Method For Synthesis Of Polymers Research Articles

Evaluation of matrices containing molecularly imprinted polymers in the enantioselective-controlled delivery of β-blockers

Granules and beads of methacrylic acid (MAA) and granules of N-acryloyl-alanine polymer (NAA) were produced using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linking monomer either by bulk (in the case of granules) or suspension (in the case of beads) polymerization. Either R- or S-propranolol, were used as an imprint molecule, acting as a template, with a view to conferring enantioselectivity of release upon the polymer. The molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) or nonMIPs (control) were formulated with racemic propranolol and other excipients and compressed to form matrix tablets. Enantioselective release of propranolol in vitro was monitored using a stereoselective HPLC assay. The influence of the method of polymer synthesis, drug: polymer ratio, pH and temperature on the release of the two enantiomers was determined. Stereoselectivity of release was identified in tablets containing either MAA or NAA granules or MAA beads, with the latter showing the greatest differences between enantiomers. Release of the enantiomer used as the print was always faster than the release of the nonprint enantiomer. In the case of S-propranolol–MIP bead matrices composed of MAA, greater differences in the release of enantiomers could be promoted by increasing the polymer: drug ratio of the tablet. Differences in the release rate of the two propranolol enantiomers was still apparent as the pH was varied between 3 and 7.4 and when the temperature was decreased from 37 to 25°C. S-Propranolol–MIP bead matrices demonstrated cross-reactivities of stereoselective dissolution for enantiomers of pindolol and oxprenolol, both of which have structural similarities to the imprint molecule. It is concluded that polymers of this type may have great potential in controlling, via means of formulation, the release of drug eutomer whilst enhancing retention of distomer in the dosage form.

Enzymatic polymerization: A new method of polymer synthesis

Enzymatic polymerization denotes an in vitro polymerization via nonbiosynthetic pathways catalyzed by an isolated enzyme. This article describes the recent progress of this polymerization technique, developed mainly during this decade. The polymerization utilizes enzymes of hydrolases and oxidoreductases as catalysts. This new method of polymer synthesis provided natural polysaccharides like cellulose, amylose, xylan, and chitin, and unnatural polysaccharides catalyzed by a glycosidase from well-designed monomers, various functionalized polyesters catalyzed by lipase from a variety of monomers, and polyaromatics materials catalyzed by an oxidoreductase and an enzyme model complex from phenols and anilines. An oxidoreductase also initiated vinyl polymerizations. Characteristic features of enzymatic polymerizations are discussed, including the importance of the combination of substrate monomer and enzyme. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3041–3056, 1999

Enzymatic polymerization: A new method of polymer synthesis

Enzymatic polymerization: A new method of polymer synthesis

Universal Multifunctional Initiator Containing Orthogonal Reactive Sites. Synthesis of Macromonomers and Comb Polymers Using Consecutive Controlled Free Radical and Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerizations

A multifunctional reagent (1) containing orthogonal reactive sites that could serve as an initiator for multiple living polymerizations, namely, controlled free radical, anionic, and cationic polymerizations, and a source for a variety of macromonomers, including those for condensation polymerization and functional polymers, has been designed and synthesized in three steps in good yields. The reagent contained an alkoxyamine derived from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxyl (TEMPO), an oxazoline, and a protected hydroxyl group. Thus, initiation of controlled free radical polymerization of styrene at the alkoxyamine terminal gave a polystyrene (PS) macromonomer with low polydispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.06−1.16). Cationic ring-opening polymerization of the oxazoline group gave an amphiphilic comb polymer with a hydrophilic poly(ethyleneimine) backbone and a hydrophobic PS side chain. The polymers were characterized by GPC, 1H and 13C NMR, and MALDI−TOF mass spectroscopy. The versatility of the structure is such that different types of macromonomers and macroinitiators suitable for many of the major methods of polymer synthesis can be made, making 1 a “universal” initiator.

New methods of polymer synthesis, volume 2 Edited by J. R. Ebdon and G. C. Eastmond. Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, 1995. pp. xii+336, price £75.00. ISBN 0-7514-0242-7

Polymer InternationalVolume 42, Issue 2 p. 235-236 Book Review New methods of polymer synthesis, volume 2 Edited by J. R. Ebdon and G. C. Eastmond. Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, 1995. pp. xii+336, price £75.00. ISBN 0-7514-0242-7 A. D. Jenkins, A. D. JenkinsSearch for more papers by this author A. D. Jenkins, A. D. JenkinsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 March 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(199702)42:2<235::AID-PI674>3.0.CO;2-4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume42, Issue2February 1997Pages 235-236 RelatedInformation

相間移動触媒法を用いる高分子の化学修飾と機能性高分子の合成

Chemical modification of polymers containing pendant chlorine was investigated using phase transfer catalysis, which is a very simple and convenient method for polymer synthesis as well as organic syntesis. The reactions of polymers containing chlorine such as poly (chloromethylstyrene), poly (epichlorohydrin), and poly (2-chloroethylvinyl ether) with various nucleophilic reagents composed from alkalimetal salts were carried out under three different reaction systems, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-liquid-solid systems in the presence of phase transfer catalysts (PTCs). The reactions were strongly influenced by the kind of PTC, concentration, concentration of reagent, reaction solvent, and the combination of PTC and nucleophilic reagent. From these results, it was found that the reactions proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding polymers under mild conditions.Synthesis of some functional polymers such as photosensitive polymers, multi-functional polymers, and solar energy storage polymers with pendant norbornadiene moieties was performed using PTC based on the above information.

New methods of polymer synthesis Edited by J. R. Ebdon, Blackie &amp; Son, Glasgow, 1991. pp. viii + 200, price £49.00. ISBN 0‐216‐92974‐1 (UK) ISBN 0‐412‐02471‐3 (USA)

Polymer InternationalVolume 25, Issue 4 p. 259-260 Book Review New methods of polymer synthesis Edited by J. R. Ebdon, Blackie & Son, Glasgow, 1991. pp. viii + 200, price £49.00. ISBN 0-216-92974-1 (UK) ISBN 0-412-02471-3 (USA) C. A. Finch, C. A. FinchSearch for more papers by this author C. A. Finch, C. A. FinchSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1991 https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.4990250418AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume25, Issue41991Pages 259-260 RelatedInformation

Plasma-Induced Living Radical Copolymerization

Abstract Plasma-induced polymerization (copolymerization) is a new method of polymer synthesis. Different comonomer pairs (methyl methacrylate-styrene, methyl methacrylate-α-methylstyrene, acrylonitrile-α-methylstyrene, methacrylonitrile-styrene, butyl methacrylate-styrene) have been copolymerized by this technique. The results showed that the process proceeds through a living radical mechanism and yields ultrahigh molecular weight macromolecular compounds (pleistomers). So, the reactivity ratio values of the monomers copolymerized by this technique are very close to those yielded by their classical radical copolymerization, and the microstructure of the copolymers is similar to that of their radically obtained homologs. Some characteristics, as well as some solution properties, of the ultrahigh molecular weight copolymers obtained are also presented.

What's new in the field of polycondensation? Review

The results of research in the field of polycondensation in the U.S.S.R. are reviewed. The special aspects of equilibrium and nonequilibrium polycondensation, the equilibrium constants of the various processes, the influence on them of the structure of the starting substances and the nature of the organic medium and temperature of the reaction are considered. The problems of equilibrium in polycondensation processes with a complex course of formation of polyhexazocyclanes are discussed. The positive features of nonequilibrium polycondensation are noted. The mechanism and patterns of formation of the macromolecules in polycondensation processes (including the microstructure of the polymer chain in the processes of copolycondensation, synthesis of polymers constructed in the head-to-tail form and conformationally specific polycondensation) are considered with reference to the chemical structure of the starting materials, functionality, the reactivity of the functional groups, catalysis and the nature of the reaction medium and possible secondary processes. Data are presented on some new reactions in polymers of the polycondensation type. The relevance of the further development of this method of polymer synthesis and its prospects are noted.

Molecular complexes in polymer synthesis — from Lewis acid adducts to exiplexes

Specific intermolecular forces have been important to the development of many methods of polymer synthesis. This theme is developed so as to encompass major discoveries in ionic and complex organometallic polymerizations and the more recent utilization of Lewis acid adducts for control of copolymerization. In a final section, the rather weaker forces involved in charge transfer and exciplex binding are discussed in the light of existing and possible future mechanisms for polymer synthesis.

New method for synthesis of polymers of the polyphenylene type applying polycyclocondensation of diacetylaromatic compounds

New method for synthesis of polymers of the polyphenylene type applying polycyclocondensation of diacetylaromatic compounds

The molecular and structural plasticization of polyvinyl fluoride

The thermomechanical and other physical properties of polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) produced by various methods and plasticized with dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, butyl stearate or castor oil were studied. The results showed plasticization to depend on the methods of polymer synthesis and on the plasticizer used. The molecular plasticization will be produced by addition of dibutyl-or dioctyl phthalate to PVF, while butyl stearate will produce structural plasticization, and castor oil an intermediate type of plasticization.

Ion exchange in analytical chemistry

The aim of this rare volume is to provide up-to-the-minute coverage of the many applications of ion exchange in analytical chemistry. This work places major emphasis on modern high-resolution chromatography, and also includes the analysis of proteins and biological macromolecules. The easy-to-read text gives a general account of ion exchangers, their properties and how they are made, as well as a brief account of the physical chemistry of classical microporous ion-exchanging polymers. Organized by methods and techniques, this one-of-a-kind book describes each technique using illustrations by representative applications. This interesting review also compares ion-exchange methods with other methods of accomplishing the same analyses. It addresses many new areas in this field, including such exciting topics as pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrates, amino acids, and peptides; chromatography of carbohydrates by anion exchange; and methods of polymer synthesis. Everyone who has an interest in analytical chemistry, chromatography, reactive polymers, and chromatographic science will want to add this reference to their collection of up-to-date resources.