Training Methods Research Articles

From Virtual Reality to Reality: Fine-Tuning the Taxonomy for Extended Reality Simulation in Dental Education.

Digital simulation in dental education has substantially evolved, addressing several educational challenges in dentistry. Following global lockdowns and sustainability concerns, dental educators are increasingly adopting digital simulation to enhance or replace traditional training methods. This review aimed to contribute to a uniform taxonomy for extended reality (XR) simulation within dental education. This scoping review followed the PRISMA and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched. Eligible studies included English-written publications in indexed journals related to digital simulation in dental/maxillofacial education, providing theoretical descriptions of extended reality (XR) and/or immersive training tools (ITT). The outcomes of the scoping review were used as building blocks for a uniform of XR-simulation taxonomy. A total of 141 articles from 2004 to 2024 were selected and categorised into Virtual Reality (VR), Mixed Reality (MR), Augmented Reality (AR), Augmented Virtuality (AV) and Computer Simulation (CS). Stereoscopic vision, immersion, interaction, modification and haptic feedback were identified as recurring features across XR-simulation in dentistry. These features formed the basis for a general XR-simulation taxonomy. While XR-simulation features were consistent in the literature, the variety of definitions and classifications complicated the development of a taxonomy framework. VR was frequently used as an umbrella term. To address this, operational definitions were proposed for each category within the virtuality continuum, clarifying distinctions and commonalities. This scoping review highlights the need for a uniform taxonomy in XR simulation within dental education. Establishing a consensus on XR-related terminology and definitions facilitates future research, allowing clear evidence reporting and analysis. The proposed taxonomy may also be of use for medical education, promoting alignment and the creation of a comprehensive body of evidence in XR technologies.

An investigation into the relationships between technical collision behaviours and physical characteristics in world-class, international female rugby players.

This study first investigated how the probability of winning collision events is affected by technical characteristics among world-class, international female rugby union players, and second, whether enhanced performance of these technical characteristics was related to physical attributes. Carry and tackle events from 16 international matches played by a top-two world ranking team were coded according to technical characteristics and performance outcomes. Binary classification tree models revealed that carry performance was successfully predicted (p < 0.01) by combinations of the variables: carrier velocity at the line, change of direction and straightening angle, leg drive, body mass and system mass (carrier combined with assistance from team-mate(s)). Tackle performance was predicted by combinations of the variables: initial line-speed, tackle direction, tackle type, collision zone entry, body mass, system mass, arm use and leg drive. Cumulative link mixed effects models subsequently revealed that performance increases of ~2% in single-leg isometric squat, counter-movement jump, bench press, single-leg drop jump, 10 m acceleration momentum and velocity, and skinfolds and body mass; were associated with increasing and decreasing likelihoods of superior technical performance, depending on the investigated variable. These findings may increase the precision of practices, physical training and assessment methods, among elite-standard female rugby union players.

Integral Neuron: A New Concept for Nonlinear Neuron Modeling Using Weight Functions—Creation of XOR Neurons

In the present study, an extension of the idea of dynamic neurons is proposed by replacing the weights with a weight function that is applied simultaneously to all neuron inputs. A new type of artificial neuron called an integral neuron is modeled, in which the total signal is obtained as the integral of the weight function. The integral neuron enhances traditional neurons by allowing the signal shape to be linear and nonlinear. The training of the integral neuron involves finding the parameters of the weight function, where its functional values directly influence the total signal in the neuron’s body. This article presents theoretical and experimental evidence for the applicability and convergence of standard training methods such as gradient descent, Gauss–Newton, and Levenberg–Marquardt in searching for the optimal weight function of an integral neuron. The experimental part of the study demonstrates that a single integral neuron can be trained on the logical XOR function—something that is impossible for single classical neurons due to the linear nature of the summation in their bodies.

A Novel Training Modality for Providers in the Emergency Department Using a Computer-Based Scenario: A Pilot Study.

Individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) are increasingly admitted in emergency departments (EDs) nationwide. However, ED providers often have limited knowledge about and lack confidence in treating SUDs. This limited knowledge often results in poor treatment outcomes among patients with SUD in the ED setting. The aims of this pilot study were to (a) assess the desirability, applicability, and acceptability of a computer-based Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) education scenario and (b) examine changes in SUD knowledge scores among ED providers before and after engaging in the computer-based SBIRT education scenario. A tailored computer-based education scenario was developed based on the SBIRT framework for ED providers in an academic medical center. Participants (N = 15) evaluated the desirability, applicability, and acceptability of the education tool. Also, a single-group pre-/post-design was used to examine changes in participants' SUD knowledge and proficiency scores. Participants rated the computer-based SBIRT education scenario as desirable, applicable, and acceptable based on 4.0/5.0 or greater evaluation scores for each component. Overall knowledge scores increased from 3.5 to 3.8, albeit non-significantly. Proficiency score percentages increased by 25%. Computer-based SBIRT education scenario training may be acceptable by ED providers and may improve proficiency in addressing SUD for patients. Future studies should evaluate this training method with a larger sample size.

Ultra Short Race Pace Training (USRPT) in Swimming. Do the Volume and Interval Matter? A Scoping Review

Background: Ultra-short race-pace training (USRPT) is designed to accustom swimmers to the pace of an event by using high volume and submaximal intensity with short intervals. However, due to imprecise data on volume and interval, further investigation is necessary. This scoping review aims to provide evidence-based insights into the advantages and disadvantages of recommended volumes and intervals during USRPT, guiding swimming coaches and offering practical advice regarding this training method. Methods: For this analysis, 90,613 studies from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were screened to examine the volume and interval of the USRPT method. Results: Only five studies met the inclusion criteria, were further assessed using a PRISMA-P document, and were analyzed for biases with the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized crossover trials. Excessive daily use of USRPT in training volume is discouraged due to potential psychological strain. Reaching failure should involve modifying variables such as intensity and interval. Additionally, interval periods should vary based on the targeted event’s physiological demands and the USRPT set’s volume. For short-distance events (50–100 m), it is recommended that USRPT protocols include a work-to-rest ratio of 1:1 or 1:2, allowing more time for aerobic contribution to replenish energy supplies (consistent with HIIT and SIIT principles). Conclusions: Further research on specific elements of USRPT, including volume and interval, is essential to identify the most effective training sets for swimmers across different distances and styles.

An empirical examination of virtual reality technology’s integration in soccer instruction and training

ABSTRACT Virtual reality (VR) technology has become more widely used in sports training and has gradually realised its potential in soccer instruction and training. Based on virtual reality technology, this study investigates the potential for its integrated use in soccer instruction and examines its influence on training. By examining the state of simulation technology, it is discovered that the technology is primarily used in high-precision domains and has not been completely incorporated into soccer tactical training, particularly in terms of ineffective use for passing concepts and route selection. Furthermore, traditional soccer training depends on on-the-ground instruction, which is constrained by time, location, and weather, making it challenging to adapt quickly to shifting tactical requirements. Using simulation technology and overall soccer offence and defence training as the research object, this paper creates a virtual soccer training system. It conducts experiments to confirm its efficacy in enhancing players’ tactical awareness, passing decision-making, and on-field cooperation. Furthermore, this system offers features like player positions created randomly, brush marking and visual and tactical analysis to assist coaches and players in making tactical adjustments and feedback in real time. The outcomes demonstrate that the young players are all significantly enhanced by this virtual reality training method.

An experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of lecture cum demonstration on knowledge and practice on basic life support among lay person

: Basic Life Support (BLS) refers to a set of emergency procedures that assist individuals experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, or airway obstruction. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other BLS techniques serve as crucial interventions that can save lives in critical situations. Effective training in BLS can empower laypersons to act decisively and appropriately during emergencies. To shed light on the effectiveness of a comprehensive BLS training program, incorporating lectures and practical demonstration, in empowering layperson to respond effectively to cardiac arrest situation.: To assess the knowledge of lay person regarding basic life support, To assess the practice of lay person regarding basic life support, to evaluate the effectiveness of demonstration on basic life support, to find out the association between the knowledge and practice of lay person regarding basic life support with their selected demographic variables. A quantitative research approach was employed in this study, utilizing a true experimental (one group pre-test and post-test) research design. A convenient sampling technique was used to select 60 participants for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires to assess knowledge and practice checklists to evaluate practical skills. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were applied for data analysis.: The pre-test and post-test assessments revealed a significant improvement in the participants’ knowledge and practice of BLS after the training. The mean knowledge score in the pre-test was 5.75 ± 1.85 (27.38 ± 8.83%), while the mean score in the post-test increased to 12.48 ± 2.03 (59.44 ± 9.70%). The mean practice score was 11.46 ± 3.03 (40.95 ± 10.85%) in the post-test.The evaluation of the training method, which incorporated both lectures and demonstrations, showed statistically significant improvement in both knowledge and practice scores. The paired ‘t’ test for overall knowledge scores yielded a calculated value of 16.87, which exceeded the tabulated value of 2.00 (with 59 degrees of freedom), confirming the effectiveness of the intervention.: The study demonstrated that the lecture and demonstration-based training significantly improved the knowledge and practical application of Basic Life Support techniques among laypersons. As a result, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected, and the research hypothesis (H1) was accepted.

Training in Lumbar Pedicle Screw Instrumentation Using a 3D-Printed Model: From Validation to Transferability Onto a Cadaver Model.

Lumbar pedicle screw placement in spinal surgery is complex and prone to errors, with notable risks to patients. Standard training methods, such as mentorship in operating rooms, pose safety concerns, prompting the need for alternative training tools. This study aimed to validate and use a three-dimensional (3D)-printed simulation model for lumbar pedicle screw insertion training and assess its effectiveness compared with standard methods. The study proceeded through four phases: model design and validation, construct validation, learning curve assessment, and transfer to a cadaver model. A 3D-printed lumbar spine model was created and refined based on expert feedback. Construct validation demonstrated the model's ability to differentiate between experts and novices. Training sessions with residents showed a notable improvement in performance over multiple attempts, but performance still lagged that of experts. However, skills learned on the simulation model were effectively transferred to a cadaver model, with no notable difference in performance observed. The trained group outperformed a control group trained using standard methods in the cadaver test. The study concludes that the 3D-printed simulation model is a valid training tool for lumbar pedicle screw insertion, effectively transferring skills to a cadaver setting and improving resident performance compared with standard training methods. Additional research is warranted to explore the sustainability of acquired skills and optimize training protocols.

Method for raising personnel awareness of information security using the Gophish software application

In today’s cyberspace, where threats are constantly evolving, phishing attacks require special attention. They are one of the most common social engineering methods used to gain access to confidential information by manipulating users. Such attacks can lead to data breaches, financial losses, and reputational risks. One of the key problems is the lack of staff training in recognizing phishing threats. Traditional training methods do not provide adequate interactivity and realism, which reduces the effectiveness of awareness raising. To address this issue, new approaches are needed that model real-life cyberattack scenarios. The Gophish tool allows you to create personalized phishing campaigns that simulate real attacks and analyze user reactions. Its functionality includes creating email templates, sending messages, and collecting data on user interaction. This allows organizations to identify weaknesses, adjust training programs, and conduct additional training. The results show that using Gophish increases staff awareness of social engineering. Interactive simulations contribute to a better understanding of phishing threats and help users recognize the danger in time. Thanks to the analytics collected, management can quickly implement corrective measures. The development of artificial intelligence and machine learning opens up new opportunities for improving such tools. Future solutions will be able to adapt simulations to specific users, making training even more effective.

Mixed Label Assignment Realizes End-to-End Object Detection

Currently, detectors have made significant progress in inference speed and accuracy. However, these detectors require Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) during the post-processing stage to eliminate redundant boxes, which limits the optimization of model inference speed. We first analyzed the reason for the dependence on NMS in the post-processing stage. The result showed that a score loss in a one-to-many label assignment leads to the presence of high-quality redundant boxes, making them difficult to remove. To realize end-to-end object detection and simplify the detection pipeline, we propose herein a mixed label assignment (MLA) training method, which uses one-to-many label assignment to provide rich supervision signals, alleviating the performance degradation, and we eliminate the need for NMS in the post-processing stage by using one-to-one label assignment. Additionally, a window feature propagation block (WFPB) is introduced, utilizing the inductive bias of images to enable feature sharing in local regions. Through these methods, we conducted experiments on the VOC and DUO datasets; our end-to-end detector MA-YOLOX achieved 66.0 mAP and 52.6 mAP, respectively, outperforming the YOLOX by 1.7 and 1.6. Additionally, our model performed faster than other real-time detectors without NMS.

Improving students' physical fitness through creative gymnastics training methods

Problems: The problem that occurs is that many students are less interested in participating in sports activities, including creative gymnastics, because they are more accustomed to passive activities such as playing gadgets. Physical activity is often considered boring or tiring. Some schools may not have adequate sports facilities, such as large spaces, sports equipment, or access to trained trainers for creative gymnastics. This can limit the implementation of creative gymnastics optimally. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the increase in students' physical fitness through the creative gymnastics training method. Methods: The type of research is quantitative with an experimental type by providing a pretest, treatment, and posttest. The sample in this study were 30 students of SMK Negeri 5 Konawe Selatan who had a hobby in the field of gymnastics. The test instrument used was a physical fitness test aged 16 to 19 years consisting of 5 test items, namely a 60-meter running test, 60-second elbow bend hanging, 60-second sitting lying, vertical jump, and 1000-meter running. The training method used with creative gymnastics was carried out 3 times a week with moderate, heavy, and light intensity. Data analysis techniques with SPSS version 20 analysis, by searching for descriptive data analysis, normality test, homogeneity test, and t-test. Results: Based on table 5 data analysis obtained a value of 13.489&gt; 0.000, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence on improving students' physical fitness through the creative gymnastics training method. Conclusion: Creative gymnastics, which involves creative and dynamic movements, can improve physical fitness components such as strength, agility, endurance, flexibility, and coordination. In addition, this method also encourages students to be more active, involved, and enjoy physical activity, because creative variations of movements can increase motivation and interest.

A Study of the Role of Physical Functioning and Physical Conditioning on the Influence of Competitive Sports Programmes

With the continuous progress of science and technology, the field of competitive sports has also witnessed revolutionary changes. Modern technology is playing an increasingly important role in improving athletes' performance, optimising training methods and preventing sports injuries. The aim of this study is to delve into the role of body functions and form states in competitive sports and how they affect athletes' competitive performance. By analysing the physical characteristics and training needs of athletes in different sports, it reveals the state effects of body function and form state on competitive sports. The study further proposes the enhancement of athletes' physical functioning and shape shape through scientific training methods. The application of these strategies will help athletes achieve optimal performance in training and competition, reduce the risk of injury, and improve athletic performance. With the continuous development and application of science and technology, we have reason to believe that competitive sports will become more scientific, efficient and humane.

Training on Processing Natural Resources into Processed Food and Health Products for Mothers in Tondongggeu Village, Nambo District, Kendari City

This community service activity is a training activity on the manufacture of health and food products that have the opportunity to improve the community's economy as well as providing education on the use of moringa leaves as face masks and papaya fruit as an analog tomato sauce to mothers in Tondonggeu Village, Nambo District, Kendari City. Tomato sauce is generally made from tomato raw materials, but it can also be made from other ingredients so it is called an analog tomato sauce. Tomato sauce is generally made from tomato raw materials, but it can also be made from other ingredients so it is called an analog tomato sauce. Papaya as a substitute for tomatoes in making analog tomato sauce can be done because papaya has characteristics like tomatoes, namely color, organic acid content, and viscosity, even papaya has a higher vitamin C level than tomatoes. Moringa leaves contain many vitamins, including vitamin A, vitamin C, amino acids and antioxidants such as flavonoids, quercetin and zeatin which function to maintain dry skin hydration and prevent the appearance of wrinkles, because it helps fight free radicals, so it is very good to be used as a cosmetic ingredient in the form of a face mask. Participants in this training involved residents of Tondonggeu village, Thematic KKN students and a team of accompanying lecturers from the Biotechnology and Biology study program of FMIPA Halu Oleo University. The training methods used are lectures, demonstrations and discussions. The lecture method was carried out with the aim of providing information and knowledge about moringa masks and analog ketchup. The demonstration aims to provide skills to mothers through the practice of directly processing moringa leaves into masks and papaya fruits into analog tomato sauce while the discussion is intended to show the activeness and understanding of the community during the training process. The results of the training on making masks and analog tomato sauce carried out by mothers are in the good category with an average success of 85%, their response to the implementation of the training is very good as seen from the enthusiasm of the residents to participate in the activity from the beginning to the end. This training activity can increase knowledge and improve mothers' skills in producing moringa masks and papaya analogue tomato sauce.

From anatomy to surgery: Effectiveness of virtual simulation adjuvant to traditional methods in the preclinical training of apicoectomy.

Anatomy forms the foundation for the training and execution of routine surgical procedures. However, a gap persists in effectively bridging anatomical knowledge with the confident performance of procedures. Virtual simulation (VS) techniques, based on experiential and situated learning theory, hold promise in addressing this challenge. Apicoectomy, a procedure involving root apex resection to preserve a tooth, requires a blend of regional and dental anatomy knowledge, making it an ideal model for assessing the effectiveness of VS. This prospective cohort study evaluated primarily the enhancement of incorporating VS training in the preclinical skill training of apicoectomy for undergraduate dental students, compared to relying solely on traditional methods. VS training includes the simulated dissection process, patient examination, and apicoectomy based on graphically synthesized virtual models. Secondly, the study investigated the influence of exposure to VS training on students' confidence and satisfaction. The training was divided into three progressive levels aligned with students' cognitive processes, employing Miller's competence learning framework. Participants were categorized into the control group (CG) (n = 214) and VS training group (VSTG) (n = 220) based on their classes. The results demonstrated that VSTG showed significantly greater training enhancement (VSTG: 7.14 ± 1.74; CG: 6.57 ± 2.02, p = 0.002) and higher confidence levels (VSTG: 2.94 ± 0.13; CG: 2.69 ± 0.13, p < 0.001), along with greater satisfaction with the training compared to the CG (VSTG: 3.70 ± 0.18; CG: 3.20 ± 0.17, p < 0.001). In conclusion, VS proves to be a valuable adjunct for enhancing procedural skill training in surgical procedures.

ANÁLISE DE FATORES DE RISCO ASSOCIADOS A LESÕES EM PRATICANTES DE CROSSFIT: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA

CrossFit is a high-intensity physical training method that aims to develop skills in ten areas of physical fitness. The practice of this training has been associated with a higher incidence of injuries, especially among men, who tend to seek less guidance from instructors. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for injuries in CrossFit practitioners, through a literature review, and to explore physiotherapeutic approaches aimed at enhancing the performance of athletes and students. Data was collected between September and October 2024, using the VHL, PubMed and LILACS databases, from 2016 to 2024. There were 17 articles (3 in BVS, 12 in PubMed and 2 in LILACS), in the end, 7 articles were considered suitable for analysis. The results showed that the common risk factors for injuries in CrossFit practitioners involve muscle overload and joint problems, the results also indicated effective physiotherapeutic approaches to enhance the athletes' performance. In conclusion, the study highlighted the importance of physiotherapeutic approaches to prevent and treat injuries in CrossFit athletes. The correct technical execution of exercises, combined with targeted physiotherapeutic interventions, is essential in reducing risks and improving athletes' performance.

Effects of concurrent in-season training on physiological functions required for top handball performance athletes

This study examined the physiological effects of combining contrast complex training (CCT) with either repeated short sprints (RSE) or high-intensity intervals (HIIT) on elite male handball players during the competitive season. The goal was to identify which training method more effectively enhances strength, endurance, and sprint performance. Fifteen elite handball players were divided into two groups during a 12-week training program, conducted alongside their regular handball practice. The RSE group (n = 8) performed 10 shuttle sprints (2x15m) with passive rest, while the HIIT group (n = 7) completed 5 repetitions of 30-second all-out sprints with directional changes. Both groups participated in CCT exercises, including squats at 90% of 1RM, jump squats at 50% of body weight, and drop jumps from 30 cm. Performance was assessed before and after the intervention using tests for jump squat rate of force development (RFD), 5-jump distance, 30m sprint, repeated shuttle sprint ability (RSSA), maximal squat strength, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (YYIRT 1), and VO2max. Both groups significantly increased maximal squat strength, with the RSE group improving by 8.8% and the HIIT group by 7.4% (p &lt; .01). The HIIT group showed a greater improvement in RFD (63.3% vs. 56.3%, p &lt; .05). VO2max increased by about 2% in both groups. YYIRT 1 improved by 9.4% in the RSE group and 5.8% in the HIIT group. However, acceleration (5m sprint) declined in both groups, more notably in the RSE group (-5.7%). RSSA performance deteriorated in the RSE group, while the HIIT group significantly enhanced their fatigue resistance, with a 39.1% improvement in Sdec at RSA (p &lt; .09). CCT increased strength and RFD but did not improve acceleration. HIIT was superior to RSE in maintaining or improving repeated sprint ability, making it the preferred method for elite handball players during the competitive season.

Is it a method or approach? A systematic review of communicative language teaching in Japan

ABSTRACT In many FL contexts, pressure to adopt Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has surged. In Japan, CLT is gradually being implemented by teachers and schools following the Ministry of Education’s efforts to improve Japanese learners’ communication skills. This systematic review article has two primary goals: to understand how the Japanese research community define and conceptualize CLT in the context of the ongoing policy shift, and to evaluate the effectiveness of classroom-based CLT research on Japanese learners’ language development. Analysis reveals significant inconsistencies in how CLT is defined and conceptualized, often conflating it with a method of training speaking proficiency. This framing of CLT as a method primarily for speaking is argued to stem from misinterpretations of domestic macro-level policies and CLT’s positioning in duality with traditional methods which inaccurately shoehorn it into the same categorical container of a method rather than approach. Moreover, while classroom-based research in Japan offers some empirical evidence that CLT has language learning benefits, there are insufficient studies which show how CLT can be effectively adapted in contextually appropriate ways, which is partly due to methodological issues and a lack of robust testing instruments. The paper concludes by offering suggestions for future research.

Mental training for college athletes

This paper examines the development of mental training in sports, emphasizing the differences between China and other countries in terms of training methods and research approaches. The study employs a literature review method to analyse existing domestic research and draw conclusions. Numerous studies have shown that mental training is crucial for enhancing athletes' performance. By investigating the definitions of mental training in various regions and assessing the current state of mental training in Chinese universities, this study highlights these differences. The findings reveal several gaps between China and other countries in this field: 1) China's research on mental training started relatively late, with limitations in both content and depth; 2) deficiencies in research design, including limited scope in subject and sample selection, unclear operational definitions of variables, and insufficient control of extraneous variables; and 3) a lack of empirical research and methodological innovation in mental training. These findings suggest that China needs to expand and enhance research in mental training, with a particular focus on empirical studies and methodological innovation, to bridge the gap with other countries.

Design and Management of Digital Communication Media to Build Stakeholder Trust and Reputation of the Indonesian Ikaboga Organization

Ikatan Ahli Boga Indonesia (Ikaboga Indonesia) was established in 1987. It is the first and oldest organization for Indonesian Culinary Experts. This organization is neither commercial nor political. They are currently experiencing challenges such as the weak commitment of its members, especially in terms of setting aside time, energy, and materials. As a result, many organizational tasks are not carried out according to their duties. This organization is also weak in managing digital communication media. In the digital era, many organizations compete to build stakeholder trust and reputation through digital media. This is the background to this PKM. By paying attention to the three main principles of the SDGs, namely universal, integration, and inclusive, this PKM focuses on and aims to improve the skills (technology and management) of the administrators and members of Ikaboga Indonesia. Such as skills in organizational communication management and the design and management of digital communication media to build stakeholder trust and the reputation of Ikaboga Indonesia. This program is carried out by elaborating ten methods: learning methods, question and answer and discussion methods, demonstration methods, problem-solving methods, practice or skills training methods, design methods, discovery methods, inquiry methods, mind mapping methods, and role-sharing methods. As a result, this activity was positively influenced; 71% of participants attended because they were interested and wanted to learn. This PKM was also considered to impact 81.2% of participants' cognitive changes significantly. The causal factors did not have a 100% effect on increasing participants' cognitive abilities due to obstacles of 56.5% lost and intermittent sound due to signal.; 43.5% had a wrong signal.; 21.77% due to distance obstacles, and 17.4% due to technological barriers, hunger, and other work, so they could not focus.

Combination of dynamic TOPMODEL and machine learning techniques to improve runoff prediction

AbstractTOPMODEL has been widely employed in hydrology research, undergoing continuous modifications to broaden its practical applicability and enhance its simulation accuracy. To encompass spatial discretization, diffusion‐wave characteristics, depth‐dependent flow velocity, and flux estimation in the unsaturated zone, a generalized dynamic TOPMODEL is developed by introducing a greater number of physical parameters. The present study aims to evaluate the optimal combination of these parameters within the dynamic TOPMODEL framework using machine learning techniques to improve the accuracy of runoff predictions and bolster the model's reliability. An innovative training method is suggested to elevate the model's performance by integrating the Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm and a topological classification, which relies on the evolving spatial distribution of runoff conditions during floods. The research findings show that the proposed methodology achieves the lowest mean relative error (MRE) at 0.106, the highest Pearson correlation coefficient (PC) at 0.938, and the highest coefficient of determination (R2) at 0.906 among the three dynamic TOPMODEL types adopted in this study. The effective implementation of a case study in a river basin showcases the feasibility of the proposed method in conjunction with dynamic TOPMODEL and underscores the importance of employing the suggested training procedure.