Analysis Method Research Articles

A Comprehensive Review of Analytical Techniques for Quantifying Cyclin‐dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors in Biological Samples, Bulk, and Pharmaceutical Samples

ABSTRACTCyclin‐dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors are utilized as a remedy for advanced hormone receptor‐positive, HER2‐negative breast cancer (BC). By targeting CDK4/6, these drugs inhibit the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein during the early G1 phase, leading to cell cycle arrest, disruption of deoxyribonucleic acid replication, and effective suppression of cancer cell proliferation. Recently, there has been an increasing focus on the advancement of analytical techniques for the determination of CDK4/6 inhibitors. These analytical methods are essential in the enhancement and refinement of CDK4/6 inhibitors for the management of advanced BC. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various analytical techniques used for the analysis of palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, along with their metabolites in biological fluids (such as blood and urine samples), commercial products, Ringer's solution, and simultaneous estimation. High‐performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry are the primary analytical techniques commonly employed for the analysis of CDK4/6 inhibitors. This analytical review also provides insights into pharmacokinetics and stability studies, as well as the use of analytical techniques in detecting impurities and determining the structure of degraded products.

Symmetrical Short-Circuit Behavior Prediction of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Since the advent of rare-earth permanent magnet (PM) materials, PM synchronous machines (PMSMs) have become popular in power generation, industrial drives, and e-mobility. However, rare-earth PMs in PMSMs are prone to temperature- and operation-related irreversible demagnetization. Additionally, faults can endanger components like inverters, batteries, and mechanical structures. Designing a fault-tolerant machine requires considering these risks during the PMSM design phase. Traditional transient finite element analysis is time-consuming, but fast analytical simulation methods provide viable alternatives. This paper evaluates methods for analyzing dynamic three-phase short-circuit (3PSC) events in PMSMs. Experimental measurements on a PMSM prototype serve as benchmarks. The results show that accounting for machine saturation reduces discrepancies between measured and predicted outcomes by 20%. While spatial harmonic content and sub-transient reactance can be neglected in some cases, caution is required in other scenarios. Eddy currents in larger machines significantly impact 3PSC dynamics. This work provides a quick assessment based on general machine parameters, improving fault-tolerant PMSM design.

Targeted Chiral Metabolomics of D-Amino Acids: Their Emerging Role as Potential Biomarkers in Neurological Diseases with a Focus on Their Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis upon Chiral Derivatization

In neuroscience research, chiral metabolomics is an emerging field, in which D-amino acids play an important role as potential biomarkers for neurological diseases. The targeted chiral analysis of the brain metabolome, employing liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), is a pivotal approach for the identification of biomarkers for neurological diseases. This review provides an overview of D-amino acids in neurological diseases and of the state-of-the-art strategies for the enantioselective analysis of chiral amino acids (AAs) in biological samples to investigate their putative role as biomarkers for neurological diseases. Fluctuations in D-amino acids (D-AAs) levels can be related to the pathology of neurological diseases, for example, through their role in the modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neurotransmission. Because of the trace presence of these biomolecules in mammals and the complex nature of biological matrices, highly sensitive and selective analytical methods are essential. Derivatization strategies with chiral reagents are highlighted as critical tools for enhancing detection capabilities. The latest advances in chiral derivatization reactions, coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis, have improved the enantioselective quantification of these AAs and allow the separation of several chiral metabolites in a single analytical run. The enhanced performances of these methods can provide an accurate correlation between specific D-AA profiles and disease states, allowing for a better understanding of neurological diseases and drug effects on the brain.

Comparison of Sample Preparation and Detection Methods for the Quantification of Synthetic Musk Compounds (SMCs) in Carp Fish Samples

This study deals with the separation and detection methods for 12 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs), which are some of the emerging contaminants in fish samples, are widely present in environmental media, and can be considered serious risks due to their harmful effects. For the separation of co-extracted substances and the target SMCs in fish samples after ultrasonic extraction, four solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents were investigated. The recoveries of SMCs from 10 mL of eluent, as optimized by the elution profile, were within the acceptable range of 80–120% in all SPE types, and it was found that nitro musk and polycyclic musk compounds were separated more clearly in Florisil SPE than others (Aminopropyl, Alumina-N, PSA). Furthermore, the results of measuring the matrix effects by each SPE through the spiking experiments showed that Florisil SPE was superior. The comparison of a gas chromatograph-single quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-SQ/MS) with selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode and GC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes regarding the detection method of SMCs showed that the method detection limits (MDLs) of SMCs were on average ten times lower when GC-QqQ-MS/MS with MRM mode was used. The differences between the two methods can provide essential information for selecting an analytical method in related research fields that require appropriate detection levels, such as risk assessment or pollution control.

Development and Validation of a Headspace GC-MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Antimicrobial Preservatives in Biopharmaceutical Peptide Formulations.

The four most used antimicrobial preservatives in biopharmaceutical parenteral formulations are phenol, meta-cresol, chlorobutanol, and benzyl alcohol. Preservatives are included in various combinations in biopharmaceuticals highlighting the importance of an analytical method to quantify the four preservatives simultaneously. A headspace GC-MS method was developed to quantify phenol, chlorobutanol, meta-cresol, and benzyl alcohol. The method was validated according to USP <1225>. System suitability <USP 621> was conducted daily for retention time (%RSD < 2.0%), peak area (%RSD < 5.0%), USP tailing factor (< 2.0 and %RSD < 10.0%), and peak resolution (> 2.0). Analytical ranges were 1.5-90 μg/mL for phenol and meta-cresol, 30-240 μg/mL for benzyl alcohol, and 30-300 μg/mL for chlorobutanol. Method accuracy ranged from 94% to 108% and precision from 4% to 15 %RSD for all the tested preservatives. The method was applied to three marketed teriparatide drug products selected as a model. Preservative concentrations of the biopharmaceutical marketed products were determined and were found to be comparable with the labeled concentrations, except for an expired product with 2.5% of the label claim. The developed headspace GC-MS method can be used to evaluate the drug quality of the parenteral formulations and to support the assessment of biopharmaceutical peptide drug products.

The impact of prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter and its components on maternal and neonatal thyroid function and birth weight: a prospective cohort study.

Maternal and child health has garnered considerable attention recently. The effects of prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and its components on thyroid function in both mothers and fetuses, as well as on offspring birth weight, remain unexplored. This study involved 446 mother-infant pairs from a cohort study in Ma'anshan, China, during 2021-2022. Air pollution data were obtained from the Tracking Air Pollution (TAP) project. Thyroid hormone levels (FT3, FT4, and TSH) were measured in maternal blood samples taken at various pregnancy stages and in cord blood. We employed multiple analytical methods to evaluate the effects of PM2.5 and its components on maternal thyroid function and birth weight z-score (BWz). The GLR analysis reveals that the effect of PM2.5 and its components on BWz differs according to the pregnancy stage and the specific pollutant involved. During the late pregnancy, increased exposure to PM2.5 and specific components (for instance, and ) was correlated with elevated maternal FT4 levels (p < 0.05) and reduced BWz (p < 0.05). QgC results illustrated a notable negative correlation between heightened PM2.5 exposure and BWz in late pregnancy. BKMR analysis confirmed that overall exposure to PM2.5 and its components negatively impacted BWz during the third trimester. Mediation analysis showed that changes in maternal FT4 levels accounted for approximately 8.52%, 8.05%, and 8.13% of the negative effects on BWz from exposure to , and , respectively (p < 0.05). In healthy pregnancies, exposure to PM2.5 and its components during the late pregnancy is linked to alterations in maternal thyroid hormone levels, potentially leading to reduced birth weight. Maternal FT4 levels may mediate the connection between PM2.5 components exposure and reduced the weight of offspring.

In-Use Physicochemical Stability of Sandoz Rituximab Biosimilar in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Solution After Prolonged Storage at Room Temperature Conditions.

Often, stability studies do not cover all facets of ensuring patient safety for biologics, unless the impact of the in-use and out-of-fridge conditions is also assessed. This study investigated the physicochemical and biological stability of Sandoz rituximab biosimilar (SDZ-RTX). In a worst-case setting, two SDZ-RTX batches in vials were exposed to long-term conditions (5 ± 3°C) for at least the shelf-life period (36 months). These batches were exposed to out-of-fridge conditions of up to 25 ± 2°C/60 ± 5% relative humidity in total for 14days, and subsequently to 30±2°C/75 ± 5% relative humidity for 7 days. Thereafter, these batches were diluted to 1mg/mL in 0.9% NaCl in 250-mL polyethylene infusion bags and stored at either 25 ± 2°C/60 ± 5% relative humidity for 30 days or 30 ± 2°C/75±5% relative humidity for 14 days, representing in-use conditions. The stability of SDZ-RTX was assessed using a variety of analytical methods, including size-exclusion chromatography, cation exchange chromatography, non-reducing capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate, complement-dependent cytotoxicity-bioactivity, and subvisible particle count by light obscuration. Results for all assessments were within the stringent shelf-life acceptance criteria for SDZ-RTX for both batches under both in-use conditions. These data show that the physicochemical and biological quality of SDZ-RTX diluted in 0.9% NaCl infusion bags is assured, even after prolonged worst-case (out-of-fridge and in-use) storage at elevated temperatures up to 30°C, if the medication is prepared under aseptic conditions according to the Summary of Product Characteristics.

Bright and long-lasting aqueous peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence in cellulose microspheres.

Water decreases the brightness of the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence partially due to the hydrolysis of the oxalate reagent. Here, we show that encapsulation of an oxalate ester and the fluorescent activator in microspheres of cellulose esters increases the emission intensity 30 times compared to the same reaction in water without encapsulation, whereas the emission intensity decay rate constants are considerably lower. Emission intensities, rate constants and chemiluminescence quantum yields increase with increasing hydrogen peroxide concentrations. These results expand the potential of application of chemiluminescence, contributing for the development of ultrasensitive analytical methods.

Isoptic Point of the Non-Cyclic Quadrangle in the Isotropic Plane

We study the non-cyclic quadrangle ABCD in the isotropic plane and its isoptic point. This is a continuation of the research carried out in a few previous papers. There, we put the non-cyclic quadrangle in the standard position, which enables us to prove its properties using a simple analytical method. In the standard position, the special hyperbola xy=1 is circumscribed to the quadrangle. Hereby, we use the same method to obtain several results related to the isoptic point of the non-cyclic quadrangle. The isoptic point T is the inverse image of points A′, B′, C′, D′ with respect to circumcircles of BCD, ACD, ABD, ACD, respectively, where A′, B′, C′, D′ are isogonal points to vertices A, B, C, D with respect to triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ACD. The circumircles are seen from T under the equal angles. Our analysis is motivated by the Euclidean results already published in the literature.

Exogenous Versus Endogenous Nandrolone in Doping Investigations: A Systematic Literature Review

Nandrolone, or 19-nortestosterone, is an anabolic steroid derived from testosterone, known for its androgenic and anabolic effects. Often used illicitly by athletes to boost performance, its use is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in and out of competition. Nandrolone’s main metabolites, 19-norandrosterone (19-NA) and 19-noretiocholanolone (19-NE), are typically detected in urine. This systematic review, registered with PROSPERO and following PRISMA guidelines, examines nandrolone’s metabolism, factors affecting its natural production, and the analytical methods used in doping tests. Searches on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science yielded 517 studies, of which 57 were selected for analysis after excluding duplicates and unrelated articles. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess data on metabolic pathways, endogenous production influences, and detection techniques. Based on this review, it clearly emerges that the only technique that can distinguish endogenous production from an exogenous intake is gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). In addition, factors influencing endogenous production are considered and explored. Overall, this review provides useful information regarding nandrolone and its main metabolites.

Enhanced Analysis of Carcinogens and Nutritional Profile of Vitis vinifera by Employing Pulsed Electric Field

ABSTRACTSolid Phase Microextraction‐Gas Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (SPME‐GC‐TQ/MS) was optimized and validated to specifically analyze aldehydes and furans after drying Vitis vinifera grape variety by conventional as well as modern pre‐drying technique i.e. pulsed electric field (PEF). Analytical method was validated in terms of linearity (R2), recovery (%), relative standard deviation (% RSD), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Sample pre‐treatment with PEF (1 kV/cm) followed by drying at 65°C produced dried product with fewer chemical changes in the composition than convective hot air drying. Meanwhile, nutritional parameters including polyphenolics, amino acids, fatty acids and sugars profiles were also extensively investigated to get deeper insights into the effect of drying treatments on the nutritional quality of dried product. Conclusively, sample pre‐treatment on relatively lower PEF voltage, followed by drying at minimum temperature with longer time duration can preserve nutritional quality of product by forming less harmful compounds.

Syringin: plant source, traditional uses, anti‐cancer, brain protection and related pharmacological properties

Traditional herbal medicines containing syringin in different parts of the world, have been used to enhance memory, relieve pain, cough, clear fever, treat psoas tension, tonsillitis, sore throat, acute gastroenteritis, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, etc. In this paper, the extraction, analytical method, pharmacological action and research progress of syringin containing plants were reviewed. Various extraction methods and detection methods of syringin were summarized, especially the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography were recommended for the extraction and determination of syringin. We spotlighted the anti‐cancer, brain‐protective, and anti‐inflammatory pharmacological effects of syringin. An in‐depth analysis of four plants that contain syringin ‐‐ Eleutherococcus senticosus, Codonopsis pilosula, Daphne tangutica Maxim and Syringa reticulata subsp. Amurensis. In addition, the safety and efficacy of these four plants and preparations containing syringin (Shugan Jieyu Capsule, compound Coginseng tablet, hyoscyamine ointment and Qinfenghong Zhike capsule) were analyzed. Although syringin has been widely used in traditional medicine, its specific mechanism of action and clinical efficacy are still not completely understood, and further research is needed to explore and verify it. This study provides valuable theoretical basis and potential research direction for the research and development of new drugs such as anti‐cancer and brain protection.

The Effect of GDP per Capita, Population, and Income Inequality on CO2 Emissions in Indonesia

This study aims to see the effect of GDP per capita, income inequality, and population on CO2 emissions in Indonesia from 1990-2021. This research uses a descriptive quantitative method. The data used is secondary data, in the form of annual data for 32 years. The analytical method used is the error correction model (ECM) to see the short and long-term effects between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The results of this study indicate that GDP per capita has a positive and significant effect on Indonesia, both in the short term and in the long term. The income inequality variable has a positive and insignificant effect on CO2 emissions in Indonesia in the short term. Meanwhile, in the long term, income inequality has a negative and insignificant effect on CO2 emissions in Indonesia. The population variable has an insignificant negative effect on CO2 emissions in Indonesia in the short term. However, in the long term, the population has a significant positive effect on CO2 emissions in Indonesia.

ЧИННИКИ, ЯКІ ОБУМОВЛЮЮТЬ ВИНИКНЕННЯ НЕПРАЦЮЮЧИХ (ПРОБЛЕМНИХ) АКТИВІВ У БАНКІВСЬКІЙ СФЕРІ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

Today, Ukraine is in an extremely difficult economic, social and political situation, which in turn determines the need to ensure the effective functioning of all spheres of the state's life, especially its financial sector. An important element of the latter is the banking system, which in the conditions of a full-scale war faced a large number of risks, among which a special place is given to non-working (problem) assets. At the same time, it should be noted that the emergence of non-performing (problem) assets in the banking sector is determined by a number of factors of a diverse nature. Objective. The article, based on the analysis of the scientific views of scientists, the norms of the current legislation and the practice of its implementation, highlights the factors that cause the emergence of non-performing (problem) assets in the banking sector in modern conditions. Methods. In the process of preparing a scientific study, a number of both general and special methods of scientific knowledge were used. Thus, the analytical method and the method of documentary analysis were used in order to identify the problems causing the emergence of (problem) assets in the banking sector. The method of systematization and classification was used in order to form the author's vision of the factors that cause the emergence of non-performing (problem) assets in the banking sector. Results. It is argued that the factors causing the emergence of non-performing (problem) assets in the banking sector should be divided into two large groups: 1) external, in particular: a) regulatory and legal; b) political; c) financial and economic; d) safe; e) demographic; 2) internal factors, which include: a) organizational and managerial factors; b) personnel; c) informational and analytical. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the theoretical approach to the definition of the key factors causing the emergence of non-performing (problem) assets in the banking sector in modern conditions was further elaborated in it. Practical significance. To solve the theoretical and practical problems causing the emergence of non-performing (problem) assets in the banking sector in modern conditions. Keywords: factors, banks, banking activity, non-performing, problem assets, financial sphere, banking sphere.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION IN CALCULATIONS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC PROCESSING. PART I: PROPAGATION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

The article deals with the problem of numerical modeling when calculating electromagnetic field propagation in electromagnetic molding systems. From the analysis of open information sources, it follows that the problem of numerical modeling when creating new technological operations of electromagnetic molding or when improving existing ones is relevant in a scientific and practical sense. This is due to the need to perform adequate numerical modeling and computational analysis of technological systems and technological operations at the stage of creation and improvement. With regard to technological systems of electromagnetic processing, calculation schemes and models should make it possible to study the propagation of a non-stationary electromagnetic field and to study the processes of nonlinear deformation of technological elements, which is caused by the force interaction of the induced electromagnetic field with the field of the source. Adequate numerical modeling must be based on appropriate calculation procedures based on numerical methods. The article substantiates the need to use numerical methods for calculation analysis, which allow creating calculation schemes closer to reality to a greater extent compared to the case of using analytical approaches and methods. The most effective numerical method is the finite element method, which allows the analysis of the non-stationary electromagnetic field and deformation within the same calculation scheme. In this case, within the framework of the finite element method, iterative schemes can be created that allow taking into account nonlinear effects. Here, nonlinear effects can be caused by the dependence of the mechanical and electrophysical properties of the material on temperature, the plastic nature of the deformation, as well as the need to account for contact phenomena. The results of modeling the propagation of the electromagnetic field of a single-turn inductor are presented.

Reducing urban energy consumption and carbon emissions: a novel GIS-based model for sustainable spatial accessibility to local services and resources

Abstract This study explores the complex interconnections among global population growth, energy consumption, CO2 production, and disparities in service access through the lens of a single case study. Rapid population growth in many major cities has created significant challenges related to equitable access to services and socio-economic development, thereby impacting both their energy consumption patterns and environmental impacts. The case investigated in this study, like many other cases in developing countries, exhibits differences in service provision, infrastructure development, and energy usage, particularly between the northern and southern regions, which significantly affect the quality of life, environmental sustainability, and economic development. Previous efforts to narrow these geographic disparities have yielded limited success and exhibited several shortcomings. By employing a GIS Analytical Network Process method, this study examines service accessibility patterns in a single-case city, with a particular emphasis on green spaces, food services, and educational facilities and services. This GIS-based approach seeks to achieve sustainable levels of access to multiple land uses by evaluating their accessibility and identifying areas of overlap between them. The study endeavors to increase access and density of service standards when planning the placement of new facilities based on these standards in new locations. The method developed in this study represents a critical stride toward achieving these key objectives. The findings reveal that only 47% of city population blocks enjoy high service accessibility, while 40% have moderate accessibility, and 2.6% experience poor accessibility. These insights are of significant value to urban planners, researchers, and policymakers striving to reduce energy shortages and promote sustainable energy and transportation strategies to mitigate environmental impact in urban areas.

Ecological conditions of vineyards and the polymorphism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as a prerequisite of terroir identification

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess whether the ecological conditions for vineyards and the phylogenetic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast strains isolated from several locations in the Odesa and Mykolayiv regions could be used for terroir identification. Methods. The study employed microbiological, analytical, expedition, cartographic, and comparative assessment methods. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the MEGA software program, and VIN-CAD-UKR software was used for the vineyard cadastre and the ampelecological characteristics data management. Results. The study highlighted differences in the ecological conditions of vineyards in the Odesa and Mykolayiv regions and within the Tairovo and Izmail territorial communities in the Odesa region, focusing on soil and microclimatic characteristics. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated in 2012 and 2013, years with varying weather conditions in temperature and precipitation, were primarily clustered by the year of isolation. Two notable exceptions included a strain isolated from the Isabela variety belonging to a hybrid group (direct producer, contrary to other varieties, which mainly represent Vitis vinifera or its hybrids with Vitis riparia, Vitis amurensis, Vitis berlandieri) and a strain isolated from the Odesa Black variety inoculated at the beginning of fermentation with a commercial strain of wine yeast. The 2013 isolates, collected under conditions of higher precipitation and lower temperature in the first half of the growing season, showed a more differentiated clustering pattern, with two strains isolated from the Sukholymansky White variety forming a distinct cluster, while the rest grouped together, irrespective of the region, formed of isolation. Conclusions. Phylogenetic analysis of 64 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from 36 technical grape varieties based on the ITS1_5.8S_ITS2 nucleotide sequence demonstrated that the year of isolation (reflecting agroclimatic factors) was the primary influence on sample clustering. These factors, as components of the ecological conditions of terroir, form the foundation for terroir identification.

Investigating Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī’s Approach Towards Inter-Religious Encounters in the Light of His Teachings and Writings

This research seeks to investigate the approach of Yusuf al-Qaradawi toward inter-religious encounters in the light of his teachings and writings. As a prominent Islamic scholar and intellectual, Qaradawi’s teachings and writings have had a significant impact on the relationship between the Muslim community and others. The goal of this research is to provide an analysis of Qaradawi’s writings and teachings to extract his approach toward inter-religious encounters and relations, drawing on a range of primary and secondary sources. Through a critical examination of his views on this subject, the approach of Qaradawi toward inter-religious understanding and cooperation is emphasized. The descriptive, analytical, and critical methods are used in the entire work. A brief description of Yusuf al-Qaradawi’s life, intellectual development, and works on inter-religious encounters and understanding is provided. Analysis of how he approached inter-religious encounters and relations, and how his views and thoughts on this subject have been received by both Muslim and non-Muslim communities. The study expects to provide new insights into Yusuf al-Qaradawi’s approach to inter-religious engagements, which are relevant to the contemporary context of inter-religious relationships between Muslims and adherents of other religions.

Response of Christian Youth to Interfaith Scriptural Reasoning:

The reading of Scripture is susceptible to interpretation and can offer constructive values, but it can also lead to self-exclusion and destructive actions. Traditionally, the reading and interpretation of Scripture have been an internal activity within each religious community. However, in Yogyakarta, Scriptural Reasoning activities are being organized by the Young Interfaith Peacemaker Community (YIPC) Indonesia, involving participants from diverse religious and belief backgrounds. This research examines the response of Christian Youth engaged in Scriptural Reasoning activities, specifically focusing on how they create a welcoming space for the presence of the other. The research will employ an analytical descriptive method, with data gathered through participatory observation, interviews with respondents selected via purposive sampling, and the collection of relevant literature and documents. Respondents will include organizers of Scriptural Reasoning activities and Christian participants. The data will be analyzed using Marianne Moyaert’s concept of hermeneutic hospitality. This study highlights the significance of hermeneutic openness as an expression of hospitality within the Christian community and the importance of creating space for interreligious dialogue. Reading sacred texts can also help prevent conflicts of religious sentiments based on scriptural interpretation.

Development of a simple test to quantify the consolidation properties of liquefied granular materials

AbstractLiquefaction can have devastating consequences by causing increased mobility of debris flows, tailings dam breaches, and settlement following seismic shaking. Observations on the consolidation behaviour of liquefied soils in 1-g or centrifuge shake table tests have permitted significant advancements in analytical and numerical methods to predict the rate and magnitude of consolidation settlement. However, advanced consolidation models introduce material parameters which are currently difficult to define quickly and at low cost. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the development of a simple, low-cost test that can be used to quickly estimate the spatially and temporally varying coefficient of consolidation, which controls post-liquefaction settlements. Using the proposed simple setup, experiments were conducted on four uniformly graded sands of varying grain size and on one well-graded mixture. A range of analytical and numerical approaches from literature were assessed for their ability to back-analyse the observed pore pressure dissipation and settlement. Estimated values for the coefficient of consolidation were comparable between models and estimates of surface settlement matched well the experimental results. The simplicity of the proposed test combined with its low-cost and mobile nature, raise significant possibilities for quick estimations of the evolution of the coefficient of consolidation post-liquefaction.