Method Of Expert Assessments Research Articles

Determining the most rational method of automooring vessels in a navigation lock chamber

The article presents the results of a study to determine the most rational method of automatic mooring of vessels in a navigation lock chamber. The relevance of the study is due to updated regulatory requirements in the field of designing the specified shipping hydraulic structures, the need to improve the efficiency and safety of navigation, including ensuring the passage of unmanned vessels, as well as the lack of ready-made technical solutions for their installation on the structures in question. To solve this problem, the authors of the study used the method of expert assessments, which allows taking into account the opinions and experience of specialists in the field of shipping, which ensures a more objective and reasonable choice of the most rational method of automatic mooring. As a method of expert assessment, taking into account the issues under consideration, the method of point assessments was chosen. For this purpose, during the study, a survey was conducted among the involved experts, during which each of them gave his intuitionistic assessment. In this study, vacuum, electromagnetic and lever-andhinge devices are considered as methods of automatic mooring. The criteria considered include, among other things, the need to reconstruct the lock chamber, environmental friendliness, the ability to hold the vessel, the complexity of the device, and reliability indicators. As a result of collecting and processing the obtained data, it was found that the most preferable method of auto-mooring of vessels in the lock chamber is a vacuum device. The results obtained indicate the feasibility of developing and implementing vacuum auto-mooring devices on shipping hydraulic structures. The results of the study are of practical interest to specialists in the field of shipping and can be used in the design and reconstruction of navigation locks.

The Frank-Wulf method in modeling information systems

Subject of research: the process of choosing the best option for the structure of an information system under given conditions at the design stage. Purpose of research: to increase the efficiency and quality of the validity of decision-making, to reduce time and financial costs when choosing the structure of an information system at the design stage. Methods and objects of research: the object of research is an information system. The problem of nonlinear programming is formulated. A mathematical model of choosing the optimal variant of an information system is presented. By the method of expert assessments, information system projects with point values are determined. Information system projects with maximum values of scores are selected to determine the optimal option. The method of the conditional Frank-Wolf gradient determines the optimal solution of a nonlinear mathematical model. The essence of gradient methods is a sequential change in the value of the objective function when moving from the starting point of the domain of acceptable solutions to the optimal value of the function. The algorithm of the Frank-Wulff method includes the following steps: determining the initial value of the point of the domain of acceptable solutions, calculating the gradient, determining the optimal solution to a linear programming problem, moving to a new point, checking the condition for the end of the iterative process. The iterative process of determining the optimal solution ends when the calculated value of the calculation accuracy is less than the given value. Main results of research: preliminary projects of the information system were determined using the method of expert assessments, the optimal solution of the mathematical model of nonlinear programming by the Frank-Wolf method was found. A mathematical model for determining the optimal design of an information system will improve the efficiency and quality of the validity of decisions made, reduce financial costs and design time of information systems. The results obtained can be used in further research on this topic.

Разработка подхода к интегрированному планированию в цепочках поставок приборостроительной отрасли

Purpose: the article proposes an approach to integrated planning in supply chains of the instrument-making industry, aimed at improving the efficiency of coordination between their main participants. Methods: the study used methods of system analysis, statistical analysis and expert assessments, which made it possible to evaluate current approaches to planning and propose an approach to integrated planning based on modern digital technologies used in the performance of the planning function. To obtain the results of the study, official statistical data on the productivity and economic indicators of the instrument-making industry, data on logistics operations and supply chains of various enterprises in the industry were used. Results: the main scientific result is the approach to the development of integrated planning in supply chains developed by the author. The study also provided practical recommendations on the use of management methods at different stages of the formation of an integrated planning system. Practical significance: the practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the proposed recommendations at enterprises of the instrument-making industry to improve the efficiency of supply chain management. The implementation of the developed methods will allow enterprises to adapt to dynamic market conditions, reduce costs and improve coordination of the actions of private logistics chain participants. The results of the study can be used to develop and improve planning systems in organizations in the instrument-making industry.

ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING AN ELECTRONIC TEXTBOOK IN FORMING THE READINESS OF FUTURE PRIMARY TEACHERS FOR INTEGRATED LEARNING

The article presents a theoretical review and experimental study of the problem of using an electronic textbook in the process of developing the readiness of primary education teachers for integrated learning. The aim of the article is to determine the effectiveness of the electronic textbook in the process of developing the readiness of future teachers for the integrated education of primary schoolchildren.The research materials were tested during the 2023-2024 academic year on the basis of the Pavlodar Pedagogical University named after Alkey Margulan, where 78 students of the educational program “Pedagogy and Methods of Primary Education” were involved at the stage of testing and implementation of the electronic textbook. To achieve the goal ofthe study, theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization and systematization of scientific publications) and empirical (testing, pedagogical experiment, expert assessment) methods were used. The validity of the results of experimental pedagogical work was confirmed using the methods of mathematical statistics -the Pearson criterion.The educational results of the participants in the experimental pedagogical work demonstrated the obvious effectiveness and significance of the developed and tested electronic textbook, the content of which ensured the completeness and systematic assimilation of theoretical knowledge and the development of practical skills of students in the educational program “Pedagogy and Methods of Primary Education” for the successful implementation of integrated education for junior schoolchildren.

Method of expert assessments in the practice of system analysis of the efficiency of using municipal treasury property

Method of expert assessments in the practice of system analysis of the efficiency of using municipal treasury property

German special settlers in the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1945–1955

The article is devoted to a group of Russian Germans stationed in Udmurtia in the status of special settlers. The purpose of the work is a general description of the main parameters of the ethno-legal and socio-cultural functioning of Germans-special settlers in Udmurtia in a foreign-language environment. The methodological basis of the study was an interdisciplinary approach at the intersection of history, sociology and ethnology, using problem-chronological and statistical methods, as well as interviewing and the method of expert assessments. The basis of the source base was made up of archival documents supplemented by the memories of participants and witnesses of the events. The study sheds light on one of the closed aspects of national history, contributes to the elimination of another "white" spot in the hushed-up history of the largest of the peoples of the USSR repressed during the Stalinist period.

Повышение ВРП экономики Иркутской области на основе роста уровня энергетической эффективности регионального промышленного комплекса

Energy efficiency of fuel and energy consumption is an important indicator of regional economy. The article provides an empirical study of electricity consumption, gross regional product, and electricity consumption per capita in Russia’s regions in 2021. The analysis focused on the role of the Irkutsk Region in the development of Russia’s energy balance and economy. The authors mapped the electric intensity as part of gross regional product and found out that it is very low in the Irkutsk Region, despite the fact that this region is one of the largest consumers of electricity in Russia. The analysis revealed a national need for a better theoretical basis in energy efficiency. The research featured the increase in economic indicators of the Irkutsk Region in conditions of leveling the regional energy efficiency to average indicators. The authors used the methods of statistical research, expert assessments, modeling, and forecasting. They analyzed electric intensity by type of economic activity in various regions of the Siberian Federal District. As a result, they associated the low electric intensity of the gross regional product in Irkutsk with its industrial sector, which uses a lot of electricity and provides a significant share of the gross regional product. They modelled some changes in the volumes of Irkutsk’s gross regional product with an increase in energy efficiency in the industrial power consumption sector. As a result, the gross regional product increased by 57%, rising from 1,268 billion rubles to 2,000 billion rubles. The result was achieved by an increase in the industrial sector from 494 billion rubles to 1,226 billion rubles.

Организационно-финансовые аспекты выбора интраокулярных линз при хирургии катаракты в условиях ценностно-ориентированной системы здравоохранения.

Relevance. In modern conditions, value-based healthcare provides for the provision by medical organizations of medical care of appropriate quality with mandatory control of its cost. Treatment outcomes that are important to the patient become no less significant than clinical performance indicators and payment for medical services, regardless of the profile of medical care. The gradual change in paradigms of healthcare systems from a paternalistic to a person-centric model required changes in organizational, legislative and financial approaches when introducing health-saving healthcare technologies. Purpose of the study: analysis of the current organizational, legal, financial and clinical models of surgical treatment of patients with age-related cataracts, astigmatism and development of proposals for the implementation of the patient’s right to choose intraocular lenses, taking into account his modern expectations from the results of treatment. Materials and methods. Statistical and analytical methods were used (content analysis methods, expert assessment methods, analysis and synthesis methods). Results. An analysis of the legislation in organizing the provision and financing of medical care to the adult population in the field of ophthalmology is presented, and state guarantees for the use of medical products – types of intraocular lenses implanted into the human body for the surgical treatment of senile cataracts and astigmatism – are considered. Clinical models of the disease are systematized, taking into account the frequency and frequency of provision of medical services and the list of medical devices implanted into the human body, professional, medico-economic, medico-legal and reputational risks are described when exercising the patient’s right to choose intraocular lenses in the treatment of ophthalmological pathology. Proposals have been developed to change clinical recommendations, standards of medical care for senile cataracts and astigmatism, and improve payment for ophthalmological care. Conclusions. The transition to value-based healthcare requires the consolidation of the efforts of all structures of the healthcare industry to achieve the best results in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases and increase the clinical effectiveness associated with the choice of intraocular lenses in the surgical treatment of adults in the field of ophthalmology.

Priority of competencies in the professional activities of general practitioners (family doctors)

The functional responsibilities of general practitioners (family doctors) (GPs) have changed significantly over the past decade. The number of GP functions has expanded. Despite the increasingly complex professional activities of GPs, there is no scientific evidence for the qualification characteristics of GPs expressed in knowledge, skills, abilities, and competencies in the theory and practice in training. In this regard, a study was conducted to determine the priority of GP competencies that make up the qualification characteristics of a specialist. Aim. To analyze, generalize and rationale the research results, as well as to develop preliminary guidelines for GP training. Material and methods. The information base for the study was the results of ranking competencies according to their importance in the professional activities of GPs in Russia. It was obtained during the ascertaining experiment, implemented using the Delphi method as a method of expert assessment and strategic planning of training specialists. Conclusion. The analysis of competencies developed and agreed upon by experts showed its compliance with the job functions of GPs, the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for the General Medical Practice (Family Medicine) and the WONCA guidelines. A summary of the study results to determine the priority of competence in GP activities showed the following: — all competencies (25) were defined as necessary and constitutive of GP qualification; — 21 competencies were considered significant and highly significant for GPs; — 4 competencies were considered as of moderate significance and below moderate significance. The analysis of the priority of competences revealed insufficient methodological support for GP training in accordance with the social order. The results obtained showed the need to continue the study within the project "Quality Management of Training of General Practitioners (Family Doctors)".

MEDICAL-SOCIAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE REGIONAL CENTRE OF CARDIOLOGY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (on the example of Kyiv region)

Introduction. The transformation of our country's healthcare system is impossible without quality medical reform. One of the reform's starting directions is improving the provision of cardiac care to the population. Aim. Medical and social substantiation of directions for developing a conceptual model of a regional cardiology centre based on the principles of public-private partnership (on the example of the Kyiv region). Materials and methods. Data from state and industry statistical reports of healthcare institutions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, as well as materials from a sociological survey of cardiologists and patients and a survey of 31 experts (highly qualified health care organizers) conducted according to specially developed programs) were the materials in this study. The research used complex methods: systematic approach and analysis, synthesis, generalization, interpretation, medical-statistical and sociological method, expert assessment and conceptual modelling method. Results. Stable high levels of circulatory system disease prevalence among the adult population of the Kyiv region and differences depending on different age groups, increase in the mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the studied time intervals and the mortality rate of cardiac patients were established. At the same time, there was a decrease in the level of hospitalization of patients along with a decrease in the average number of beds for the treatment of cardiology patients; there were no significant changes in the staffing indicators of health centres of the Kyiv region, which provide cardiac medical care to patients with CVD in 2018-2022. However, there was an increase in the number of cardiovascular surgeon positions for the adult population of the Kyiv region in 2020 by 12.9%, and then a decrease of 7.01% in 2021. The insufficient resource provision of healthcare facilities in which cardiac medical care is provided as evidenced by a significant decrease in the coverage of echocardiography in the study, despite the reform of the network of healthcare facilities in the region. The results of the survey of patients and cardiology specialists revealed significant levels of dissatisfaction with the possibilities of providing and receiving quality cardiology care. Conclusions. A range of problems in the field of providing high-quality cardiac care to the population was determined on the example of the Kyiv region, and a strategy with phased and complex steps to solve the most acute problematic issues was proposed with the proposed project of the Strategic Plan for the development of the regional system of cardiac care for the population of the region for the period 2024-2029.

Management of professional stress of personnel at the organizational level

The problem of timely prevention of occupational stress is relevant for most organizations. In the article, the authors consider the problem of improving the methods of stress management of the organization of the service sector in order to prevent organizational and psychosocial risks (stress factors) in modern socio-economic conditions. The purpose of this study is to form organizational and socio–psychological recommendations for the prevention of occupational stress and professional burnout syndrome of personnel of service organizations. The study analyzes scientific publications of Russian scientists on the problem of improving stress management methods at the level of an employee’s personality and at the level of an organization. Based on the method of expert assessments, the organizational and psychosocial stress factors of the organization’s personnel are determined. Based on the MAI method, the most significant organizational and socio-psychological recommendations for improving methods of preventing occupational stress have been identified. A mathematical model has been developed for predicting the impact of occupational stress on the employee satisfaction index of a service sector organization.

TOURISM APERTURE IN ENSURING BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS IN THE REGIONAL ECONOMY IN THE MOBILIZATION FORMAT OF CHANGES

The issues of tourism development in regional entities in the context of business adaptation to the requirements of the mobilization economy are considered. Tourism is endowed with the property of a driver of economic, social and cultural development of territories. The object of the study is the tourism sector as a key link in the image education system of the region. The purpose of the study is to develop a model for managing the competitiveness of tourism services in the context of mobilization changes on a marketing and communication platform that implements new requirements for digitalization and intellectualization of innovative transformations. It is proposed to activate the communication multiplier and use human capital more effectively in the course of marketing adaptation of subjects to the action of multidirectional factors of the external and internal contours of the local socio-­economic system. The research is based on the use of a systematic approach to understanding the essence of adaptive potential in relation to the mobilization stage of the transformation of the tourism sector of the Russian economy. Categorical analysis was applied in the development of a new conceptual framework in the field of tourism business. The method of expert assessments was used to determine the impact of various factors on the development of the tourism sector, as well as a modeling method to improve the competitiveness management of the business forming it. A model for managing the competitiveness of tourism services in the context of the mobilization orientation of the economy is proposed, which allows creating a “window of opportunity” for the sustainable functioning and development of the tourism sector at the level of the regional economy within the framework of the strategy formed by it to keep business competitive positions. The results obtained correlate the effectiveness of business development with the marketing and behavioral adaptation of subjects with the expansion of the action of the communication multiplier.

Совершенствование методики оценки эффективности деятельности Управления Федеральной службы судебных приставов

As a result of the study, a system of indicators was determined that allow for a better assessment of the effectiveness of the activities of the territorial bodies of the Federal Bailiff Service in the Russian Federation; an assessment of the effectiveness of the object under study was carried out; institutional problems of the analyzed management sphere were identified and directions for their solution were determined. The main research methods are: questionnaires, the method of expert assessments, practical approbation.

Оценка альтернатив: новые подходы принятия решений в условиях определенности

The decision-making process plays an important role in the development of society in general and the effective management of organizations in particular. In today's world, where the complexity of tasks and the competitive environment are constantly growing, making the right and informed decisions becomes a key element of success. Any person, group of people or organization is constantly faced with the need to choose between several possible courses of action, called alternatives, whether in the personal sphere or in the work of organizations. To effectively make complex decisions within the activities of organizations, models for making optimal decisions have been developed. The most popular of them is the model of decision-making under conditions of certainty, when the outcome of the decision is not influenced by random factors. All this confirms the relevance of scientific research in the field of decision making. Aim. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for assessing the degree of attractiveness of alternatives based on objective quantitative or subjective qualitative criteria, which will improve the quality of decisions made. The methodology is based on mathematical models for processing information containing the characteristics of alternatives according to evaluation criteria. Materials and methods. The methodology for evaluating alternatives presented in the work is based on mathematical models of information processing, which are based on methods of mathematical modeling, optimization methods, linear programming, theory of fuzzy sets, theory of latent variables, as well as methods of decision-making under conditions of uncertainty and methods of expert assessment. Results. The relevance of the development of a model for evalua¬ting construction projects according to quantitative criteria is shown, ways of solving the tasks are given and justified. A mathematical model has been developed that makes it possible to evaluate construction projects by objective indicators based on the theory of fuzzy sets and the Rush model for estimating latent variables. On the basis of numerical methods, the adequacy of the received estimates of construction projects is substantiated, the methodology for implementing computational procedures necessary for the practical implementation of evaluation models is described. Conclusion. The application of the given methodology in the decision-making procedure under conditions of certainty will improve the quality of decisions made and reduce the risks of their implementation.

Procedure for licensing medical activities at the present stage: problems and ways to overcome them

BACKGROUND: One of the tools for ensuring the quality of medical care and medical services is licensing procedures for admission to medical activities, which include licensing. Licensing is indicated as a mandatory condition for carrying out medical activities in the list of types of activities for which licenses are required (clause 46 of Article 12 of the Federal Law “On Licensing of Certain Types of Activities”). Since life and health are the most important universal human values and are legally enshrined at the level of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the study of the healthcare sector, including from the point of view of legal support for procedures for admitting individuals and legal entities to medical activities, is of exceptional scientific and practical interest. It should be noted that the institution of licensing of medical activities is one of the legal institutions that is constantly undergoing legislative changes, which allows us to speak about the relevance and relevance of this issue. Issues of licensing medical activities quite often come to the attention of researchers, however, due to the dynamic changes in the current legislation on the issue under study and the presence of quite extensive judicial practice, they require additional research in order to resolve problematic issues that arise in practice. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: based on an analysis of the regulatory framework for licensing medical activities, to identify problematic procedural issues and determine ways to improve the current legislation regulating the provision of medical care and medical services. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the method of expert assessments, an analysis was carried out of the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation regulating legal relations during the procedure for licensing medical activities by organizations of the public and private healthcare system. RESULTS: Licensing as an institution of law is complex in terms of the legal relations it generates, combining at its core the legal norms of two broad branches of law — administrative and civil. At the same time, licensing is a mandatory criterion for the functioning of a medical organization and includes a number of requirements for such organizations. Despite the extensive regulatory framework on the issue under study, licensing requirements contain a number of problematic aspects that create obstacles for licensees and license applicants and require legislative approval. In this regard, the authors have proposed ways to resolve existing contradictions by making specific proposals to change the current legislation. The proposed optimization of the licensing procedure for all participants in this process, as well as minimizing the risks arising from these legal relations, according to the authors, fully meets the objectives of ensuring the rights of citizens to high-quality and safe medical care.

Development and Synthesis of Linguistic Models for Catalytic Cracking Unit in a Fuzzy Environment

This research develops a method for synthesizing linguistic models of fuzzy systems with fuzzy input and output parameters that are described by linguistic variables. Based on the proposed method, linguistic models of the Title 1000 catalytic cracking unit for heavy residues at the Shymkent oil refinery are developed, describing the dependence of the volume and quality of gasoline on the input and operating parameters of the facility, which are fuzzy. It is substantiated that the use of a fuzzy approach, which allows the use of the experience, knowledge, and intuition (intelligence) of the decision maker and subject matter experts, is the most suitable effective method for synthesizing models of complex, fuzzily described objects and processes for comparison with other methods. The main idea of the proposed work is to solve the problems of shortage and fuzziness of initial information when developing models and optimizing the operating modes of a catalytic cracking unit through the use of knowledge, experience, and intuition of experts in this field. To solve the problems of the shortage of initial quantitative information and the fuzziness of available information when developing mathematical models, it is proposed to systematically use statistical methods, expert assessment methods, and a heuristic method based on fuzzy logic. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a method for synthesizing linguistic models in a fuzzy environment and an algorithm for its implementation, which makes it possible to describe the dependence of the fuzzy values of the object’s output parameters on its fuzzy input and operating parameters. The proposed approach allows the formalization and synthesis of models of fuzzily described objects when other methods of model development are not applicable or do not give the expected results. The results of the work were simulated in the MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Toolbox.

A matrix of artificial intelligence tools in pre-service foreign language teacher training

Importance. The modern stage of information and technological development of civilization is characterised by the dynamic emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and the development of tools based on them, which are being more and more introduced into various spheres of life. The education system in general, and foreign language education in particular, is no exception. Currently, there are several dozen AI tools that are actively used by students and teachers in the development of foreign language communicative skills and the development of language skills. There is a rather voluminous body of research in the academic literature devoted to the disclosure of the language teaching potential of modern AI tools. However, most of the studies are of a pilot nature. The focus of scholars’ attention is on particular methods for the development of students’ communicative skills or the development of certain language skills based on individual AI tools. The systematic consideration of the integration of AI technologies into the process of teaching foreign language majoring students – future foreign language teachers – linguistic and teaching methods training has not been the subject of a special study. The purpose of this study is to develop a matrix of AI tools used in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers.Materials and Methods. The study is conducted on the basis of the expert assessment method, which allows to: a) identify the language teaching potential, as well as the limitations of the most common AI tools; b) summarise and classify the available knowledge in the form of a matrix of AI tools used in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers. The materials of the study were research articles, published in Russian and foreign academic journals, indexed in Web of Science and Scopus.Results and Discussion. A matrix of AI tools in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers has been developed. The matrix is presented according to six types of feedback from generative AI used in foreign language teaching and teaching methods. The following are the main and most accessible AI tools for teachers and students providing feedback of each type: a) Replika, LingvoBot, Multitran_bot, Slavaribot, WorldContextBot, ChatGPT, Google Assistant, EGEEnglish.ru (educational and social feedback); b) ChatGPT, YandexGPT and GigaChat (information and reference feedback); c) ChatGPT 4.0, YandexGPT, GigaChat, Twee (methodological feedback); d) ChatGPT, YandexGPT, GigaChat, Turnitin, software “Antiplagiat” (analytical feedback); e) Grammarly, PaperRater, Pigai, ChatGPT 4.0, YandexGPT, GigaChat, Criterion (assessment and evaluative feedback); f) ChatGPT, YandexGPT, GigaChat, AI Poem Generator, Midjourney, Suno, Sora, Runway (conditionally creative feedback).Conclusion. The novelty of the research consists in the development of a matrix of AI tools in the linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers. The prospects for further research lie in the development of teaching methods for aspects of language, types of speech activity, as well as specialised disciplines based on specific AI tools. In their entirety, these particular methods will enable the creation of an integrated system of linguistic and teaching methods training of future foreign language teachers based on AI tools.

Accounting and analytical support of internal cost control in the health resort institutions

Subject. This article focuses on the development of methodological tools for accounting and analytical support of internal cost control in economic entities of the health resort complex. Objectives. The article aims to develop the theoretical and methodological foundations and detail practical provisions for accounting, control and analytical support of internal control of the costs incurred, confirming the voucher cost and helping minimize the amount of invested financial and intellectual resources. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of grouping, generalization, expert assessments, comparative analysis, classification, factor analysis, and modeling. Results. The article clarifies the concept of Health Resort Service, develops a set of principles that reveals the methodology for the formation of internal management reporting and its structural elements for grouping information, and it offers a variant of regulation of internal cost control. Conclusions and Relevance. The developed multi-component structured model of internal control for analytical assessment and monitoring of costs, determining their compliance with the planned ones, within the framework of the business process Providing a Comprehensive Health Resort Service, is universal for economic entities of the health resort complex, which optimizes control procedures. The key proposals for the formation of methodological approaches to the organization of internal cost control in health resorts can help minimize entrepreneurial risks and increase the efficiency of activities.

Materialistic dialectics as an epistemological basis of a realistic approach to understanding and cognition of truth in various spheres of cognition, Including in criminal proceedings

In the article, using the methodology of system analysis, system-functional, system-structural and system-component aspects of the system approach, as well as the method of expert assessments of authoritative specialists professing a realistic approach to understanding and cognition of truth, materialistic dialectics is considered as a composite This part of the realistic theory of knowledge, the epistemological basis of a realistic approach to understanding and knowing the truth in various spheres of cognition, including in criminal proceedings. It is substantiated that one of the reasons for the unproductiveness of the endless discussion between supporters and opponents of the concept of objective truth in the Russian criminal process is that some modern participants in this discussion from both sides in their understanding of dialectical materialism as the epistemological basis of the realistic approach to understanding and knowing the truth stopped at the level of Soviet official philosophy, not taking into account that dialectical materialism is productively developing through philosophical comprehension within the framework of complex and systematic approaches of the achievements of various branches of the natural sciences and humanities covered by the concept of “cognitive sciences”, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the foundations, system-forming factors of the realistic approach to understanding and cognition of truth.

Методологічний підхід до розв’язання проблеми надійності функціонування автомобільних транспортних систем

An analysis of methods and techniques for solving the problem of increasing and ensuring the appropriate level of reliability of technical systems was carried out, which made it possible, based on the use of analogies, to find out the directions for ensuring the reliability of automobile transport systems. The essence of the concept of the reliability of the functioning of automobile transport systems for the transportation of goods and passengers from a methodological point of view is clarified. The insufficiency of regulatory and legal documentation for the development of methods and techniques for assessing the reliability of transport systems is substantiated. The synthesis of the concepts of "management" and "reliability" of the functioning of transport systems in comparison with similar concepts of technical systems is considered. The expert method and methodology of expert assessment of the reasons for failures of the production subsystem of the motor vehicle enterprise and its services are considered. It was found that factor analysis in combination with expert assessment makes it possible to assess the significance of the reasons for failure of transport systems and their frequency. In accordance with the classification of failures of technical systems, an analysis of their belonging to automobile transport systems was carried out. The classification of failures of technical systems according to different sets of features is analyzed. It was established that the classification of failures of automobile transport systems is based on the use of analogy with the classification of failures of technical systems, as well as on the results of the analysis of the factors of the causes of failures that occur in the production system of the carrier's enterprise. It was revealed that the selection of significant factors affecting the failure of automobile transport systems is based on the method of expert evaluations, their ranking by importance was carried out, and their relative frequencies were calculated. The results of the factor analysis of the reasons for the failure of the production subsystem of the motor vehicle enterprise are given. It is assumed that by analogy with technical automobile transport systems, they are also subject to decomposition by stages of the life cycle. Therefore, a sudden failure of automobile transport systems is characterized by a sudden change in the values of one or more initial parameters agreed with the customer, and a gradual one occurs as a result of a slow, gradual deterioration of the functioning characteristics of the subsystem or the system as a whole or a participant in the transportation of goods and passengers.