Geophysical Methods Research Articles

Integrated Magnetic and Electrical Geophysical Methods for Detecting Concealed Porphyry Copper Deposits in Sedimentary Basins: A Case Study From the Western Liupanshan Basin, Northwest China

ABSTRACTExploration for concealed porphyry copper (Cu) deposits in sedimentary basins is challenging. Integrated geophysical exploration methods, combining electrical and magnetic techniques, have proven to be highly effective in the search for concealed metal deposits. This study focuses on the Yueliangshan area within the western Liupanshan Basin, utilising high‐precision (1: 10,000) ground magnetic surveys and induced polarisation sounding for Cu exploration. The goal is to interpret geophysical anomalies to delineate Cu mineralization zones, providing a reliable theoretical basis for subsequent engineering drilling. High‐precision ground magnetic surveys indicate that magnetic anomalies are primarily caused by Proterozoic to Palaeozoic metamorphosed volcanic‐sedimentary rock series and magmatic intrusions. These magnetic sources are distributed along a northwest‐southeast regional structural uplift zone, with the upper interface buried approximately 400 m deep. The magnetic bodies trend southwest and are steeply inclined. The induced polarisation sounding results reveal that sulphide mineralized alteration zones at the margins of concealed granodiorite bodies are responsible for the high polarizability characteristics observed in exploration sections 2 and 8. Compared to geophysical parameters from ground magnetic surveys, high polarizability obtained from induced polarisation measurements are the most effective indicators for identifying porphyry bodies that have undergone mineralized alteration. It is proposed that engineering drilling at the sites of maximum anomalies caused by mineralized alteration offers a high feasibility for discovering Cu deposits. Finally, this study summarises the comprehensive exploration indicators for concealed porphyry Cu deposits in sedimentary basins and proposes a generalised exploration model.

The First Results of Remote Sensing Studies of Mounds with “Mustaches” in Northern Kulunda, Southwestern Siberia

In 2019, a group of previously unknown mounds with “mustaches” was discovered in the north of the Kulunda steppe. They are quite unusual: all of the mounds are ground and located on floodplains. In 2023, a set of remote sensing methods (aerial photography, electromagnetic profiling, and electrical resistivity tomography) was used at Karasuk-1 and Troitskoye-1 to assess the design of the mounds and see if additional features were present on their periphery. For this type of structure, geophysical methods were employed for the first time. Maps based on aerial photography data have made it possible to record the relief features of objects in high detail. Troitskoye-1 consists of five rather than four mounds. Using the electrical tomography method, the composition of the mound platforms was shown to be homogeneous. On geoelectric sections, they correspond to conductive areas ca 0.5 m thick. At both sites, the central mounds do not have “walls” on the eastern side. Apparently, no removal of soil was carried out on that side, in order to provide access to the ritual areas from the space enclosed by the “mustaches”. According to the results of aerial photography, at Karasuk-1 cup-shaped depressions were discovered on the surface of the western ends of the “mustaches”. They can be tentatively associated with the design of the mounds. The northern “mustache” is markedly broken. No additional features were identified inside or near the mounds. The results suggest that both complexes were built at the same time and are autonomous.

The Deep Structure of the Kimberlite Pipe Volchya in the Arkhangelsk Diamond Province and Controlling Faults Based on Passive Seismic and Radiological Methods (Northwest Russia)

The successful prospecting of kimberlite pipes is dependent upon a comprehensive understanding of the deep structures of the pipes and the host geological formation. This is a challenging task, given the complex nature of diamond deposits, the small size of pipes in the plan, the absence of stable features in potential fields, etc. As a consequence, the allocation of control structures is practically not used in exploration work. In this regard, the Arkhangelsk diamond province (NW Russia) is distinguished by the considerable overburden thickness, which presents a significant challenge for the application of geophysical methods. It is thus imperative to devise novel methodologies for conducting investigations. In order to achieve this, a set of methods was employed, including microseismic sounding, passive seismic interferometry, and radon emanation mapping. This set of methods has previously been tested only on a few pipes and has not previously been employed in the Griba deposit. The Volchya pipe was selected as the test object due to its proximity to the Griba pipe. The findings revealed that the pipe displayed a more complex configuration than was previously postulated. The controlling faults were found to be oriented in a southwesterly to northwesterly direction and to exhibit a contrasting narrow vertical structure at depths greater than 400 m. Further identification of control structures by the proposed set of methods can increase the efficiency of diamond prospecting.

Microscale Electrical Resistivity Measurements to Investigate Particle Distribution.

The functional performance of a particulate thin film depends greatly on the particle distribution that forms during drying. In situ methods for monitoring the impact of different processing parameters on the distribution of particles currently require expensive and specialized equipment. This work addresses this gap by miniaturizing a geophysical prospecting method to thin-film applications. In this method, four-electrode resistivity measurements at variable probe spacing detect changes in the vertical particle concentration profile. A heuristic colloidal drying model describes the particle distribution during drying in terms of the relative effects of Brownian diffusion, sedimentation, and evaporation. For sedimentation- and evaporation-dominated drying, the film is modeled as two stratified layers of different concentrations. Solving this model simultaneously alongside Laplace's equation for electrostatic resistance identifies the parameters necessary to distinguish between diffusion-, sedimentation-, and evaporation-dominated drying. For resistive particles in a conductive solvent, simulations predict that the normalized thickness of the top layer, δt/H0, must exceed a critical value to distinguish between different drying regimes. The heuristic model results are validated theoretically by comparison to a physics-based drying model. Model predictions are experimentally validated by fabricating a custom microlithography four-line probe device and measuring the transient resistance of systems for which the drying mechanism is known. This work offers a low-cost and in situ method to identify drying mechanisms and extract physical parameters that better characterize the processing-structure-function relationships for many coatings.

Induced polarization of clay-rich materials — Part 4: Water content and temperature effects in bentonites

Deep geological disposals (DGDs) are widely seen to be the best solution to contain high-level radioactive wastes safely. Compacted bentonite and bentonite-sand mixtures are considered the most appropriate buffers or sealing materials for access drifts, ramps, and shafts due to their favorable physicochemical and hydromechanical properties. Bentonite-sand mixtures are expected to swell and seal all voids when in contact with water, forming an impermeable barrier to radioactive elements. The parameters that will most affect the hydraulic performance of these seals are their water content, dry density, water salinity, and temperature. Monitoring and assessing these parameters are, therefore, crucial to confirm that the seals’ safety functions are fulfilled during the life of a DGD. Induced polarization (IP) is a nonintrusive geophysical method able to perform this task. However, the underlying physics of bentonite-sand mixtures has not been checked. The complex conductivity spectra of 42 compacted bentonite-sand mixtures are measured in the frequency range of 1 Hz–45 kHz in order to develop workable relationships between in-phase and quadrature conductivities versus water content and saturation, pore water conductivity, bentonite-sand ratio (10% to 100%), temperature (10°C–60°C), and dry density (0.97 to 1.64 [Formula: see text]). We observe that conductivity is mostly dominated by surface conductivity associated with the Stern layer coating the surface of smectite, the main component of bentonite. At a given salinity and temperature, the in-phase and quadrature conductivities obey power law relationships with water content and saturation. The in-phase and quadrature conductivities depend on temperature according to a classical linear relationship with the same temperature coefficient. A Stern layer-based model is used to explain the dependence of the complex conductivity with water content, dry density, water salinity, and temperature. It could be used to interpret IP field data to monitor the efficiency of the seal of DGD facilities.

Improving subsurface structural interpretation in complex geological settings through geophysical imaging and machine learning

This study employs seismic refraction tomography (SRT) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to assess subsurface geological conditions along the proposed Porsgrunn Highway in Norway. The primary objective is to analyze SRT and ERT tomograms to identify subsurface geological structures. However, interpreting tomograms is often limited by smoothed boundaries and reduced resolution. To address these challenges, we apply k-means clustering, a machine learning technique that groups data based on similarities in physical properties, to post-process the geophysical tomograms. This study pioneers the use of k-means clustering to interpret tomograms from SRT and ERT data in complex geological settings. We first evaluate the effectiveness of clustering techniques using numerical modeling for two geological scenarios: a horizontally layered case and a layered case with undulation and a fault structure. Utilizing automated methods (Elbow and Silhouette), we objectively determine the optimal number of clusters for each geophysical tomogram. Subsequently, we compare the performance of the k-means clustering algorithm with subjective expert interpretations and the Laplacian edge detection method. Borehole data validate the clustering results and confirm the effectiveness of optimal cluster selection techniques. The findings of this study demonstrate that k-means clustering significantly enhances the detection of geological structures by establishing clearer boundaries and minimizing noise interference, enabling more accurate fault zone delineation. Compared to traditional edge detection and subjective interpretation methods, k-means clustering offers a systematic and objective approach that improves consistency and reliability across diverse geological settings. Moreover, its automated classification of geophysical data into meaningful clusters enables efficient analysis of large datasets. This study underscores the value of integrating machine learning techniques with geophysical methods such as SRT and ERT to improve interpretability and accurately identify subsurface geological structures, particularly in fault zone identification.

Geophysical methods reveal a subsurface historic wastewater tunnel exposed by a sinkhole: a case study in Bandung City, Indonesia

Bandung City, the capital of West Java Province in Indonesia, has changed its physical face rapidly due to the many constructions of office buildings, hotels, and other facilities until now. To avoid the instability of existing buildings and for building construction in the future, knowledge of the subsurface conditions in the city must be enhanced. A sudden soil collapse in the yard of the PAG Building occurred in early 2018 and resulted in a sinkhole with a diameter of 5 m, which revealed a historic wastewater tunnel structure in the subsurface. Non-invasive, low-cost, and time-effective geophysical methods to solve those problems are proposed. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), widely applied to identify artificial objects underground, came to be used for these purposes. A research to know the suitability of both methods for application began with numerical simulation, followed by field measurement on 4 GPR and ERT lines and analysis of each method. The results show that GPR data, through both numerical and field data, could identify and locate the tunnel in a radargram due to its hyperbola shape, whereas ERT data provided the property contrast between the tunnel and its host. The results suggest that GPR and ERT techniques are effective for revealing water tunnels in the study area with a maximum depth of 1.8 m and a 65% reduction in size. These findings can be used as a guide to using both methods to reveal the water tunnel network in the central part of Bandung City for sustainable urban planning.

The research on the possibilities of detecting gas hydrates by the world community in the 20th – 21st centuries

The relevance of gas hydrates studying is defined to their potential role as an alternative energy source and an important element in the research of climate change. The main purpose of this literature review is to systematize existing methods for detecting gas hydrates, as well as to analyze their effectiveness and applicability in various conditions. The research objectives include the assessment of modern technologies such as seismic sensing, geophysical methods, chemical analysis of samples, the use of remote sensing data, and various modeling options. A number of publications based on such databases as GoogleScholar, GeoRef, and ResearchGate on methods for detecting gas hydrates, with an emphasis on their technological aspects and practical applications were found. The used methods include comparative analysis, meta-analysis of data, and evaluation of field research results. As a result, it was revealed that the most effective methods are represented by combinations of geophysical methods that allow to increase the accuracy of localization gas hydrates localization. Moreover, remote sensing methods are becoming more popular as an effective tool for identifying sources of methane emissions, usually associated with hydrate deposits. The main findings show that despite the advances in gas hydrate detection, there is a need in developing more sensitive and cost-effective technologies. The prospects for further research include the integration of new sensor technologies and modelling to improve the accuracy of predictions of gas hydrate deposits. The areas of future researches may cover both theoretical aspects and practical implementation of new methods in the field.

Subsurface investigation for pre-foundation study utilizing integrated geophysical and geotechnical methods, UNILORIN campus

Subsurface investigation for pre-foundation study utilizing integrated geophysical and geotechnical methods, UNILORIN campus

De Geer moraine internal architecture based on sedimentological and geophysical investigations and implications for ice‐marginal reconstructions

De Geer moraines (DGMs) may act as valuable ice margin indicators; however, to date, their variable mode of formation has presented challenges for this utility. Morphometric investigations provide useful insights into formation processes, which can be developed using sedimentological and geophysical methods. Here we present sedimentological and ground penetrating radar (GPR) data of DGMs located in southwest Finland. Individual lithofacies were identified and interpreted using sediment architectural elements. These were correlated with neighbouring GPR radargrams and extrapolated across the wider study area. Generally, internal architecture presents a multi‐phase structure with lower units representing subglacial traction till and ice margin infill deposits, truncated by a larger prominent push unit, which is then successively deformed via the overriding of active ice. Significantly, there are notable differences between proximal and distal structures, with proximal sides characterized by silts, clays, and diamicton with laminae, stratification and thrust planes, and distal sides characterized by poorly consolidated diamicton and proglacial water current reworkings. Internal architecture of both prominent and intermediate ridges is very similar, reflecting similar formation processes, however, slight differences also reflect inter‐seasonal variations. Based on our findings, we present an integrated conceptual model for the genesis of DGMs whereby inter‐seasonal ridge forming processes occur within a sub‐aqueous ice‐marginal environment. Our model highlights that DGMs can be subcategorized as: (i) sediment deposition at an unstable margin during summer calving, and/or (ii) sediment pushing at a stabilized margin during a winter re‐advance. We do not find evidence of crevasse filling as a mechanism for DGM formation. We propose a landform assemblage classification whereby ‘De Geer terrain’ is used to describe series of parallel ridges arranged in a typical washboard‐like configuration. This classification identifies all DGMs derived within a sub‐aqueous ice‐marginal environment, whilst also capturing the equifinal characteristics between individual landforms.

Preliminary estimate of current ice thickness in the Dobšiná Ice Cave by means of geophysical and geodetic methods

Preliminary estimate of current ice thickness in the Dobšiná Ice Cave by means of geophysical and geodetic methods

Геофизические исследования на разных этапах освоения месторождений медистых песчаников в Казахстане

Using the example of the Zhaman-Aybat deposit, the possibilities of geophysical methods at the stages of forecasting and solving prospecting and exploration geological problems of deposits of copper sandstones in Kazakhstan are shown. The position and dimensions of the Zhaman-Aybat structure and the depth of productive deposits are reliably determined by seismic exploration. According to the local positive anomalies of the gravitational field, separate blocks of rocks were identified, and according to the data of vertical dipole sounding, the depth of the high-resistance horizon identified with the roof of the rocks of the Zhezkazgan formation was determined. By probing the formation of the field in the depth range of 500- 800 m, local anomalies associated with productive deposits of the Taskuduk formation were traced. Geophysical studies of wells and the results of testing have increased the reliability of determining the parameters necessary for recalculation of copper ore reserves. Deep drilling has confirmed the high accuracy of geophysical work.

Study of stratigraphic traps of the Southeastern part of Yevlakh-Agjabedi depression by seismic data

This study explores the identification and characterization of non-anticlinal traps within the southeastern part of the Yevlakh-Agjabedi Depression using advanced seismic exploration techniques. With an emphasis on the application of seismic data, particularly the Common Reflection Point (CRP) and 3D seismic methods, the research focuses on detecting stratigraphic traps formed by lateral and vertical variations in rock properties such as lithology, porosity, and facies. Primary and secondary stratigraphic traps are examined, with examples including stratigraphic traps formed by sedimentation and diagenesis processes. Building upon advancements in seismic exploration, this study applies state-of-the-art techniques to delineate and understand stratigraphic traps within the south-eastern part of the Yevlakh-Agjabedi Depression. By leveraging the CRP and 3D seismic methods, this research aims to overcome traditional limitations and provide a comprehensive analysis of these subtle geological structures. The integration of seismic data with well-logging and drilling data enhances the precision and reliability of trap identification, offering insights that are crucial for effective resource exploration and management. The study concludes that the application of advanced seismic exploration techniques, such as the Common Reflection Point (CRP) and 3D seismic imaging, has significantly improved the detection and characterization of stratigraphic traps in the geologically complex Yevlakh-Agjabedi Depression. By integrating seismic data with well-logging and drilling information, researchers have overcome challenges such as seismic noise and complex trap geometries, leading to more accurate mapping of these non-anticlinal traps. This integration has not only enhanced the identification of subtle variations in lithology and facies but also revealed the substantial hydrocarbon potential of the region. The findings emphasize the critical role of advanced geophysical methods and interdisciplinary approaches in optimizing exploration strategies and resource development in geologically similar settings. Future research should focus on refining seismic interpretation techniques and exploring deeper reservoirs to fully unlock the potential of stratigraphic traps for sustainable resource extraction.

Unveiling Ancient Constructive Phases With Integrated Geophysical Prospection in the Group of the Columns, Mitla, Oaxaca

ABSTRACTThe archaeological zone of Mitla has an invaluable place within the Mexican cultural heritage. This pre‐Hispanic city concentrated the political and religious power of the central valleys of Oaxaca, south of Mexico, mainly during the Postclassic period. However, despite its great cultural importance and considering the risk to its monuments due to the high seismicity of the region, very few studies have focused on the systematic exploration of the subsoil of this area. The present research aimed to characterize the subsoil of one of the architectural compounds of the archaeological zone, the Group of the Columns, aiming to identify possible underground elements such as architectural structures, tunnels or tombs. For that purpose, three non‐invasive geophysical methods were applied, ground penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ambient noise tomography (ANT). In the palace, all three methods showed the presence of a substructure below the Hall of the Columns. In the Plaza of the Columns, the GPR detected anthropogenic walls and platforms at different depths that suggest a different configuration of the square and a more prolonged occupation of this group. The results open the discussion about the temporality of the first construction of this architectural group.

Comparative Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability Near Major Dumpsites around Karu-Abuja and Keffi in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, Using Integrated Geophysical Methods

This study investigates aquifer vulnerability to leachate infiltration near major dumpsites in Karu-Abuja and Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, using integrated geophysical methods – Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Self-Potential (SP), and Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM). The study area spans basement complex and sedimentary formations. Data were collected from nine VES points, four ERT profiles, ten SP profiles and sixteen VLF transverses using Ohmega Allied resistivity meter and a Gem VLF receiver. The measurements identified groundwater saturation zones and contamination pathways such as fractures and faults. Data interpretation employed tools such as WINRESIST, RES2DINV, GRAPHER, SURFER and KHFFILT. Results delineated five to six geoelectric layers, including, topsoil, clayey sand, weathered/fractured, and fresh bedrocks. Keffi's topsoil resistivity values (47.1-224.2 Ω.m, in depths ≥ 2.1 m) indicate thicker overburden and better aquifer protective layers compared to Karu-Abuja's resistivity values (16.5-294.0 Ω.m, in depths ≥ 0.5 m). Leachate infiltration is observed in both areas, with materials of low resistivity values ranging from (7.2 to 9.9 Ω.m, in depths ≥ 7.7 m) and (2.8 to 9.6 Ω.m, in depths ≥ 6.37 m) in Karu-Abuja and Keffi study areas respectively, interpreted as contaminated zones. Negative SP anomalies ranging from (– 339.9 to -1.1 mV) and (-135 to -1.65 mV) attributed to electro-kinetic reactions, and high positive VLF current-density ranging from (5 to 10 %, in depths ≥ 14 m), further corroborated contamination pathways. The study evaluated the Aquifer Protective Capacities (APC) of Keffi and Karu-Abuja, revealing that Keffi showed better protection compared to Karu-Abuja, with Keffi showing poor rating of 66%; along VES 1 (0.043 S), VES 4 (0.05 S), VES 5 (0.01 S) and VES 6 (0.02 S) and a moderate rating of 33.33 %, along VES 3 (0.29 S) and VES 4 (0.33 S). Only VES 2 (0.89), representing 16.6%, had a good rating. The Karu-Abuja study area showed poor APC rating of 66.6%, along VES 1 (0.0063 S) and VES 3 (0.002 S), and a weak rating of 33.3% along VES 2 (0.1 S). The findings emphasise the need for regular Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and the installation of geo-synthetic clay liners at dumpsite bases to safeguard groundwater resources.

Methodological approaches to survey complex ice cave environments - the case of Dobšiná (Slovakia)

IntroductionDobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia) has attracted the attention of many researchers since its discovery more than 150 years ago. Although the cave is located outside the high-mountain area, it hosts one of the largest volumes of underground perennial ice. The topographic mapping of this unique UNESCO Natural Heritage site has led to several historical surveys. In the last decades of rapid climate change, this natural formation has been subject to rapid changes that are dynamically affecting the shape of the ice body. Increased precipitation, the rise in year-round surface temperatures, and the gravity cause significant shape changes in the ice filling.MethodsThis paper describes modern technological tools to comprehensively survey and evaluate interannual changes in both the floor and wall of the underground ice body. Technologies such as digital photogrammetry, in combination with precise digital tacheometry and terrestrial laser scanning, make it possible to detect ice accumulation and loss, including the effect of sublimation due to airflow, as well as sliding movements of the ice body to the lower part of the cave. To get a comprehensive model of the ice volume, geophysical methods (microgravimetry and ground penetrating radar) have been added to determine the thickness of the floor ice in the upper parts of the cave in the last 2 years.ResultsBetween 2018 and 2023, the ice volume in certain sections of the cave decreased by up to 667 m³, with notable reductions in ice thickness ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 m in areas like the Small Hall and Collapsed Dome. The study also detected dynamic changes, such as the widening of the ice tunnel by 20 cm in some sections, and a vertical ice wall in Ruffinyi’s Corridor showed localized volume losses up to 9 m3 (between 2018 and 2023). Additional geophysical methods - microgravimetry and ground penetrating radar - revealed an average ice thickness ranging from 10 to 25 m.DiscussionThe paper not only highlights the current technological possibilities but also points out the limitations of these technologies and then sets out solutions with a proposal of technological procedures for obtaining accurate geodetic and geophysical data.

Features of isolation and nature of low-resistivity oil-saturated reservoirs of the Middle Jurassic deposits of the Akshabulak Central field of the South Torgai oil and gas basin

At the current stage of development of the oil and gas industry of our country, additional exploration of existing fields, understudied promising areas, identification of missed horizons, methods of evaluation and development of non-standard reservoirs are of particular relevance. Reservoirs with low specific electrical resistivity can be referred to non-standard reservoirs, and there are some difficulties in assessing hydrocarbon prospects of these reservoirs. Low resistivity reservoirs can be productive reservoirs with high residual water saturation as well as reservoirs for which generally accepted interpretation techniques are ineffective. Proper analysis of the reasons that lead to underestimation of the resistivity of productive reservoirs allows choosing the most effective interpretation methods. The article is devoted to the study of the features of reservoirs with low electrical resistivity, their nature and role in the process of fluid accumulation. The basic methods of identification of low resistivity zones in reservoir rocks, their physical and chemical characteristics that cause low resistivity, including mineralogical composition, saturation, porosity, permeability and pore space structure, are considered, and their influence on the filtration-capacitance characteristics is analyzed. Approaches to integrating data from various methods (geophysical and geological-technological studies, laboratory measurements) are described. Special attention is paid to the influence of low resistivity on the interpretation of data from geophysical methods. The results of the study have significant practical potential for optimization of field development.

Carbon Soil Mapping in a Sustainable-Managed Farm in Northeast Italy: Geochemical and Geophysical Applications

Recently, there has been increasing interest in organic carbon (OC) certification of soil as an incentive for farmers to adopt sustainable agricultural practices. In this context, this pilot project combines geochemical and geophysical methods to map the distribution of OC contents in agricultural fields, allowing us to detect variations in time and space. Here we demonstrated a relationship between soil OC contents estimated in the laboratory and the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured in the field. Specifically, geochemical elemental analyses were used to evaluate the OC content and relative isotopic signature in collected soil samples from a hazelnut orchard in the Emilia–Romagna region of Northeastern Italy, while the geophysical Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) method enabled the in situ mapping of the ECa distribution in the same soil field. According to the results, geochemical and geophysical data were found to be reciprocally related, as both the organic matter and soil moisture were mainly incorporated into the fine sediments (i.e., clay) of the soil. Therefore, such a relation was used to create a map of the OC content distribution in the investigated field, which could be used to monitor the soil C sequestration on small-scale farmland and eventually develop precision agricultural services. In the future, this method could be used by farmers and regional and/or national policymakers to periodically certify the farm’s soil conditions and verify the effectiveness of carbon sequestration. These measures would enable farmers to pursue Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) incentives for the reduction of CO2 emissions.

Application of geophysical methods in subsurface mapping and mineral exploration: Adiyaman-Besni region, Türkiye

Application of geophysical methods in subsurface mapping and mineral exploration: Adiyaman-Besni region, Türkiye

About this title - Structure and Evolution of Laurussian Orogens in Europe and North America from Geophysical Investigations

Two main Paleozoic continental collisions leading to the assembly of the palaeocontinent Laurussia, reshaped the surface topography and lithosphere in large areas of present-day Europe and North America. This volume presents recent advances in our understanding of the structure and evolution of these orogens from different geophysical methods and perspectives.