Method For Direct Measurement Research Articles

The influential factors of stunting in toddlers of Cianjur regency

Background: Nutritional problems had become the major problem for many developing countries such as in Indonesia. One of nutritional problems that brought high concern to date is stunting problem. Result from 2021 Indonesian nutritional status study stated the stunting prevalence of toddlers in Indonesia was 24.4%, where Cianjur regency as one example of regencies in West Java has fairly high stunting rate (33.7%). Methods: This study is applying a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in May-July 2022 in Cianjur regency. As subjects of this study were 24-59 months toddlers who were selected by a method of clustered sampling. The research data was collected by questionnaires and a direct measurement method. Then, data analysis was conducted by Chi-square and logistic regression analysis. Results: The result showed the prevalence number of stunting in Warungkondang district, Cianjur regency was 40.70%, with influencial factors were the birth weight (p=0.012), history of: cough (p=0.050), fever (p=0.037), diarrhea (p=0.040) during the last 3 months, the mother’s knowledge level (p=0.050), the food diversity (p=0.048) and the health care pattern (p=0.004). Conclusions: There are several influential factors to stunting problem such as birth weight, history of infectious diseases, the level of mother’s nutritional knowledge, the food diversity and health care patterns. For the most dominant factors that influence stunting are mother’s nutritional knowledge and the birth weight of the baby. It indicates the causes of stunting are not only triggered by health factors. Therefore, collaboration with various stakeholders is needed to overcome the stunting problem.

Performance Production of Pre-Weaning Simbal in East Lombok Regency

This study aimed to determine the performance of Simbal cattle pre-weaning. The research was conducted by a direct survey and measurement method sample cattle. Research variables include birth weight, weaning weight, average daily gain (ADG), body length, the height of the cattle’s hump, and chest circumference. Samples used were 30 Simbal cattle pre-weaning consisting of 15 males and 15 females. The data collected were analyzed descriptively, where the mean and standard deviation (x̄ ±Sd) were calculated. To determine the effect of sex, the data were then analyzed by T-test. The data analysis shows that average daily gain and weaning weight were significantly different (P<0,05) between males and females. The body size of cattle, including body length and hump height of male Simbal, was higher than females (P<0.05), while the chest circumference of male and female Simbal was not significantly different (P>0.05)

Three components strain-gauge type aircraft surface friction resistance sensor: Design, manufacturing, and calibration

Surface friction resistance acting on hypersonic vehicles with speeds greater than Mach 5 caused by air viscosity accounts for more than half of the total resistance. Accurate prediction of the surface resistance of a vehicle is the basis of resistance reduction, and prediction methods are mainly categorized into direct measurement and indirect evaluation methods. In this study, a novel three-component strain-type surface-friction-resistance measurement sensor is developed. A double-layer assembly-type orthogonal-sensitive element structure is adopted, and its friction-sensing block is replaceable based on test demands. Finite element calculation results show that the interference between the measured components of the friction-resistance sensor structure is considerably small, and the maximum theoretical interference is 0.53%. After calibration test compensation, the sensor exhibited high repeatability and accuracy, with three-measurement component precisions of 0.21%, 0.16%, and 0.09%, and the corresponding accuracies were 0.32%, 0.27%, and 0.19%, respectively.

Unambiguous Wind Direction Estimation Method for Shipborne HFSWR Based on Wind Direction Interval Limitation

Due to its maneuverability and agility, the shipborne high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) provides a new way of monitoring large-area marine dynamics and environment information. However, wind direction ambiguity is problematic when using monostatic shipborne HFSWR for wind direction inversion. In this article, an unambiguous wind direction measurement method based on wind direction interval limitation is proposed. The two first-order spectral wind direction estimation methods are first presented using the relationship between the normalized amplitude differences or ratios of the broadened Doppler spectrum and the wind direction. Moreover, based on the characteristic of a small wind direction estimation error in a large included angle between the spectral wind direction and the radar beam, the wind direction interval is obtained by counting the distribution of radar-measured wind direction within this included angle. Furthermore, the eliminated ambiguity of wind direction is transformed to judge the relationship between the wind direction interval and the two curves, which represent the relationship between the spreading parameter and the wind direction. Therefore, the remote sensing monitoring of ocean surface wind direction fields can be realized by shipborne HFSWR. The simulation results are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method and the multi-beam sampling method for wind direction inversion. The experimental results show that the errors of wind direction estimated by the multi-beam sampling method and the equivalent dual-station model are large, and the proposed method can improve the accuracy of wind direction measurement. Three widely used wave directional spreading models have been applied for performance comparison. The wind direction field measured by the proposed method under a modified cosine model agrees well with that observed by the China-France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT).

Comparison of Carotid Blood Flow Measured by Ultrasound and Cardiac Output in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Background: In general, cerebral blood flow accounts for 10–15% of cardiac output (CO), of which about 75% is delivered through the carotid arteries. Hence, if carotid blood flow (CBF) is constantly proportional to CO with high reproducibility and reliability, it would be of great value to measure CBF as an alternative to CO. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct correlation between CBF and CO. We hypothesized that measurement of CBF could be a good substitute for CO, even under more extreme hemodynamic conditions, for a wider range of critically ill patients. Methods: Patients aged 65–80 years, undergoing elective cardiac surgery were included in this study. CBF in different cardiac cycles were measured by ultrasound: systolic carotid blood flow (SCF), diastolic carotid blood flow (DCF), and total (systolic and diastolic) carotid blood flow (TCF). CO simultaneously was measured by transesophageal echocardiography. Results: For all patients, the correlation coefficients between SCF and CO, TCF and CO were 0.45 and 0.30, respectively, which were statistically significant, but not between DCF and CO. There was no significant correlation between either SCF, TCF or DCF and CO, when CO was <3.5 L/min. Conclusions: Systolic carotid blood flow may be used as a better index to replace CO. However, the method of direct measurement of CO is essential when the patient's heart function is poor.

The Influence of a Photometric Distance on Luminance Measurements

Luminance measurements are the least frequent of all photometric measurements. This article characterizes and systematizes the various methods of luminance measurement. In particular, the method of direct luminance measurement using modern luminance meters (ILMD) is described in detail. This paper presents the results of the study on the influence of the measurement distance on the luminance measurement results. Two ILMD meters (laboratory and portable) and a luminance standard were used in this study. The conducted research showed that an incorrectly chosen measuring distance can lead to significant measurement errors of up to several tens of percent. In addition, the possible impact of incorrect measurements on the design of an interior lighting installation was presented. It was shown that the selected interior lighting installation can consume more than 40 percent more electricity compared to the installation based on the correct luminance measurements of the luminaires with diffuse shades. In the final stage of the study, the definition of the photometric test distance for luminance measurements using ILMD was proposed. The test results can be particularly useful for the luminance measurements of OLEDs or the luminaires with diffuse luminous character. However, these results can also be used for luminance measurements of other light sources and luminaires.

Strategies for automating analytical and bioanalytical laboratories

Analytical measurement methods are used in different areas of production and quality control, diagnostics, environmental monitoring, or in research applications. If direct inline or online measurement methods are not possible, the samples taken have to be processed offline in the manual laboratory. Automated processes are increasingly being used to enhance throughput and improve the quality of results. In contrast to bioscreening, the degree of automation in (bio)analytical laboratories is still low. This is due in particular to the complexity of the processes, the required process conditions, and the complex matrices of the samples. The requirements of the process to be automated itself and numerous other parameters influence the selection of a suitable automation concept. Different automation strategies can be used to automate (bio)analytical processes. Classically, liquid handler-based systems are used. For more complex processes, systems with central robots are used to transport samples and labware. With the development of new collaborative robots, there will also be the possibility of distributed automation systems in the future, which will enable even more flexible automation and use of all subsystems. The complexity of the systems increases with the complexity of the processes to be automated.Graphical

Measurement of the dynamic temperature response of electrocaloric effect in solid ferroelectric materials via thermoreflectance

ABSTRACT We propose a characterization method based on modulated thermoreflectance technique for measuring directly the electrocaloric (EC) effect. First, the EC response in BaTiO3-based multilayer capacitors (MLC) with Y5V specification was measured using thermoreflectance set-up. Further, the direct measurement method was implemented on P(VDF-TrFE) 55/45 thin films deposited on flexible PET substrate, where the frequency dependence of the EC response in these films was investigated. It was noted that the P(VDF-TrFE) EC temperature responses depend on the operation voltage frequency, thus we considered three frequency ranges using square voltage waveform. Three distinct types of EC temperature variation responses were observed depending on the waveform frequency range. In addition, the EC temperature variation of the thin film with a thickness of 1.4 µm was measured via thermoreflectance. The data reveal a large EC effect occurring at room temperature where a temperature change ΔT = 1.14°C was induced under a field of 82 MV/m.

Evaluation of Landsat 8 imagery capability to estimate chlorophyll-a concentrations using spatially and temporally different data

This Water quality has been one of the major issues in water resources. A water quality monitoring program should be performed regularly. However, this program requires numerous resources and efforts, especially using a direct measurement method. An alternative should be carried out to minimize the issues. Landsat 8 (L8) can be the alternative. Water clarity is one of the essential water parameters affecting sunlight’s ability to penetrate water and engage photosynthesis. Algae are vital in photosynthesis and are usually indicated as chlorophyll-a (chl-a). Several studies present that L8 is adequate to estimate chl-a concentrations as it provides high-accuracy results. This paper will generate a new model using data from different places and compare it with other chl-a models from previous studies by their capabilities to estimate chl-a concentrations. The results indicate that the generated model cannot provide consistent and precise estimations in different places and times. However, it has a “good” R2 value at 0.7245 from the regression analysis for model generation. The same results arise from other models that cannot reasonably estimate chl-a concentrations

OCEANOGRAPHIC OF THE FISHING GROUND FOR ANOCHVY (Stolephorus spp.) IN THE KOLONO BAY, SOUNTH KONAWE DISTRICT

Kolono Bay is one of the waters in South Konawe Regency which has a large potential for fishery resources with an area of ± 9,400 hectares of water. One of the leading commodities in the waters of Kolono Bay is anchovy (Stolephorus spp). This study aims to determine the characteristics of oceanography, namely the parameters of pH, Salinity, DO (Dissolved Oxygen), current velocity, and depth of anchovy fishing area in the waters of Kolono Bay. This study uses a direct measurement method in the field. Data collection and analysis were carried out from January to March 2019 with ten research stations. The results showed that in January, February, and March in the waters of Kolono Bay, the water temperature ranged from 28.47-31.67°C. The current velocity has a range between 0.092-0.508 m/s. The value of water depth has an average value of 8.0-17 m, the average value of dissolved oxygen ranges from 4.91-7.07 mg/L, salinity with an average value of each station ranging from 32.90-35.63‰ and The degree of acidity of the water (pH) has an average of 8.00. The suggestion from this study is the need for further research on the study of status of anchovy utilization in Kolono Bay so that sustainable and sustainable management can be carried out.

Estimation of LDL-C using machine learning models and its comparison with directly measured and calculated LDL-C in Turkish pediatric population

Objective: The assessment of lipid profiles in children is critical for the early detection of dyslipidemia. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the most often used measures in diagnosing and treating patients with dyslipidemia. Therefore, accurate determination of LDL-C levels is critical for managing lipid abnormalities. In this study, we aimed to compare various LDL-C estimating formulas with powerful machine-learning (ML) algorithms in a Turkish pediatric population. Materials and Methods: This study included 2,563 children under 18 who were treated at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital in Sivas, Turkey. LDL-C was measured directly using Roche direct assay and estimated using Friedewald's, Martin/Hopkins', Chen's, Anandaraja's, and Hattori's formulas, as well as ML predictive models (i.e., Ridge, Lasso, elastic net, support vector regression, random forest, gradient boosting and extreme gradient boosting). The concordances between the estimates and direct measurements were assessed overall and separately for the LDL-C and TG sublevels. Linear regression analyses were also carried out, and residual error plots were created between each LDL-C estimation and direct measurement method. Results: The concordance was approximately 0.92-0.93 percent for ML models, and around 0.85 percent for LDL-C estimating formulas. The SVR formula generated the most concordant results (concordance=0.938), while the Hattori and Martin-Hopkins formulas produced the least concordant results (concordance=0.851). Conclusion: Since ML models produced more concordant LDL-C estimates compared to LDL-C estimating formulas, ML models can be used in place of traditional LDL-C estimating formulas and direct assays.

Experimental investigations of fractured rock deformation: A direct measurement method using strain gauges

Measuring fractured rock deformation under changing loading conditions is important in rock engineering projects to estimate rock strength and permeability. Measurement of deformations at less than micrometer level for rock fractures is difficult. To investigate the feasibility of the resistance strain gauge method, an experimental system was built to measure the fractured rock deformation due to cycling of confining pressure. The test results of different positions were compared and relatively reasonable test locations were selected based on the test data and regression analysis. The measurement tests were conducted on cylindrical samples with diameters of 50 mm and lengths of 100 mm of shale, granite, limestone, and marble containing a single fracture or two parallel fractures. The experimental results show that the strain gauge method and the proposed test point pattern perform well for measuring fractured rock deformation under changing loading conditions. The experimental data for the loading progress for a single fracture fits the existing fractured rock deformation models well (i.e., the Goodman model, Bandis model, and Sun model). For cyclic loading, observed cycles compared with the existing models and the hysteresis loop during deformation under cycling of the confining pressure, the strain-pressure curves of the loading and unloading processes are consistent with existing models. The strain gauge method provides a deformation measurement method of two parallel fractures. Under the pressure 15 MPa for plane α the deformation is in a state of opening with strain value more than 1003 με; but plane β is in a state of closure with strain value near −115 με.

Evaluation of Cable Tension Using Static and Dynamic Test on R.H. Fisabilillah Cable-Stayed Bridge, Batam-Indonesia

R.H. Bridge Fisabilillah (Bridge I) is a cable-stayed bridge, included in the series of Barelang Bridges (Batam-Rempang-Galang) which were built from 1992 to 1998. With the service life of the bridge reaching 25 years, it is necessary to check the health condition of the bridge structure. Bridge cables are one of the most important elements of a cable-stayed bridge. These cable elements dominantly experience tensile forces when transmitting loads from the decks to the bridge pylons. Cable force inspection methods can be carried out through the direct measurement method (e.g. static test using a lift-off method) and indirect measurement (e.g. dynamic test using accelerometer sensors, electromagnetic/EM sensors, and so on). This study aims to compare the cable tensile force based on the static test (lift-off method) in 2017 against the dynamic test (accelerometer sensors) in 2022. Evaluation of the cable tensile force based on the dynamic test was carried out using the taut string theory and beam string theory approaches. From the study, the two empirical approaches yielded insignificantly different results where a difference in the mean difference of -1,71% was found with a maximum difference of 28,15%. The study also shows an increase in cable force capacity to a maximum of 47,20% UTS (ultimate tensile strength) based on the taut string theory and a maximum of 53.37% UTS based on the beam string theory. This value is greater when compared to the results of the cable force based on the static test (lift-off) in 2017, which was a maximum of 41.64% UTS. It is recommended to carry out further and more comprehensive studies to determine the effect of changes in cable force distribution on the behavior of the structure on the R.H. Fisabilillah Bridge.

Position and Direction Measurement of Rock Bolt Hole Using Cross Line Laser and Camera

In this paper, we propose a new position and direction measurement method of rock bolt hole with a cross line laser. A combination of the light-sectioning method and a hole detection in an image is used to estimate a hole position and direction. Experimental results in a tunnel under construction show that the proposed method can measure positions and directions with high accuracy.

Error Calibration for Crosstalk of SQUIDs in Full Tensor Magnetic Gradiometer Based on Moore–Penrose Inverse and Helmholtz Coil

In order to calibrate crosstalk error between superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers in a multichannel SQUID system, we propose an innovative error calibration method for crosstalk of SQUID magnetometers based on the Moore–Penrose inverse method and Helmholtz coil in this article and successfully apply it to an eight-channel SQUID magnetometers based full tensor magnetic gradiometer (FTMG). We first analyze the causes of crosstalk through working principle of the SQUID readout circuit and build the crosstalk error model of the eight-channel FTMG. Then, we introduce the solution method of 56 crosstalk coefficients based on the Moore–Penrose inverse method and the construction method of matrix needed for solution based on Helmholtz coil. The effect of nonuniformity of Helmholtz coil on the calibration of crosstalk is analyzed and calculated. The effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by repetitive simulation and comparative experiments. Compared with the traditional direct measurement method, this method has the advantage of high efficiency, and the more the channels of SQUID, the more obvious is the superiority.

Multicomponent Signal for Comparing Direct and Indirect Methods of Speech Transmission Index Measurement

When evaluating the intelligibility of speech distorted by noise and reverberation, direct or indirect methods of measuring the speech transmission index are used. However, it remains insufficiently studied how significantly differ the results of measurements obtained by direct and indirect methods. To find an answer to this question, the use of a multicomponent test signal consisting of four "elementary" signals separated by pauses is proposed in this paper. As "elementary" signals, it is proposed to use a maximum-length sequence, a speech shaped maximum-length sequence, a speech shaped stationary noise, and a speech shaped amplitude-modulated noise. Use of amplitude-modulated noise allows estimating speech transmission index by a direct method. Other "elementary" signals make it possible to estimate speech transmission index by two variants of indirect method. The proposed algorithms and corresponding computer programs were tested on trial signal models, while the consistency of the obtained results with the results of previous studies was revealed. The results of the signal models studies show that both considered variants of the indirect speech transmission index measurement method lead to underestimated results compared to the direct method. For one of the variants of the indirect method, the value of the estimate bias is 0.03–0.04, regardless of the interfering conditions. For another variant of the indirect method, the estimate bias varies from 0.01 to 0.18, depending on the interference conditions.

Estimation of Erosion Potentials through Utilization of Remote Sensing Data and The Universal Soil Loss Equation Model

Remote sensing data and USLE models have been used widely for erosion analysis. In Indonesia, the USLE model is a reference in erosion analysis to assess land suitability for agricultural crop development. Erosion analysis using remote sensing data provides various advantages, including good accuracy, lower costs, and can analyze erosion rates quickly compared to direct measurement methods. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential erosion in the Arui watershed - Manokwari Regency – West Papua Province using remote sensing data and USLE models. The research was conducted from April to July 2022, with three main stages i.e data inventory, data analysis, and erosion rate estimation. The research shows that the potential erosion rate in the Arui watershed is 15 tons/ha/year or 3.480 tons/year, thus exceeding the tolerable soil loss (TSL) erosion rate threshold of 9.6 tons/ha/year. Therefore, a conservation and restoration program is needed to control the erosion rate in the Arui watershed. Keywords: Erosion rate, Remote sensing, Tolerable soil loss, USLE, Watershed

Precise quantification of nanoparticle surface free energy via colloidal probe atomic force microscopy

Interfacial interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) in colloids are greatly influenced by the NP surface free energy (SFE). Due to the intrinsic physical and chemical heterogeneity of the NP surface, measuring SFE is nontrivial. The use of direct force measurement methods, such as colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM), have been proven to be effective for the determination of SFE on relatively smooth surfaces, but fail to provide reliable measurements for rough surfaces generated by NPs. Here, we developed a reliable approach to determine the SFE of NPs by adopting Persson’s contact theory to include the effect of surface roughness on the measurements in CP-AFM experiments. We obtain the SFE for a range of materials varying in surface roughness and surface chemistry. The reliability of the proposed method is verified by the SFE determination of polystyrene. Subsequently, the SFE of bare and functionalized silica, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide were quantified and validity of the results was demonstrated. The presented method unlocks the potential of CP-AFM as a robust and reliable method of the SFE determination of nanoparticles with a heterogeneous surface, which is challenging to obtain with conventionally implemented experimental techniques.

Melting Point Certified Reference Materials for Organic Substances: Development Perspectives

The field of the melting point measurements of high-purity organic substances today includes a large number of measuring instruments used in the field of medicine, biology, and the production of perfumery and cosmetic products.The purpose of the research is to identify the features and justify approaches to the development of melting point certified reference materials of organic substances provided with metrological traceability to the SI base measurement units «temperature» (°C).The objectives of the research included justification of the choice of substances-candidates for CRMs; determination of the certification procedure for RMs; establishment of restrictions affecting the certification procedure; estimation of uncertainty for certified values of the melting point CRMs.In the course of the research, a state analysis of metrological assurance in the field of melting point measurements was performed. An overview of the reference complex designed to measure the melting point and purity of organic substances in the range from +40 °C to +250 °C is presented, its functional diagram is given. The basic requirements for substancescandidates for CRMs are identified. The study presents the results of determining the melting point of benzophenone, benzoic acid, succinic acid, anthracene, and caffeine obtained by direct measurements of the phase transition temperature and by indirect measurements based on recording the moment of optical transparency of the substances under study. The results of interlaboratory comparisons on samples of the studied substances are presented, which made it possible to obtain reliable data on the temperature of the emergence of optical transparency at different heating rates. A method for reconciling the results is proposed; it consists in presenting the certified value of the melting point determined by the method of direct measurements of the phase transition temperature in the thermodynamic mode, as well as the certified values of the optical transparency temperature at various heating rates as additional characteristics of the substance in the passports of the developed CRMs. Research objectives for further work are formulated.The theoretical significance of the results obtained lies in the development of theoretical and methodological approaches to the certification of melting point CRMs based on pure organic substances, which make it possible to improve the measurement accuracy in the field of thermal analysis at a higher quality level.

Integration of Traction Electricity Consumption Determinants with Route Geometry and Vehicle Characteristics

Traction electricity (TE) consumption in rail transportation (rail transport) is determined by factors (determinant) related to the characteristics of railway lines and vehicles. They have an impact on driving speeds, which, in turn, affect energy consumption. The scientific research presented here combined the results of expert, direct and indirect measurement methods, including brainstorming, mind mapping, system approach, heuristics, failure mode and effect analysis. The main objective was to demonstrate the influence of the determinants of TE consumption, depending on the route (road) geometry and characteristics of the traction of electric vehicles and whole trains (catenary-supplied electric vehicles, non-autonomous electric vehicles, and network traction vehicles, especially electric locomotives and electric multiple units, electric multiple-units (EMUs)). Using a new approach, the TE consumption equation, we applied values for the movement resistances of electric locomotives during braking for a jointed railway track Mres JRT braking and continuous welded rail tracks Mres CWRt braking. The values of the movement resistances of the electric locomotives during startup on the jointed railway track Mres JRT startup and continuous welded rail tracks Mres CWRt startup were also applied. They showed a strong correlation with the existing speeds of catenary-supplied electric vehicles. The implementation of the new innovative approach is an important contribution to the development of engineering and technical sciences, in particular, the disciplines of civil engineering, surveying/geodesy, and transport.