Methodology Section Research Articles

Response to: Association of Intraoperative Red Blood Cell Transfusions With Venous Thromboembolism and Adverse Outcomes After Cardiac Surgery.

We are grateful for the interest and comments of Butt et al1 with regard to our recently published study.2 First, Butt et al1 noted that the overall exposure rate to intraoperative packed red blood cells (PRBCs) was 17.8% in our study compared to the reported rate of 12.8% to 60.3% in previous studies in similar patients. They then speculated that the relatively lower rate of intraoperative PRBC transfusion observed in our study was due to our decision to label missing information on intraoperative PRBC transfusion as “no transfusion.” In support of their argument, they cited a retrospective study of 8141 patients from 10 centers who had cardiac surgery between 2011 and 2014; these patients underwent either isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery or aortic valve replacement, and Butt et al1 did not cite the risk-adjusted rate for intraoperative PRBC transfusion, which was found to be 4% to 59%.3 Thus, our reported rate of 17.8% is likely reflective of the more contemporary and average national rate of intraoperative PRBC transfusion for isolated CABG surgery. Furthermore, Butt et al1 highlighted that labeling missing data for intraoperative PRBC transfusions as “no transfusion” as justified in the methodology section of our manuscript, and omission of any postoperative transfusion before any hospital-acquired venous thromboembolic (HA-VTE) complications might have biased the association between intraoperative PRBC transfusion and HA-VTE complications. To address this, we performed a sensitivity analysis which indicated that after removing patients with missing data for intraoperative PRBC transfusion the association between intraoperative PRBC transfusion and HA-VTE remained (odds ratios [ORs] for 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 units of PRBC versus none: 1.16 [1.09 to 1.23], 1.19 [1.12 to 1.26], 1.59 [1.49 to 1.68], 1.49 [1.40 to 1.58]). Postoperative transfusion before any HA-VTE complications was not collected by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database and was not available for analysis. Second, Butt et al1 also indicated that a causality relationship between intraoperative PRBC transfusion and HA-VTE complications was not supported by the lower odds of HA-VTE complications in women. To address this comment, we reiterate the following: i) given the retrospective nature of our study it was not meant to definitively ascertain a causality, but rather reinforce a previously described association between intraoperative PRBC transfusion and HA-VTE complications in a large-scale national registry; ii) our propensity score-weighted, and covariate-adjusted analysis including adjusting for sex indicated that intraoperative PRBC transfusion was independently associated with HA-VTE complications after isolated CABG surgery; iii) only a small proportion of patients had missing data for height (0.03%) and weight (0.02%), and thus, the calculated body mass index (BMI) was observed in nearly all patients (missing, 0.03%). Therefore, our conditional imputation for 0.03% of the missing BMI is highly unlikely that it may have impacted the association of BMI and intraoperative PRBC transfusion in the development of the propensity score. We agree with Butt et al1 that it would have been potentially valuable to study the impact of geographic location on our selected patient- and procedure-related characteristics, but this information was not available through the participant user file research mechanism via which our study was approved. Third, we agree with the comment that delayed thromboprophylaxis during a prolonged hospital length of stay may also exacerbate HA-VTE complications independently or in combination with intraoperative and postoperative PRBC transfusions. As indicated by Butt and colleagues1 the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database does not capture data on delayed thromboprophylaxis during a prolonged hospital length of stay, and thus we were not able to study its respective association with prolonged length of stay. Butt et al1 speculate that our approach of implementing a propensity score-weighted method using matching inverse probability of treatment weighting to account for potential confounding of the association between intraoperative PRBC transfusion and our outcomes may have been impacted by handling of extreme weights.4 To address the possibility of residual confounding, we considered the evidence for causality (E value),5 which is considered as an alternative approach to sensitivity analyses for potential unmeasured confounding, and were able to demonstrate that there was a low potential for unmeasured confounding significantly influencing the association between intraoperative PRBC transfusion and our primary outcome of HA-VTE. Finally, we agree with Butt et al1 that there is a need to better predict HA-VTE. We also strongly believe that there is a potentially unmet need for current and future “studies to explore interventions aimed at improving perioperative anemia and blood management while maintaining appropriate postoperative thromboprophylaxis, thereby significantly decreasing the need for PRBC transfusions in this setting and potentially decreasing the incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism after cardiac surgery.”2

Evaluate the Performance of Best Employees in Human Resources (HR) Working Using TOPSIS Method

. An organization cannot be separated from the role of human resources (HR) working within it. The quality of human resources is one of the necessary factors for improving the performance of an organization. Therefore, a company should evaluate the performance of its employees to understand their potential and the importance of evaluating their abilities and qualities. This evaluation allows for judgments on the worst qualities and the significance of employees. Employees are the foundation of a strong and enduring organization, regardless of their level. Their strength, commitment, dedication, and emotional connection with the organization cannot be measured solely in monetary value. What is Research Methodology? Research methodology refers to the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section enables the reader to critically evaluate the overall validity and reliability of the study. In this study, the TOPSIS method analyzes the ranking of Mercedes-Benz EQS as first, Audi e-tron GT as fourth, Porsche Taycan as fifth, Audi e-tron as third, Audi RS e-tron GT as second, and Mercedes-Benz EQC as sixth. Although the concept of EB is implicit within some organizations, it often appears vague. The underlying trend in the responses suggests that high skills and development were most important in consulting firms and investment banks, as well as large-scale industrial and manufacturing firms, where individuality of employees was less visible."

Incorporating Students’ Native Languages in the Study Syllabus as a Foundation for Learning the New Language

This research work has been conducted to develop an understanding of the importance of introducing native languages within the education system. The main objective of this research is to develop an understanding of how to build a strong foundation for children. In the introduction, the importance of native language was discussed, followed by the background. In this section, the education system of Jordan has been discussed along with the education systems of other countries. In the literature review, factors that play an important role in developing the children's foundation have been discussed. In addition, Krashen’s monitor model has also been analyzed in this research work. In the research methodology section, discussions have been conducted on the different research tools that have been used for conducting this research work. Secondary data collection methods have been used in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, the conclusion of this research work has been discussed, along with certain recommendations that can be implemented in the education system to improve the students' career growth.

The Sign Language Interpreting Gloves

This report’s primary purpose is to provide a detailed overview of the sign language interpreting gloves project. It starts with an introduction, background and history of the deaf community to better understand the needs and issues of the D/deaf community. In the following literature review, the reader will have the chance to learn about the modern-days challenges faced by hearing-impaired people, broadly explained and elaborated. The psychosocial impact of assistive technology and its effectiveness in improving life quality is discussed next. A lack of new technologies assisting the D/deaf community is not hardly noticed. As elaborated in the previously mentioned chapters, sign language interpreting services are expensive and sign language interpreters cannot be easily booked. These and other findings gathered from the research and also by a survey conducted on a group of deaf individuals indicate that sign language interpreting gloves are the new free interpreters-to-be, and the answer to acquiring the so-wanted independence. Evaluated to have such a significant impact, building this assistive technology that can be easily accessed is the project's focus. The working principles, block diagram and flowchart are also described in the methodology section, where building, not one but a pair of gloves is also documented step by step. Finally, results, discussion and future work will tell us more about the importance of interpreting gloves to close the gap between both hearing and deaf communities.

Elderly Friendly Exercises: A PRISMA-Guided Review of the Literature to Enable Awareness of Exercise that are Recommended for Elderly

In the current era, the population is getting old at a fast speed. According to the World Health Organization, the share of the population aged 65 and over has increased from 6 percent in 1990 to 9 percent in 2019. According to projections, the proportion of people over 65 years of age will increase to 16 percent by 2050, making one in six people worldwide senior citizens. Based on WHO data, these numbers were compiled. Within a few years, this number will double, resulting in a massive increase in the amount of elderly. With an increasing population of elderly people, society is more likely to need to provide care for them. In order for them to stay in nursing homes for the rest of their lives, they will have to spend a lot of money. Can fitness be a part of a healthy lifestyle if people start doing it when they are adults or even when they are getting older and older? It occurs to us that this may be of assistance to them. Using a survey of research, we will examine what researchers recommend for elderly exercise groups. The PRISMA format was followed initially, where some specific topics were selected, and based on some limitations on results and demographics of articles, the number of papers was narrowed down, which will be discussed in the methodology section.

Enhancing Reading Comprehension Skills of Prospective Teachers Using Suitable Reading Strategies

This study focused on using appropriate reading strategies to improve the reading comprehension of prospective teachers in two teacher education colleges in the Vellore District of Tamil Nadu, India. The paper begins by introducing the importance of English language in the contemporary environment, and then highlights the significance of reading comprehension for academic purposes. Three reading strategies were employed in the experimental study. The sample size and the testing methods employed in the experiment are described in the methodology section. The statistical analysis to determine the reading comprehension skills was done with mean, paired sample t-test and co-efficient. The results confirm that the use of appropriate reading strategies enhances the reading comprehension skills of the samples.

How collocations are represented and taught in selected legal English textbooks

The article deals with an issue which continues to draw increasingly more attention in LSP teaching, i.e., collocations, with a particular focus on legal collocations and legal English. The aim of the text is to offer an overview of the treatment given to specialised legal collocations in legal English textbooks used in tertiary level institutions in Poland. The methodology employed for selecting the textbooks is presented in detail in the Aims and Methodology section. The selected textbooks were then reviewed in terms of their collocation focus and the extent to which they follow pedagogical recommendations regarding teaching phraseology. Bearing in mind the importance of familiarizing students with natural and accurate language in order to help them master the legal genre, it appears that there is still a need to place more focus on phraseology and extend the formats and number of exercises centred on collocations.

Application of explainable artificial intelligence in medical health: A systematic review of interpretability methods

This paper investigates the applications of explainable AI (XAI) in healthcare, which aims to provide transparency, fairness, accuracy, generality, and comprehensibility to the results obtained from AI and ML algorithms in decision-making systems. The black box nature of AI and ML systems has remained a challenge in healthcare, and interpretable AI and ML techniques can potentially address this issue. Here we critically review previous studies related to the interpretability of ML and AI methods in medical systems. Descriptions of various types of XAI methods such as layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP), Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), ANCHOR, contextual importance and utility (CIU), Training calibration-based explainers (TraCE), Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE), NeuroXAI, Explainable Cumulative Fuzzy Class Membership Criterion (X-CFCMC) along with the diseases which can be explained through these methods are provided throughout the paper. The paper also discusses how AI and ML technologies can transform healthcare services. The usability and reliability of the presented methods are summarized, including studies on the usability and reliability of XGBoost for mediastinal cysts and tumors, a 3D brain tumor segmentation network, and the TraCE method for medical image analysis. Overall, this paper aims to contribute to the growing field of XAI in healthcare and provide insights for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers in the healthcare industry. Finally, we discuss the performance of XAI methods applied in medical health care systems. It is also needed to mention that a brief implemented method is provided in the methodology section.

Efficacy of In-utero Infusion of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy in Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

Introduction: In-utero infusion of autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) is found to be a novel approach to address the thin, non receptive endometrium leading to recurrent implantation failure. Aim: To estimate the efficacy of intrauterine PRP infusion in subfertile females affected with recurrent implantation failure via the conduction of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs). Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was done in electronic databases like Medline (through PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane database from January 2000 to November 2020 using keywords like “In-vitro Fertilisation” OR “IVF” OR “Intracytoplasmic sperm injection” OR “ICSI” OR “Embryo transfer” AND “Platelet rich plasma” OR “PRP” OR “Autologous platelet rich plasma” OR “Platelet rich plasma” and “recurrent implantation failure”. The randomised controlled trials, comparing intrauterine infusion of PRP versus no intervention or placebo in a study population of subfertile women with recurrent implantation failure and having medically confirmed pregnancy outcomes like live birth, clinical pregnancy, chemical pregnancy, and miscarriage were included in this systematic review. Studies with inadequate details in the methodology or result section were excluded from this analysis. This meta-analysis involved a pooled data analysis of 335 participants (174 cases and 161 controls) from four RCTs. Results: Compared with the control group, patients in the PRP group were found to have more beneficial effects in terms of implantation rate (Relative risks: 1.51, 95% Confidence interval: 0.94, 2.44; Heterogeneity: Tau²=0.08; I²=44%; Test for overall effect: Z=1.69, p-value=0.09) and clinical pregnancy (Relative risk: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.03; Heterogeneity: Tau²=0.12; I²=51%; Test for overall effect: Z=2.62; p-value=0.009). Conclusion: Intrauterine PRP infusion increases the implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate in women undergoing the frozen embryo transfer cycle.

A Study of the Structure of Discourse in the Methodology Section of Student-Written and Published English-Language Scientific Research Papers

A Study of the Structure of Discourse in the Methodology Section of Student-Written and Published English-Language Scientific Research Papers

A Researcher's Methodological Approach in a Dissertation of Master of Philosophy in Mathematics Education in Nepal

This paper explores on methodology approach applied for explaining assessment of mathematics to excavate assessment practices of students and teachers at secondary level in the context of Nepal. The paper uncovers the methodology section of a dissertation entitled "Assessment in Secondary Level Mathematics: A Narrative Inquiry" submitted to Nepal Open University to acquire a degree of masters of Philosophy in Mathematics Education. I portray the related phenomena to my research questions from ontological, epistemological, axiological, and rhetorical considerations. Then I describe methodological considerations related to research paradigm, research design, and sampling of data. Furthermore, I explore the data collection and analysis of my study, dividing it into different subheadings. I have thrown light on quality standards and ethical consideration followed in the research. The paper further excavates the data analysis, data interpretation of the methodology section of the dissertation. Finally, the paper concludes with discussion and conclusions about the applied methodology to conduct the study on mathematics assessment at secondary level in Nepal.

THE GAME THEORY’S APPLICABILITY IN THE TECHNOLOGY SECTOR: THE CASE OF INTEL AND AMD

This paper discusses the dominance of AMD and Intel as they are the two main computer chip producers in the market and their price reduction strategies that resulted in a loss for both enterprises. Also, the paper highlights the applied prisoner dilemma strategy. The methodology section of this research includes a payoff matrix between the two companies, followed by an analysis of CPU prices offered by Intel and AMD. And finally, an illustration of Intel’s share of sales to analyze the market standing of the two companies. The findings of this study show that Intel needs to readjust its pricing policy as slashing prices cannot be maintained in the long term.

LINALOOL IN LAVENDER AROMATHERAPY REDUCE LABOR PAIN

Labor is the time that pregnant women look forward to experience and feel happiness. In labor there are uterine contractions that cause pain, although pain is a physiological process, if not treated immediately it will have a negative impact on the mother and baby. This study aims to reduce pain during the first stage of the active phase of labor. In the journal tracking methodology section, Aromatherapy Lavender pain Labor with Boolean operators used for this journal search are "OR" and "AND". The data sources used for related journal searches are PubMed and Google Scholer. In the search for journals on E-Data based, it is limited to 10 years of publication, which is in the range of 2012 to 2022. The pain scale was obtained after the pretest, when the mother experienced contractions, which was on a scale of 4 (moderate pain). Meanwhile, after being given the intervention, namely giving lavender aromatherapy for 60 minutes, a posttest was carried out after 30 minutes, a pain scale of 3 (mild pain) was obtained, which means that there is an effect of giving lavender aromatherapy to the reduction of labor pain in the first stage of the active phase in maternity. Lavender aromatherapy can reduce labor pain in the active phase of the 1st stage because it contains linalool and eklephalin which can reduce pain naturally. Therefore, it is better for mothers who will give birth to choose lavender aromatherapy as an alternative that mothers can choose to reduce pain during labor

The Potential Contribution of General and Specialized Corpora to Research on Malay and Malaysian English

Today’s linguists are increasingly concerned with high-level properties of texts, and tend to work top-down in some branch of discourse analysis, while corpus linguists are concerned with low-level properties such as grammatical class, syntactic constructions and different kinds of text annotation, and tend to work bottom-up. This paper seeks to close the gap, using a general corpus and a specialised corpus. The point of departure is the assumption that a corpus is compiled to study the language of texts in some language for some special purpose beyond the existence of the corpus itself. The particular languages in mind are Malay and Malaysian English. The introduction deals with matters that have to be considered when a corpus project is planned, and with the problems that can arise, some of which have been reported. The methodology section concentrates on the groundwork that has to be done for just about any corpus-based project, and starts with a project undertaken long before computers were invented, and describes the role of computational expertise in modern corpus-based projects. The results section reports some preliminary work on a specialised corpus containing the speeches of Tun Mahathir Mohamed, which attempts to go beyond the groundwork to ascertain objectively what the speeches are about. The paper ends with a combined discussion and conclusion that summarises the content of the paper.

Procedures through Which Buildings Can Be More Energy Efficient

Ensuring energy efficiency in building has now become as the population is boosting day by day and it is therefore important to provide the shelter to the population. Energy efficiency is extremely needed for skyscrapers to reduce certain environmental impacts. the concept of came due to the population boom and after the invention of concrete and steel panels engineer stated building skyrocketing building which are even above 800 metres. This research study aims to provide an in-depth study about the energy consumption and the energy effect of the buildings. All of this has been discussed in five different section that is introductory part which describes here the aims and objectives of this research, the next section that has been discuss here is the material and methodology part which is the research methodology section. For this resort secondary data has been collated with the help of journals and the it had been further analysed with the help of thematic data analysis. The next section that has been discuss her is the results section here a detailed study has been provided regarding energy effect in global perspective and this part includes the graph and other factual data. After this a brief discussion part have been provided here the discussion have been analysed thoroughly highlighting the useful findings. Finally, this discussion has been concluded with the help of conclusion. Keyword : Buildings, Efficiency, Energy, Skyscrapers.

An Empirical Study on the Impact of the Corporate Social Responsibility of the Indian Corporate Sectors

India, has traditionally been involved in various corporate socially responsible (CSR) activities. This paper presents an empirical analysis of CSR activities of some selected public and private organization in India. The key objective of this analysis is to review the companies' CSR investment in sustainability, disclosure, governance, and CSR stakeholders. The Hypotheses development explains the positive significant relationship between CSR and firm performance. Then the methodology section explains sample selection and data source. Using these data, the CSR practices in selected public and private companies are evaluated based on the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines, and a comparative study of the impact of CSR practices on companies' profitability is conducted. The study also focuses on how CSR influences these companies' gross margins, as well as the correlation between environmental concerns and return on investment. The result of this study are appropriate for India's present scenario demonstrating that all companies are conducting CSR operations, but there is a substantial difference in the CSR disclosure practices of the selected firms. The private companies in India invests more in CSR but spend less on the environmental aspects whereas the public companies invest less in CSR but almost spend their entire CSR expenditure on the social and environmental aspects.

Using Time Series Analysis Forecast Post-Covid-19 Period Deep Sea Freight Transportation Index

This paper is a study to predict the trend of the Deep Sea Freight Transportation Index after the end of COVID-19 using ETS modeling in the context of the abnormal increase in the Deep Sea Freight Transportation Index due to the COVID-19 epidemic using time series analysis. The purpose of the study is to help international supply chain practitioners and shipping companies to make risk assessments in advance at the decision-making level. In the methodology section, the primary dataset used is the US Deep Sea Freight Transportation Index and the secondary dataset is the WTI Crude Oil Index. The forecast result is that the U.S. Deep Sea Freight Transportation Index will remain high for the next two years, and the WTI Crude Oil Index supports the accuracy of this forecast in its forecast plot based on its correlation with the Deep Sea Freight Transportation Index. Therefore, this study suggests that international supply chain operators and shipping operators should respond to the continued high ocean shipping costs in the next two years to avoid inventory risk and profit decline.

Appropriate criteria for a transition from conventional to sustainable warehousing

Abstract This research paper conducts the process of selecting the criteria that are the most appropriate for a transition from conventional to sustainable warehousing. SWOT analysis is used to emphasise the weaknesses of conventional and the strengths of sustainable warehousing to select the most appropriate for the herein presented study. The results have been verified via a questionnaire filled out by professionals in economics, logistics and warehousing, and mechanical engineering. be added under the methodology section. The results gave the five most important criteria by transforming the conventional into sustainable warehousing. Finally, the paper concluded that renewable energy sources are the most important criteria for transforming by conventional to sustainable warehousing by environmental aspects, as well as the smart technology is above all other criteria by economic aspect. Moreover, providing personal protection equipment and servicing machinery and vehicle on regular basis are the two mainly criteria by social (safety) aspect.

Sustainable management in the time of uncertainty on the cruise shipping market

Abstract Purpose The aim of this article is to identify areas of uncertainty that may affect sustainable management in the cruise shipping market in Northern Europe and define the directions of sustainable management undertaken by the entities participating in this market. Design/methodology/approach Several research methods were used in the work, i.e., analysis of existing materials, desk research, exploratory method, and case studies. Comparative analysis and critical analysis were also carried out. A few research questions were also developed and are described in the methodology section. Findings The statements showed that cruise shipping companies have been strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the war with Russia, which also to some extent forced them to revise their priorities within sustainable management. Practical implications Examples of good practice on sustainable management may be an interesting cognitive source of knowledge, both for the representatives of seaports in coastal destinations, as well as for cruise shipping companies. Social implications The cruise shipowners’ awareness of the negative impact of cruise shipping development upon the quality of local communities’ life in coastal destinations is considered to be a key aspect of sustainable management. Originality/value The review of literature revealed a lack of publications regarding the issue of sustainable management in the cruise shipping market, particularly with a view to changing the approach to sustainable management in the context of the events faced by cruise lines and seaports around the world in recent years.

Challenges and Opportunities for Women and Girls in Adaptation to the Climate Change Action Plan 2021-2030: A Case Study in Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Vietnam is one of many countries heavily impacted by climate change in recent decades. The Mekong Delta region has been a prominent example of the severity of climate change on agriculture and ecosystems. Many studies have been conducted to assess the impacts of climate change on different sectors in Vietnam, however, there are gaps in understanding climate effects from a gender perspective and the important role gender plays in climate response and adaptation. This paper aims to use a gender-specific perspective to examine effects of climate change on women’s and girls’ livelihoods, water and food security, labor and income, migration and education in Hoa An commune, Hau Giang province in Mekong Delta. Particularly, this paper addresses challenges that women and girls face amidst impacts of climate change. It also discusses opportunities to empower women and young girls in which education and training on raising awareness of climate change and taking appropriate adaptation measures, play a significant role. The paper is structured through the discussion of the theoretical background that employs a gender lens to frame climate change within the context of Mekong Delta in Vietnam. The methodology section describes the study site in Hoa An commune of Hau Giang province in the delta. Mixed qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted during the data collection process. The results report on (1) gender roles and gender power at family and at work (2) vulnerability perceived by women and girls, (3) impacts caused by climate change (4) livelihood support from central and local governments, adaptation, and role of education.