Routing Method Research Articles

Leveraging SDN for scalable and sustainable fat tree networks: a multi-objective performance and energy efficiency evaluation of an 8-pod fat tree data center

Modern data centers increasingly rely on Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to address challenges related to scalability, performance, and efficient resource management. This research investigates the scalability and performance optimization of fat-tree topology within SDN environments, focusing on the impact of a sleep mode technique on network efficiency and energy consumption. Using the Mininet emulator, an 8-pod fat-tree network is simulated and compared against traditional routing methods like Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) and Dijkstra’s algorithm. The findings show that the sleep mode technique improves bandwidth utilization and throughput by reducing energy consumption during low-traffic periods without significantly affecting data flow. In contrast, Dijkstra’s algorithm exhibited reduced throughput due to inefficient path management, while ECMP did not fully optimize load balancing or energy efficiency. The sleep mode approach efficiently redistributes traffic across active switches, preventing congestion and outperforming both Dijkstra and ECMP in terms of average load. The results demonstrate that implementing sleep mode in fat-tree SDN networks enhances both network performance and energy efficiency, offering a practical solution for large-scale data center operations. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing SDN-based traffic management in modern network infrastructures.

Efficient Quantum Circuit Design with a Standard Cell Approach, with an Application to Neutral Atom Quantum Computers

We design quantum circuits by using the standard cell approach borrowed from classical circuit design, which can speed up the layout of circuits with a regular structure. Our standard cells are general and can be used for all types of quantum circuits: error-corrected or not. The standard cell approach enables the formulation of layout-aware routing algorithms. Our method is directly applicable to neutral atom quantum computers supporting qubit shuttling. Such computers enable zoned architectures for memory, processing and measurement, and we design circuits using qubit storage (memory and measurement zones) and standard cells (processing zones). Herein, we use cubic standard cells for Toffoli gates and, starting from a 3D architecture, we design a multiplication circuit. We present evidence that, when compared with automatic routing methods, our layout-aware routers are significantly faster and achieve shallower 3D circuits (by at least 2.5×), while also reducing routing costs. Additionally, our co-design approach can be used to estimate the resources necessary for a quantum computation without using complex compilation methods. We conclude that standard cells, with the support of layout-aware routing, pave the way to very-large-scale methods for quantum circuit compilation.

RG-ACA: efficient and adaptive routing method for internet of things based on metaheuristic approach

RG-ACA: efficient and adaptive routing method for internet of things based on metaheuristic approach

Sustainable Urban Mobility: Corridor Optimization to Promote Modal Choice, Reduce Congestion, and Enhance Livability in Hyderabad, Pakistan

This research aims to optimize corridors in Hyderabad, Sindh, to promote modal choice, reduce congestion, and enhance livability. This study focused on developing and evaluating multimodal wide corridor routing methods, analyzing the modal choice behavior of travelers using a generalized cost model and a mixed constant and separate user balance model, and implementing and assessing innovative road space management strategies. The data were collected using GIS (Geographical Information System) to compare the performance and impacts of the proposed methods and techniques with existing ones, such as shortest path, minimum interference, maximum capacity, and lane addition, using various performance measures, such as travel time, modal share, congestion level, environmental impact, safety, and equity. This research aims to optimize corridors in Hyderabad, Sindh, to encourage various transportation options, such as the BRT system and Peoples Bus Service, to reduce congestion and enhance livability by developing and accessing different methods and strategies. This study analyzed available data through a geospatial perspective to optimize corridors in Hyderabad, Sindh, focusing on multimodal routing methods, modal choice behavior, and innovative road space management strategies to enhance urban livability rather than relying on simulation software or field-collected data.

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ НАДІЙНОСТІ БЕЗДРОТОВИХ СЕНСОРНИХ МЕРЕЖ СИСТЕМ МОНІТОРИНГУ ЛІСОВИХ ПОЖЕЖ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ФАТАЛЬНИХ КОМБІНАЦІЙ МНОЖИННИХ ВІДМОВ СЕНСОРІВ

Based on the analyzed sources, it is established that the main aspects of the application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for fire detection include reliability, energy efficiency, routing methods, sensor deployment, and detection technologies. A software tool for generating WSN configurations and evaluating its reliability through simulation modeling is presented. An example of using the developed software tool to generate a map of coverage of a given forest area by sensors for monitoring forest fires and a given number of sensor failures, as well as to determine at each iteration the fatal combinations of failed sensors (FCFS), is given. The influence of the number of sensor failures, the number of FSCS, and the number of inoperable sensors in the FSCS on the probability of failure of a WSN is investigated. Keywords: wireless sensor network, forest fires, fatal combinations of failed sensors, reliability, simulation modeling, software tool.

Single-phase grounding transient spectral energy routing method for renewable energy distribution networks considering frequency band screening

Single-phase grounding transient spectral energy routing method for renewable energy distribution networks considering frequency band screening

A new fuzzy-based nature-inspired routing method for mobile internet of things (MIoT)

A new fuzzy-based nature-inspired routing method for mobile internet of things (MIoT)

Ecological and biological features of some rare and endemic plant species of south-east Kazakhstan

The article presents the results of ecological and biological analysis of species composition of five rare and endangered endemic plant species of southeastern Kazakhstan listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The importance of this research topic is determined by the need for a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the ecological and biological characteristics of rare plant species growing in the southeast of Kazakhstan. The studies were conducted in the southeast of Kazakhstan (Zailiysky Alatau, Ketpen), where the objects of the study were representatives of rare and endangered endemic plant species: Astragalus rubtzovii Boriss, Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin., Schmalhausenia nidulans (Regel) Petr. Betula Jarmolenkoana Golosk., Rheum wittrockii Lundstr., from natural populations. The study of the state of the coenopopulation of rare and endemic plant species was carried out by route and semi-stationary methods. The novelty of the work is that for the first time the most complete ecological and biological characteristics of rare and endangered endemic plant species of the southeast of Kazakhstan are given, their biological features and habitat characteristics are studied. In the study area, 5 identified rare and endangered endemic plant species are represented by 2 types of life forms, where the predominant group among rare and endemic species is hemiocryptophytes (perennial plants) and one species is represented by a phanerophyte - a woody plant (Betula jarmolenkoana).

Methods for improving the functional efficiency of UAVS

The integration of innovative solutions into all levels of the UAV system can significantly improve the efficiency of their operation in a variety of conditions and tasks. The main challenge in using drones is efficient flight route planning. The imperfection of route planning models and methods leads to the loss of unmanned aerial vehicles and a decrease in the efficiency of performing tasks. This review article discusses methods that automate route planning processes and reduce the influence of the human factor on control. An important issue is detecting attacks on the UAV navigation system, as such attacks directly affect the ability of drones to perform their functions, so the article discusses methods for detecting GPS spoofing and a way to automatically return the UAV to the launch area when external cyberattacks are detected. The article also outlines promising areas of artificial intelligence application in drones. Innovative approaches, such as generative design, swarm control algorithms, computer vision, and information-extreme learning methods, are considered, which help to expand the functionality of UAVs.

Сообщества пресмыкающихся пустынных ландшафтов и анализ герпетофауны Юго-восточного Казахстана

We used the route method to carry out quantitative counts of reptiles in nine regions of Southeastern Kazakhstan. The results yielded data on the population density of reptiles in fourteen habitats. We observed the greatest diversity of species and the largest number of reptiles in sandy deserts. Both measures were much smaller in loamy plains and low mountains. In desert habitats, the Central Asian tortoise Agrionemys horsfieldii and the rapid racerunner Eremias velox were more common than other species. In the desert habitat, agama Trapelus sanguinolentus was less common. Despite its wide distribution, the Central Asian tortoise was rare or common in most habitats: its population density values did not exceed four individuals/ha. High numbers (23.2±8.4 ind./ha) were recorded for the species only in the north of the Moyinkum desert. The population density of the tortoise in commercial harvesting areas from 1950 up to the 1980s remained low (3.5±0.9 ind./ha) and failed to recover. Using the population density data, we calculated similarity indices of reptile communities and then grouped communities into several complexes based on similarity indices and the ecological specialization of numerically dominant species. In loamy, sandy loam, and stony deserts, eurytopic species formed the basis of the population. These were A. horsfieldii, E. velox, and T. sanguinolentus. In the sands of Taukum and Saryesik Atyrau, racerunners (Eremias) dominated in the reptile communities. These were E. intermedia, E. lineolata, and E. velox, among these stenotopic species dominated. The community of the foothills of the Kyrgyz ridge turned out to be the most isolated from the others. The similarity was revealed between nine desert areas in terms of reptile fauna. The deserts that are similar in landscape features (especially the substrate and vegetation) had high indices of commonality regardless of their remoteness and isolation. This shows that the process of historical dispersal of species and their movement between territories faced no obstacles.

A novel optimization method for hazardous materials vehicle routing with temperature-based time windows

A novel optimization method for hazardous materials vehicle routing with temperature-based time windows

INVESTIGATION OF THE MANET NETWORK PERFORMANCE CONCERNING DIFFERENT ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a decentralized organization that operates without a foundation. Due to the Mobile Ad-Hoc Network's self-configurable and simple organizational component, many applications may be run. Because of this, various applications are available. If helpful guidelines are established, Mobile Ad-Hoc Network will become dependable. We shall research the organization's competent steering convention for hypertext transfer protocol traffic. We must reach this conclusion with accuracy since this will be the main focus of our inquiry. Latency and throughput were employed to achieve show research goals. For this work reenactment inquiry, your expectations must be based on the conventions it chose since they performed better on all four perspectives. After analyzing its needs, an organization may improve its operations by choosing better conventions. This may boost an organization's efficiency. This research examined AODV, DSR, and OLSR routing methods. This study used OPNET Modeler 14.5 to enhance ad-hoc network performance.

Enhancing Swift and Socially-Aware Navigation with Continuous Spatial-Temporal Routing

AbstractRouting for autonomous robots in dynamic human environments requires paths that are collision-free, efficient, and socially considerate. This article introduces an optimization-based routing method that operates in continuous space using a spatial-temporal model of crowd dynamics. Our approach anticipates future crowd changes and adjusts routes by considering potential speed variations due to local motion planning. It optimizes navigation speed while avoiding densely crowded areas, ensuring efficient and socially-aware navigation. Simulations in three scenarios demonstrate superior performance compared to benchmark methods in terms of navigation efficiency and adaptability in crowded, dynamic environments.

Anchor-Based Method for Inter-Domain Mobility Management in Software-Defined Networking

Recently, there has been an explosive growth in wireless devices capable of connecting to the Internet and utilizing various services anytime, anywhere, often while on the move. In the realm of the Internet, such devices are called mobile nodes. When these devices are in motion or traverse different domains while communicating, effective mobility management becomes essential to ensure the continuity of their services. Software-defined networking (SDN), a new paradigm in networking, offers numerous possibilities for addressing the challenges of mobility management. By decoupling the control and data planes, SDN enables greater flexibility and adaptability, making them a powerful framework for solving mobility-related issues. However, communication can still be momentarily disrupted due to frequent changes in IP addresses, a drop in radio signals, or configuration issues associated with gateways. Therefore, this paper introduces Routage Inter-domains in SDN (RI-SDN), a novel anchor-based routing method designed for inter-domain mobility in SDN architectures. The method identifies a suitable anchor domain, a critical intermediary domain that contributes to reducing delays during data transfer because it is the closest domain (i.e., node) to the destination. Once the anchor domain is identified, the best routing path is determined as the route with the smallest metric, incorporating elements such as bandwidth, flow operations, and the number of domain hops. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in data transfer delay and handover latency compared to existing methods. By leveraging SDN’s potential, RI-SDN presents a robust and innovative solution for real-world scenarios requiring reliable mobility management.

A Mobility Handover Decision Method Based on Multi-Topology

With the emergence of new applications in mobile networks, users demand higher network stability and lower data transmission delays. When the network address of a mobile user changes, the data transmission path in the wired network may need to be switched to maintain service continuity. Traditional mobility support methods typically rely on a single switching path for all mobile data flows. However, if this path cannot meet the requirements of all the flows, it may lead to network congestion or a decline in user experience. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a mobility handover decision method based on multi-topology. It enables the dynamic allocation of mobile data flows across different switching paths within multiple logical topologies. The method models a multi-topology selection problem aimed at minimizing average packet transmission delay and packet loss rate, while considering network conditions and the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for each flow. By solving the dual problem of the original optimization, a near-optimal solution is achieved. The proposed scheme and algorithm were implemented and tested using the Mininet network simulator. Results show that the proposed approach achieves low average packet transmission delay, low average packet loss rate, and high throughput, compared to traditional single-path switching methods and existing multipath routing methods.

Adaptive Emergency Evacuation Routing: A Graph-Based Approach

Emergency evacuation plays a vital role in disaster management operations. The existing solutions for planning and routing emergency evacuations rely on preplanning based on prior information and lack adaptability to unprecedented conditions. This study introduces a novel adaptive method for emergency evacuation routing that dynamically reshapes the road network by actively determining and adjusting the direction of road segments and assigning traffic flow to them in order to improve the maximum possible flow of traffic evacuated from a set of dangerous zones to a set of safe zones. The proposed adaptive method revolves around a novel dynamic graph-based algorithm that iteratively and recursively distributes the traffic flow across the road network using a Depth First Search (DFS) approach. When the algorithm assigns the traffic flow to the road segments, it also determines the direction of the road segments to dynamically improve the performance of the evacuation process. The proposed method was implemented in a real-world evacuation scenario in the road network of Hoboken, New Jersey. The outcomes indicated a significant improvement of more than 74% in the number of successfully evacuated vehicles when the proposed algorithm was used, compared to state-of-the-art methods for evacuation routing that are unable to adjust road directions. The outcomes of this study help decision-makers and first responders develop dynamic and adaptive emergency evacuation plans for successful disaster management operations.

An effective solution method for the technician routing and scheduling problem with learning effects

An effective solution method for the technician routing and scheduling problem with learning effects

Proactive Routing to Avoid Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are important for many uses, from environmental monitoring to smart cities, because they can collect and send data on their own. However, holes forming in the network, where nodes are either missing or not working, is a big problem that affects network performance and reliability. This study explores proactive routing strategies to prevent and reduce these holes in WSNs. The study examines the causes of holes, including physical damage, energy depletion, and poor node placement. The proposed study demonstrates the different proactive routing methods like energy-efficient protocols, geographic routing, and load balancing, which are essential for keeping the network working well. The study also look at hole detection methods and prediction tools that help find and stop holes early and finally, discusses the challenges and future work in the field, highlighting the need for solutions that can grow and use new technologies. This comprehensive review emphasizes how important proactive routing is for making WSNs work better and last longer.

Improving Hydrological Simulations with a Dynamic Vegetation Parameter Framework

Many hydrological models incorporate vegetation-related parameters to describe hydrological processes more precisely. These parameters should adjust dynamically in response to seasonal changes in vegetation. However, due to limited information or methodological constraints, vegetation-related parameters in hydrological models are often treated as fixed values, which restricts model performance and hinders the accurate representation of hydrological responses to vegetation changes. To address this issue, a vegetation-related dynamic-parameter framework is applied on the Xinanjiang (XAJ) model, which is noted as Eco-XAJ. The dynamic-parameter framework establishes the regression between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the evapotranspiration parameter K. Two routing methods are used in the models, i.e., the unit hydrograph (XAJ-UH and Eco-XAJ-UH) and the Linear Reservoir (XAJ-LR and Eco-XAJ-LR). The original XAJ model and the modified Eco-XAJ model are applied to the Ou River Basin, with detailed comparisons and analyses conducted under various scenarios. The results indicate that the Eco-XAJ model outperforms the original model in long-term discharge simulations, with the NSE increasing from 0.635 of XAJ-UH to 0.647 of Eco-XAJ-UH. The Eco-XAJ model also reduces overestimation and incorrect peak flow simulations during dry seasons, especially in the year 1991. In drought events, the modified model significantly enhances water balance performance. The Eco-XAJ-UH outperforms the XAJ-UH in 9 out of 16 drought events, while the Eco-XAJ-LR outperforms the XAJ-LR in 14 out of 16 drought events. The results demonstrate that the dynamic-parameter model, in regard to vegetation changes, offers more accurate simulations of hydrological processes across different scenarios, and its parameters have reasonable physical interpretations.

Magnetically separable Mangifera Indica leaf extract-mediated hematite nanoparticles potentiate cytotoxic activity

In the present report, an environmentally benign, cost-effective, and green route method was adapted to synthesize hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanocrystals (NCs) using Magnifera Indica leaf extract (MILE). Crystal structure characterization of Magnifera Indica leaf extract-mediated hematite nanocrystals [MILE@α-Fe2O3 NCs] showed rhombohedral crystallinity with space group R3¯c as confirmed through the Rietveld refinement method. Microstructural characterization carried out using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed the nano-dimensional formation of MILE@ α-Fe2O3 NCs with an average size of 3.7 nm as derived from the Gaussian distribution of particle analysis. The optical spectrum shows an absorption peak at 264 nm and another broad hump centered at 383 nm. MILE@α-Fe2O3 NCs exhibit superparamagnetic behavior and also intact reusability ability or recoverable efficiency after being used due to magnetically separation ability. The anticancerous activity of MILE@α-Fe2O3 NCs was carried out against MDA-MB 231 cell lines and it was found that cell viability follows a concentration-dependent manner with a low value of IC50 = 34.70 µg/mL.