoid irAEs. Patients who had received ICI and those who had not yet received treatment reported similar needs, although patients who had received ICI had more questions about cancer treatment modifications. Patients also expressed the need to better understand when to contact their provider and how to share information with multiple providers. Most patients wanted to receive information in visual formats for review at home and at their own pace. Patients expressed interest in having educational tools to facilitate shared decision-making with their physicians, and they identified several areas of health information concerning therapy with ICI. They also highlighted the importance of communication among their various providers.

Survey of US Passionfruit Growers’ Production Practices and Support Needs

Passionfruits (Passiflora sp.) are widely grown throughout tropical regions of the world. Burgeoning new interest in this fruit in both its fresh and processed forms has led to an increase in planting outside of traditional growing zones. Passionfruit production has increased steadily in the United States and its territories since the 2002 US Department of Agriculture Census of Agriculture; however, little is known about how the industry functions across production areas. To assess passionfruit growers’ production practices and support their needs, we conducted a survey during 2021. That survey consisted of 45 questions pertaining to various aspects of passionfruit production, including horticultural practices, pest management, cultivars grown, and industry challenges and needs. The objectives of the survey were to identify where passionfruit is currently grown in the United States, what production practices are being used, and what problems are being encountered so that researchers and extension personnel could provide remedies in the future. Forty-four surveys were complete and allowed for data analyses. Florida had the most responses (21), followed by Puerto Rico (12), California (6), Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, and the Virgin Islands. Most of the passionfruit production in the United States comprises purple passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis) or intraspecific red types at 68.2%. This value is driven by the high amounts of purple passionfruit and red passionfruit in Florida and other states. In contrast, nearly all farms in Puerto Rico grow yellow passionfruit (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) and fewer purple types. The main obstacle to obtaining optimum production was labor availability. Managing passionfruit, like many other specialty crops, is labor-intensive and includes many activities that require manual labor, such as weeding, training, pruning, pollination, and harvesting. Other obstacles that were noted were weather variability, vine decline, poor pollination, and availability of high-quality cultivars. Diseases, especially fungal diseases, are of particular concern to growers of passionfruit in the United States, although the identification of specific diseases was limited. Online delivery methods of information ranked high on the list of desired products. Online articles, such as those offered by extension services, were the most preferred, followed by webinars, which comprise a more recently developed method of information delivery. Overall, the survey provided baseline information to further develop initiatives to aid passionfruit production within the United States.

The effect of customized information feedback on individual electricity saving behavior: Evidence from a field experiment in China

Electricity savings from information interventions will play a key role in meeting future carbon reductions. Surprisingly, this subject is still poorly studied and understood in China, where residential electricity consumption is second only to manufacturing in terms of carbon emissions. Despite some studies evaluating the impact of information feedback strategies on individual electricity consumption, these studies ignore individual diversity. This study conducted the field experiment in Nanjing, China, with eight treatment and control groups. The aim was to find out whether: i) general and customized information feedback, ii) single and mixed information strategies, and iii) online and offline information delivery methods have an impact on individual electricity savings. Results demonstrated that customized information feedback was the most effective strategy for reducing electricity consumption in single strategies. Energy-saving knowledge, social comparisons, and customized information feedback, except for environmental education-based information, significantly enhanced individual electricity saving behavior. Mixed strategies are superior to single strategies for influencing individual electricity saving behavior. Notably, customized environmental education-based information had a significant electricity saving effect. Furthermore, the offline information delivery method has a stronger effect on reducing individual electricity consumption. These findings can provide a reference for policymakers to implement effective electricity saving policies.

170 Revisiting perceived needs of Arizona horse owners to update and focus cooperative extension horse educational programming and resource development directions

In 2021, a voluntary, anonymous online livestock/equine survey (originally distributed in 2015), was readministered using Qualtrics® software and disseminated to Arizona livestock/equine industry stakeholders through email listservs, social media, personal connections, and attendees of cooperative extension events. The goal was to compare the 2021 data from horse owners (118/237 overall responses) to the 2015 responses (280 horse owners/484 total respondents) to review, update and if necessary, change the focus of our educational programming to topics perceived to be of moderate to critical need by 2021 Arizona horse owners. Survey results from both years came from all 15 Arizona counties and grouped by number of horses owned (1–3, 4–6, 7–9, and ≥ 10). The 2 data sets were analyzed independently using Chi-Square contingency tests, with significance declared at (P < 0.05). In both 2015 and 2021, more respondents owning 1–3 horses used their horses for recreation only (P < 0.05), and more respondents owning ≥ 10 horses used them for business (P < 0.05). In 2015, preferences for methods of information delivery were significantly affected by the age of respondent, with ≥ 70 years choosing newsletters/emails and both 50–69 years and ≥ 70 years preferring hands-on field days (P < 0.05). Additionally, more 50–69year-old respondents wanted fact sheets (P < 0.05). In 2021, ≥ 70 year-old respondents were less receptive to virtual seminars (P < 0.05). Survey takers ranked each of 22 topics related to horse feeding, management, training, horse health, business planning, etc. by no, slight, moderate, or critical need. Highest ranking topics in both 2015 and 2021, (with > 60% of ratings ranging from moderate to critical need), included toxic plants, vaccination programs, training and behavior, hoof care, heat stress, utilizing AZ forage, and lameness. In 2015, more respondents owning ≥ 10 horses chose “no need” for horse training/management (P < 0.05) and heat stress (P < 0.05), but in 2021 the “no need” for heat stress education difference was no longer apparent. In 2015, owners with 1–3 horses did not perceive a critical need for heat stress education, but they did in 2021 (P < 0.05). Topics with the highest perceived need were similar in 2021 and 2015, allowing us to continue with our current programming areas and priorities, although we found the age of respondents affected their preferences for methods of information delivery, and we need to continue heat stress education for recreational horse stakeholders owning 1–3 horses.

Survey Paper for Virtual Tour of Educational Institute

Abstract: The location of the Annasaheb Dange Group of Institute,Ashta is a part of community that can be made into attraction for stakeholders like students, parent and society, for ed- ucational brilliance including scenic views, as well as trees and plants. The educational institute has undertaken various efforts to share the information about academic excellence as cultural and sports excellence through portals and web pages. However, the method of information delivery - display and delivery of static text and pictures which is not that effec- tive to the viewers eyes.

콘텐츠 생성기, 매체풍부성 및 콘텐츠 주제가 학습성과에 미치는 영향

[Purpose] With the advent of ESG management, the demand for ESG management education for attitudinal change and enhancing self-efficacy is rapidly increasing. Yet the difficulties to meet the growing demand on ESG management instructors has prompted the development of alternative method of delivering learning contents using generative AI technology. However, the studies to examine the performance of the AI generated contents lecturers has been very few. Hence, the this study aims to experimentally examine the learing effect of AI generated ESG management education. [Research methodology] The experiment was conducted by introducing the learning content to the Chinese employees and subsequently conducting an online survey. We used a mixed subjects design of 2(Content Generators: Artificial Intelligence, Human) × 2(Media Richness: Audio, Video) × 3(Content Theme: Explanatory-concept of ESG management-, Sensitive-importance of ESG management-, Volitional-how to do-). [Research Findings] The results suggest that the interaction between content generator, information delivery method, and content’s topic have an effect on the learner's cognitive change. In particular, it was found that the use of virtual-human instructors powered by generative AI and emotional themes had greater effect on learning performance in the ESG management education for Chinese emplyoees context. [Implications] This study empirically contributes to the AI generated learning technology research. Existing generative AI technology is expected to contribute as a guideline to its successful establishment in global management.

Visualizing and assessing the 15-minute city facility configuration of city region A study on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration

The desire for a more liveable, highly interconnected and people-oriented city is driving a surge of interest in the ’15-minute city’, an intuitive, adaptable and popular vision of urban living that already takes place around the world. Elements of the 15-minute city have helped to manage urban life effectively globally by offering a way to build on positive changes to boost local economies and deliver lasting health, well-being, equity and climate benefits. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to unfold and health concerns remain paramount, the strategy are already supporting cities towards recovery. As an important engine of global urbanization, the future development of China’s cities is threatened by increasing air pollution, traffic congestion, social inequalities and other pressures. In May 2021, the Ministry of Natural Resources of China released The Standard of Spatial Planning Guidance Community Life Unity to offer technique support for future 15-minute city construction. Taking a 15-minute walking distance as the space scale, the Guidance configures various functions and facilities required for basic living of residents, ad provides a construction reference for healthy, energetic and low-carbon lifestyle, which satisfies urban residents’ yearning for a better life. Furthermore, the Guidance offers a detailed spatial assessment framework of 15-minute city facilities deployment including a variety of parameters. Based on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration, this paper evaluates the integrated performance of 13 cities in the Agglomeration by using the framework of the Guidance for visualizing and exploring facilities’ POIs on POI-type semantic space. The compare of 15-minute community construction between different cities is rendered as a “mode map” by POI counts on various types, providing a vivid information delivery method for urban planners and POI-related urban studies and applications.

Translating evidence in a priority setting partnership: knowledge gaps between healthcare providers and oesophageal cancer patients

IntroductionDespite the fact that health information is now more accessible than ever, knowledge gaps remain between patients and healthcare providers (HCPs). To date, the patients’ need for information following a diagnosis of oesophageal cancer has not been adequately met.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify why knowledge gaps exist between oesophageal cancer patients and HCPs and how to address them.MethodsPurposive sampling of a group of people living with and after oesophageal cancer who had participated in a priority-setting partnership where 45% of questions from patients had existing evidence-based answers. A 7-set question series was developed for use in a patient/HCP focus group in addition to 11 individual phone interviews with survivors of oesophageal cancer. Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted to explore oesophageal cancer patients’ access to information. The data was analysed thematically, which involved coding all patient transcripts before identifying and reviewing key themes.ResultsThe three primary themes that emerged were as follows: opportunity (HCP team factors and relationship development), ability (patient factors) and priority (pacing of information delivery).ConclusionEffective communication between patients and HCPs was identified as an integral component of the enhancement of patient knowledge. HCPs should continue to refine and improve methods of information delivery and encourage conversations regarding information preferences.

Communication Strategy on Agricultural Insurance in South Kalimantan

This study aims to analyze the communication strategy of the agricultural insurance program in the South Kalimantan region to create superior and independent farmers. This communication strategy can contribute to the existing development program in South Kalimantan. Qualitative methods with SWOT and TOWS analysis techniques were employed in this study. Data collection techniques included open interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and field observations (research location and district level). The results show that agricultural insurance in South Kalimantan still has obstacles that occur in the field. Many farmers do not understand and are interested in participating in this rice farming insurance. The communication strategy can include increasing the capacity and quality of government human resources in the field by providing technical socialization training; involving community leaders, farmer groups, and village government in disseminating information; optimizing social capital in the community; establishing an information center at the village level; increase the variety and diversity of information delivery methods carried out by extension agents and Jasindo officers; as well as providing various media for various sources of information, especially social media and the internet