Research Methodology Research Articles

Methods Used in Co-Creation Within the Health CASCADE Co-Creation Database and Gray Literature: Systematic Methods Overview.

Co-creation is increasingly recognized for its potential to generate innovative solutions, particularly in addressing complex and wicked problems in public health. Despite this growing recognition, there are no standards or recommendations for method use in co-creation, leading to confusion and inconsistency. While some studies have examined specific methods, a comprehensive overview is lacking, limiting the collective understanding and ability to make informed decisions about the most appropriate methods for different contexts and research objectives. This study aimed to systematically compile and analyze methods used in co-creation to enhance transparency and deepen understanding of how co-creation is practiced. To enhance transparency and deepen understanding of how co-creation is practiced, this study systematically inventoried and analyzed methods used in co-creation. We conducted a systematic methods overview, applying 2 parallel processes: one within the peer-reviewed Health CASCADE Co-Creation Database and another within gray literature. An artificial intelligence-assisted recursive search strategy, coupled with a 2-step screening process, ensured that we captured relevant methods. We then extracted method names and conducted textual, comparative, and bibliometric analyses to assess the content, relationship between methods, fields of research, and the methodological underpinnings of the included sources. We examined a total of 2627 academic papers and gray literature sources, with the literature primarily drawn from health sciences, medical research, and health services research. The dominant methodologies identified were co-creation, co-design, coproduction, participatory research methodologies, and public and patient involvement. From these sources, we extracted and analyzed 956 co-creation methods, noting that only 10% (n=97) of the methods overlap between academic and gray literature. Notably, 91.3% (230/252) of the methods in academic literature co-occurred, often involving combinations of multiple qualitative methods. The most frequently used methods in academic literature included surveys, focus groups, photo voice, and group discussion, whereas gray literature highlighted methods such as world café, focus groups, role-playing, and persona. This study presents the first systematic overview of co-creation methods, providing a clear understanding of the diverse methods currently in use. Our findings reveal a significant methodological gap between researchers and practitioners, offering insights into the relative prevalence and combinations of methods. By shedding light on these methods, this study helps bridge the gap and supports researchers in making informed decisions about which methods to apply in their work. Additionally, it offers a foundation for further investigation into method use in co-creation. This systematic investigation is a valuable resource for anyone engaging in co-creation or similar participatory methodologies, helping to navigate the diverse landscape of methods.

Philosophical and logical study of the European Renaissance Historiography in the XIV-XVI centuries

The article outlines and systematizes the fundamental historical and philosophical concepts of European, in particular, the Italian, Renaissance of the XIV–XVI centuries. The paper emphasizes the principles and structure of the research methodology of the Renaissance philosophy historiography. It clarifies the logic and principal priorities of the internal concepts and external assessments of the Renaissance and offers the author’s opinion on the study of the Renaissance philosophy historiography.

Students as collaborative partners

In contemporary society, Artificial Intelligence (AI) pervades numerous facets of our lives and is likely to impact many sectors and professions, including education. Tertiary-level students in particular face challenges regarding the use of AI for studies and assessment, including limited understanding of AI tools, as well as a lack of deep critical engagement with AI for learning (Shibani et al., 2024). To respond to emerging developments in generative AI, the recent Australian Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) report suggests tertiary-level learning and assessments be designed to foster responsible and ethical use of AI (Lodge et al., 2023). This involves the development of AI literacy among students to engage with AI in critical, ethical ways that aid their learning and not hinder it. Our project aims to narrow the AI literacy gap among students from diverse study backgrounds by providing foundational knowledge and developing critical skills for practical use of AI tools for learning and professional practice, in collaboration with students and academics as part of a Students as Partners (SAP) initiative. Staff bring expertise in AI critical engagement and students bring practical, first-hand experiences of learning in this collaboration, supported by the university’s SAP program. Building on the current UNESCO recommendations for the use of generative AI in education (UNESCO, 2023) and prior theoretical frameworks on AI literacy (Chiu et al., 2024; Ng, et al., 2021; Southworth et al., 2023) we target key skills that higher education students should develop to meaningfully engage with AI. By creating accessible and engaging resources, such as instructional videos and comprehensive guides on generative AI applications like ChatGPT and ways to prompt for enhancing learning, we introduce existing AI tools and teach students to use them effectively, promoting a hands-on learning environment. Using learning design principles, the developed curriculum will be presented in an AI Literacy module on a Canvas site, with supporting instruction workshopped with student participants for evaluation. Student cohorts recruited from diverse disciplines will pilot and assess the effectiveness of the program, and qualitative methods such as focus groups and interviews will be used for evaluation of our intervention and continuous improvements. Findings will inform tertiary students’ current level of AI literacy and the effectiveness of interventions to improve key skills beyond their disciplinary knowledge, better preparing them for life beyond university. Indeed, the implementation of similar AI literacy courses has demonstrated statistically significant improvements in AI literacy and understanding of AI concepts amongst university students (Kong, Cheung, & Zhang, 2021). Our approach underscores the importance of relational engagement in higher education with students as partners (Matthews, 2018) and participatory design with students in a topic that is significant in the current age of AI (Laupichler et al., 2022). The course's flexibility to be accessed directly or embedded into other curricula ensures scalability and broader impact, solidifying the validity of our multifaceted approach. Through utilising relevant research methodologies and learning design principles, we endeavour to create an AI literacy course that is robust, accessible, educational, and engaging to use by tertiary-level students from diverse study backgrounds.

Upholding the Rule of Law: A Path to Global Prosperity

The purpose of this study is to investigate the opportunities and problems that South Africa's rule of law and equitable access to justice face. The primary barriers to applying these concepts are identified, and potential solutions and strategies to address these problems are examined. Main Topics: Apartheid's legacy and its continuing effects on equitable access to justice and the rule of law. the obstacles to justice that underprivileged populations must overcome, such as prejudice, poverty, and racial inequity. The function of civil society groups, law enforcement, and the court in advancing equitable access to justice and the rule of law. The effectiveness of existing legal frameworks and institutions in addressing the challenges faced by South Africans. Possible fixes and tactics to improve South Africa's legal system and equitable access to justice. Principal arguments The rule of law and equitable access to justice in South Africa are still greatly impacted by the legacy of apartheid. persons from marginalized groups, such as women, persons of color, and those with impairments, have particular difficulties getting access to the legal system. In order to advance the rule of law and equitable access to justice, the judiciary, law enforcement, and civil society groups are essential parties. It's possible that the institutions and legal structures in place are insufficient to handle the problems South Africans confront. The judicial system could be strengthened, legal services could be more easily accessed, corruption could be stopped, and underlying social and economic inequality might be addressed. Methodological approach: A mixed-methods strategy is used in this study to combine quantitative and qualitative research techniques. Comprehensive information on the experiences of disadvantaged populations and the obstacles they encounter in obtaining justice was gathered via the use of qualitative research techniques such focus groups, interviews, and case studies. Surveys and statistical analysis are examples of quantitative research methodologies that were used to examine data on the impact of policy initiatives, the prevalence of legal concerns, and the efficiency of legal institutions. Relevance. Policymakers, attorneys, and civil society organizations that support the rule of law and equitable access to justice in South Africa should take note of the research's important conclusions. The research gives suggestions for resolving these issues as well as insightful information on the difficulties marginalized people face. Audience: Policymakers, attorneys, academics, and civil society groups working on problems pertaining to the rule of law and equitable access to justice in South Africa are the main recipients of this study. However, the general public can also find interest in the research's findings. In conclusion, a just and equitable society in South Africa requires the rule of law and equal access to the judicial system. Even though there has been a great deal of progress since apartheid ended, there are still big obstacles to overcome. In order to create a society that is more inclusive and just, South Africa must confront these issues and put practical solutions into place.

PROSPECTS FOR THE INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE'S NATIONAL SECURITY MECHANISMS WITH THE COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEMS OF THE EU AND NATO

This article examines the prospects for integrating Ukraine's national security mechanisms with the collective security systems of the European Union and NATO. The study addresses the current challenges and opportunities arising from Ukraine's efforts to align its national security policy with the standards and requirements of international security organizations. The analysis underscores the significance of this integration in the context of ongoing geopolitical tensions and the necessity for enhanced cooperation in safeguarding national and regional security. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, the article employs a comprehensive literature review, analyzing existing frameworks, policies, and strategic documents relevant to Ukraine's security landscape. Comparative analysis is also applied to assess the effectiveness of Ukraine's security initiatives against those of EU and NATO member states, identifying best practices that can be adapted to the Ukrainian context. The findings reveal critical areas of cooperation, including military interoperability, intelligence sharing, and joint training exercises, which are essential for strengthening Ukraine's defense capabilities. The article further explores the legal, institutional, and operational frameworks necessary for harmonizing Ukraine's security strategies with those of its partners, emphasizing the importance of aligning legislative measures and defense policies with EU and NATO standards. In conclusion, the article advocates for a strategic approach to integration that prioritizes resilience and adaptability within Ukraine's national security mechanisms. By enhancing collaboration with EU and NATO, Ukraine can bolster its security architecture, thereby contributing to regional stability and collective defense initiatives. The recommendations presented aim to guide policymakers in implementing effective strategies for fostering greater alignment with international security frameworks, ensuring a robust response to evolving threats in the region. Through these measures, Ukraine can not only advance its national security objectives but also play a pivotal role in the broader European security landscape.

Addressing Gender Stereotyping in the Emergent World of Block-Chain and Cryptocurrency Administration

The study seeks to address the gender gap in the crypto world by exploring strategies for promoting financial literacy, creating opportunities for women in the industry and addressing the “bro culture”. Several empirical evidence has been done by researchers which indicates that men are more interested in crypto currencies than women. This work will show how crypto currency-based approaches to development interact with gender, which are part of neoliberal beliefs about entrepreneurialism, financial inclusion, and gender roles. Block-chain technology has the potential to address gender inequality. The research methodology borders around the use of descriptive methods of analysis and content analysis. The work attempts to look into the rise of decentralized finance, specifically block chain-based applications and calls for a more feminine-friendly analysis. Findings by Gemini’s State of US Crypto report showed that women make up only 26% of the investors in the space. Forex analyzed the top 50 crypto company founders to find only 6% of these have female CEOs. The World Bank explores how block chain can be leveraged to advance gender equality, particularly in the context of humanitarian response and financial services. As such, the gender gap in the cryptocurrency world is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address. The study recommended that blockchain technology holds promise for promoting gender equality

Sport spectator well-being: a scoping review

ABSTRACT A clear understanding of sport consumer well-being is central to enriching research on the interaction between sport organizations and consumers, and more tangibly, to advancing public policy. This research offers a scoping review of existing studies on the well-being of sport spectators, resulting in the formulation of a Sport Spectator Well-being Process Model designed to direct future research endeavors. The review includes 76 peer-reviewed articles comprising reviews, qualitative and quantitative studies. A dual approach of frequency and thematic analysis was utilized to synthesize the findings. The frequency analysis highlighted an increasing trend in relevant publications over time, and the thematic analysis informed the development of a conceptual model of the four key stages of the sport spectator well-being process. The review also identified three significant research gaps: (1) the narrow scope of research contexts, (2) a limited range of theoretical frameworks employed and (3) challenges in research methodology. The findings significantly contribute to the transformative sport service research by integrating positive psychology concepts into the discourse on sport spectator well-being. The conceptual model is vital for researchers exploring the intricate relationship between sport spectatorship and spectator well-being, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of this significant topic.

Mamba-VNPS: A Visual Navigation and Positioning System with State-Selection Space

This study was designed to address the challenges of autonomous navigation facing UAVs in urban air mobility environments without GPS. Unlike traditional localization methods that rely heavily on GPS and pre-mapped routes, Mamba-VNPS leverages a self-supervised learning framework and advanced feature extraction techniques to achieve robust real-time localization without external signal dependence. The results show that Mamba-VNPS significantly outperforms traditional methods across multiple aspects, including localization error. These innovations provide a scalable and effective solution for UAV navigation, enhancing operational efficiency in complex spaces. This study highlights the urgent need for adaptive positioning systems in urban air mobility (UAM) and provides a methodology for future research on autonomous navigation technologies in both aerial and ground applications.

Designing Immersive Reality Environments in Healthcare Education

This paper presents a proposed research framework aimed at addressing the critical need for innovative approaches in healthcare education by exploring the implementation of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies across Australasia. Utilizing an Educational Design Research (EDR) methodology, the proposed study seeks to develop a comprehensive, context-sensitive framework for the effective integration of AR and VR in healthcare curricula. The study navigates the unique challenges posed by Australasia's diverse cultural landscape, varying resource availability, and distinct institutional policies. Through iterative cycles of analysis, design, development, and evaluation, the proposed research intends to create and assess contextualized AR/VR experiences, their impact on student learning outcomes, and their potential to enhance healthcare education quality. The resulting framework and guidelines are intended to serve as a robust foundation for healthcare institutions across Australasia, potentially revolutionising healthcare professional training and ultimately contributing to improved patient care and public health outcomes. This proposed research not only addresses a significant gap in the current literature but also provides practical, evidence-based solutions for the successful adoption of cutting-edge technologies in healthcare education. Finally, the proposed framework generalisability to a global context focusing on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals of quality education and good health for all.

Application of Natural Science Methods in Social Science Research

The introduction of natural science methodologies into social science research aims to enhance the scientific rigor and validity of studies through precise techniques. By employing quantitative analysis, data mining, and model construction, researchers are able to delve deeper into the complexities of social phenomena, injecting new vitality into traditional qualitative research. Quantitative analysis methods render research outcomes more objective and reproducible, while data mining techniques can extract underlying patterns and trends from vast amounts of data. Model construction offers a systematic understanding of social dynamic processes, supporting the prediction and intervention of future social developments. Computer simulation technologies, particularly with the backing of big data and high-performance computing, enable hypothesis testing and virtual experiments on social systems, allowing for multi-level and multi-perspective observations of social phenomena. This interdisciplinary integration not only provides new research tools and methodologies for the social sciences but also effectively fosters the interchange of knowledge between different disciplines. However, continuous reflection and adjustment in practical applications are necessary to address the potential pitfalls and limitations that may arise from the complexity of these methods.

How Teachers of English Use Writing Approaches when Teaching Composition Writing: The Case of Three Selected Secondary Schools in Central West Education Division-Malawi

Since the inception of teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) writing, educators and researchers have developed various writing approaches to address the needs of learners. This paper examines how English teachers apply these approaches in teaching ESL writing, focusing on key methodologies such as the product writing approach, genre writing approach, and process writing approach. The advantages and limitations of each approach are discussed. The study employed a qualitative research methodology, including in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, classroom observations, literature reviews, and the analysis of documents and students' exercise books. Content analysis was used to transcribe, categorize, and code the data. The study aimed to provide specific examples of empirical findings that illustrate effective strategies teachers use to enhance writing competence in composition instruction. The findings highlight that teachers predominantly use the product-oriented approach when teaching composition writing, particularly in tasks such as writing full-length compositions (350-500 words), answering comprehension questions, and summarizing texts. However, this approach often led to challenges, including students' inability to write meaningfully due to surface-level errors, a lack of ideas or vocabulary, poor organizational skills, and general difficulties in composing effectively. This study contributes to the understanding of how English teachers adapt writing approaches based on their specific contexts and the needs of their learners. The implications of these findings are also discussed

A Study on Comprehensive Analysis of Fintech Unicorn Companies In India

This analysis of Indian fintech unicorn companies explores their significant impact on India’s financial landscape and global fintech. Motivated by their rapid growth and role in promoting financial inclusion, the study also examines the regulatory environment and the substantial investor interest these companies attract. Key focus areas include the competitive landscape, global implications, and gaps in existing knowledge. The research methodology incorporates literature reviews and industry report analysis, assessing historical valuation data, financial statements, and key metrics of selected companies. Findings reveal a vibrant fintech ecosystem in India, with startups specializing in digital payments, lending, and insurance. Valuation trends among these unicorns vary, highlighting the industry’s dynamism. A moderate positive correlation between investment and revenue underscores the role of funding in driving growth. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and industry leaders, aiding strategic decisions and enhancing understanding of Indian fintech’s global influence.

The Impact of Marketing Mix on Generation Z's Mobile Phone Case Purchasing Decisions in Chiang Mai, Thailand

Background and Aim: The proliferation of smartphones, particularly among Generation Z, has propelled the mobile phone case market into a period of remarkable growth. This research investigates the factors influencing the purchasing decisions of Generation Z students in Chiang Mai province, Thailand, regarding mobile phone cases. Materials and Methods: A quantitative research methodology was employed, utilizing a questionnaire administered to 385 Bachelor's degree students across various universities in Chiang Mai province. The data analysis encompassed descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis to rigorously test hypotheses related to the impact of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) on purchasing decisions. Results: The research unequivocally establishes that all elements of the marketing mix significantly influence purchasing decisions among Generation Z students. Price is the most salient factor, followed by place, product, and promotion. Regression analysis confirms this influence (p < 0.05) with price (b = 0.251) exerting the strongest effect. The model accounts for 40.5% of the variance in purchasing decisions (R² = 0.405, Adjusted R² = 0.398, F = 64.561, p < 0.001), suggesting other factors also contribute to consumer behavior. These findings underscore the need for a comprehensive marketing strategy targeting Generation Z consumers, optimizing each element of the marketing mix. Conclusion: This study confirms the pivotal role of the marketing mix in shaping consumer behavior within the mobile phone case market. The results highlight the need for businesses to adopt a holistic marketing strategy that considers the relative importance of each element, with a particular emphasis on price and distribution channels. These insights can inform targeted marketing efforts and product development initiatives to effectively cater to the preferences of Generation Z consumers.

Learning Experiences of Filipino Students in an International Exchange Program in Thailand

Having the opportunity to participate in an international exchange program is not an easy path for every student. After spending a month in an international exchange program at Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bangkok, seven Filipino students from Iloilo State University of Fisheries Science and Technology shared their reflections for this research study, which aimed to examine their learning experiences during the program. The research methodology included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that their experiences in terms of academic growth, cultural understanding, and personal development were overwhelmingly positive, despite some initial adjustments. They expressed a willingness to return to the country with their loved ones, highlighting that the organizers effectively addressed their needs and met their expectations. Their detailed insights in this report may provide useful ideas for those organizing similar programs.

Stress tests and biomarkers of resilience: Proceedings of the second state of resilience science conference.

The "Stress Tests and Biomarkers of Resilience" conference, hosted by the American Geriatrics Society and the National Institute on Aging, marks the second in a series aimed at advancing the field of resilience science. Held on March 4-5, 2024, in Bethesda, Maryland, this conference built upon the foundational work from the first conference, which focused on defining resilience across various domains-physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. This year's gathering centered around three factors: the biology that underlies resilient outcomes; the social, environmental, genetic, and psychosocial factors that impact that resilience biology; and the biomarker testing and imaging that predicts resilient outcomes for older adults. The presentations and discussions around these topics were underscored by considerations around the many impacts of social determinants of health on resiliency interventions, and by advances in the modern training and research methodologies that influence data collection and experiment design.

PENERAPAN MODEL PBL BERBANTUAN MEDIA GAMBAR BERSERI TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN MENULIS KARANGAN NARASI KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model assisted by sequential picture media in improving narrative writing skills among fourth-grade elementary school students. The primary issue identified was students' difficulty in developing ideas, structuring narrative compositions, and using correct spelling. The research employed Classroom Action Research (CAR) methodology using the Kemmis and McTaggart model, involving two cycles of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. Data were collected through classroom observations, writing skill tests, interviews with students and teachers, and documentation of student work. The findings indicated a significant improvement in students' writing skills, with 65% achieving Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKTP) in Cycle 1, increasing to 88% in Cycle 2. Sequential picture media provided effective visual support to help students structure narratives, while the PBL model enhanced student engagement and critical thinking. Despite the progress, 12% of students did not meet KKTP, indicating a need for additional intervention. Overall, the combination of PBL and sequential picture media proved effective in improving narrative writing skills among students.

Shifting Research Paradigms in Educational Research: From Positivism to Interpretivism

This essay explores the evolution of research philosophy in educational research, highlighting the transition from positivism to interpretivism. The initial reliance on positivist methodologies, which emphasize quantitative research and data analysis, evolved through coursework and practical experiences. Critical turning points in teaching and research projects revealed the limitations of a monolithic approach, prompting the adoption of interpretivism. This shift emphasizes the importance of understanding diverse student backgrounds and the researcher's positionality. Interpretivism, which views knowledge as socially constructed and context-dependent, complements quantitative methods with qualitative insights. The essay advocates for a mixed-methods approach to educational research, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of complex educational phenomena. This integrated approach aims to tailor research methodologies to varied educational contexts, enhancing the relevance and impact of educational research.

Thick Black women and misogynoir in the Caribbean

ABSTRACT It is well documented that thick Black female bodies are idealized in Afro-Caribbean communities. However, there is also a long and deep history of oppression of thick Black women in Caribbean spaces based on their race, gender, and body shape and size, which continues to inform the lives of thick Black women in postcolonial Caribbean societies. This paper is an exploratory, grounded analysis of thick Black women’s quotidian experiences in this dialectic, explicitly focusing on Jamaica. Using Caribbean research methodologies situated in decolonial feminist epistemologies, I explore the everyday realities of voluptuous Black women who have to negotiate white Eurocentric body discourses in contemporary Jamaican society. The study foregrounds the voices of thick Black women as they articulate their own lived realities with navigating ‘misogynoir’ in Jamaican public spaces.

Dynamic Stakeholder Analysis Through Process Mapping

ABSTRACTIdentification of stakeholders and their importance is critical to the design of accountability and performance management systems. Conventional stakeholder analysis approaches provide a static view of stakeholders and overlook that accountability is a dynamic process encompassing multiple temporally separated (or distinct) stages. We approach stakeholder analysis from a process perspective to ensure a more complete identification of stakeholders and to capture the dynamic nature of stakeholder emergence, retirement, and changes in relative importance. We used a participatory action research methodology to investigate contracting services in a community health setting and employed process mapping to reveal contracting activities undertaken in sequential stages of Deming's Plan–Do–Check–Act (PDCA) cycle. Stakeholders engage at different stages with different activities of a process so that in multi‐stage processes, stakeholder analysis needs to be repeated at each stage and is specific to each stage. Our use of the PDCA is broader than traditional applications and provides a suitable framework for a more complete identification of stakeholders across the entire process while aligning well with accountability and management control notions. The contribution is an approach that not only better identifies stakeholders but also recognizes the dynamics of multi‐stage processes for stakeholder interest and influence. The recurring nature of many processes (such as contracting) implies that roles remain the same even if an organization is restructured so that process mapping will still identify roles and stakeholders. This approach can be used by other organizations to better identify stakeholders and their dynamics in the planning and delivery processes.

Gender-Based Challenges in Women's Leadership Careers: A Literature Synthesis

The international community's initiatives to promote sustainable development, with a particular emphasis on gender equality under SDG 5, have garnered substantial recognition for women leadership. Women who hold leadership positions offer distinctive viewpoints that contribute to workplace positivity, innovation, and decision-making. Nevertheless, they encounter significantobstacles, such as underrepresentation, bias, and restricted opportunities for advancement. This study examines the challenges faced by women in their leadership careers and the influence of organizational practices. This investigation employs a library research methodology to investigate a variety of reference sources, such as books and prior research, in order to establish a theoretical framework regarding women's leadership. Content analysis is employed to synthesize and interpret pertinent data from sources published within the past decade, thereby guaranteeing the reliability of the information through expert commentary and inter-library checks. The article's objective is to investigate the internal and external challenges that women encounter in their pursuit of professional advancement, as well as the impact of organizational biases and stereotypes on their leadership roles. It suggests that these factors create barriers and imply implications for increasing the number of women leaders by reviewing literature on management and career studies. The results indicate that women's career advancement is substantially hindered by gender biases, stereotypes, and structural obstacles. Women's leadership aspirations are impeded by societal and organizational expectations, despite the progress made in gender equality. The study underscores the necessity of comprehensive strategies to eliminate these biases and foster inclusive leadership environments.