Methodology For Characterization Research Articles

Physico-chemical characterization of polyimide passivation layers for high power electronics applications

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide bandgap semiconductor suitable for high-voltage, high-power and high-temperature applications. However, the production of advanced SiC power devices still remains limited due to some shortcomings of the dielectric properties of the passivation layer. Thanks to their high operating temperature and dielectric strength, spin coated polyimide (PI) layers are considered ideal candidates for SiC devices passivation and insulation. In this view, a robust methodology for the physico-chemical characterization of such PI layers is required. Thanks to the use of time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), a SIMS-based surface-sensitive technique that provides specific identification of molecules, it was possible to distinguish different types of PIs employed in commercial SiC devices and postulate their molecular structure. This was obtained after careful selection of the analytical conditions used for the characterization of the specimens.The results attained in this study open the way for further improvements in one of the most key issues in the development of higher SiC power devices.

Seracam: characterisation of a new small field of view hybrid gamma camera for nuclear medicine

BackgroundPortable gamma cameras are being developed for nuclear medicine procedures such as thyroid scintigraphy. This article introduces Seracam® – a new technology that combines small field of view gamma imaging with optical imaging – and reports its performance and suitability for small organ imaging.MethodsThe count rate capability, uniformity, spatial resolution, and sensitivity for 99mTc are reported for four integrated pinhole collimators of nominal sizes of 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm and 5 mm. Characterisation methodology is based on NEMA guidelines, with some adjustments necessitated by camera design. Two diagnostic scenarios – thyroid scintigraphy and gastric emptying – are simulated using clinically relevant activities and geometries to investigate application-specific performance. A qualitative assessment of the potential benefits and disadvantages of Seracam is also provided.ResultsSeracam’s performance across the measured characteristics is appropriate for small field of view applications in nuclear medicine. At an imaging distance of 50 mm, corresponding to a field of view of 77.6 mm × 77.6 mm, spatial resolution ranged from 4.6 mm to 26 mm and sensitivity from 3.6 cps/MBq to 52.2 cps/MBq, depending on the collimator chosen. Results from the clinical simulations were particularly promising despite the challenging scenarios investigated. The optimal collimator choice was strongly application dependent, with gastric emptying relying on the higher sensitivity of the 5 mm pinhole whereas thyroid imaging benefitted from the enhanced spatial resolution of the 1 mm pinhole. Signal to noise ratio in images was improved by pixel binning. Seracam has lower measured sensitivity when compared to a traditional large field of view gamma camera, for the simulated applications this is balanced by advantages such as high spatial resolution, portability, ease of use and real time gamma-optical image fusion and display.ConclusionThe results show that Seracam has appropriate performance for small organ 99mTc imaging. The results also show that the performance of small field of view systems must be considered holistically and in clinically appropriate scenarios.

High-resolution analysis of 3D fracture networks from Digital Outcrop Models, correlation to plate-tectonic events and calibration of subsurface models (Jurassic, Arabian Plate)

The performance of different reservoirs, both hydrocarbon and gas storage, is significantly influenced by the presence of natural fracture networks mainly originated in response to tectonic deformation. However, adequate characterization of fracture networks in the subsurface is often difficult since most of the used techniques are either spatially sparse (well and log data) or have limited resolution (seismic and well tests). In this study, we use UAV-based digital photogrammetry to reconstruct a 3D Digital Outcrop Model and characterize natural fracture sets of the late Jurassic Hanifa Formation (Tuwaiq Escarpment, Saudi Arabia). We analyzed the exposed fracture patterns in terms of fracture distribution, intensity, and lateral variability. The fracture dataset was collected using manual sampling approaches since the automatic sampling techniques are highly influenced by outcrop morphology thus not yet reliable to quantify and interpret fracture networks along reservoir outcrop analogues. The well-exposed late Jurassic outcrops in Wadi Birk, southern central Saudi Arabia, are considered analogous in depositional facies to subsurface reservoirs in the region. The observed fracture patterns are congruent with patterns reported from same-age formations in other parts of the Arabian Plate and hence can be related to plate-wide tectonic events that impacted Arabia during the Late Cretaceous (Alpine I) and the late Tertiary Period (Alpine II). This association provides support for using outcrop-based fracture studies as analogue scenarios for the orientation, distribution and intensity of fractures in subsurface reservoirs. The applied methodology for fracture network characterization have potential implications for hydrocarbon development, gas storage (H2) and Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS).

Laser powder bed fusion of bio-inspired metamaterials for energy absorption applications: A review

A significant amount of research has been done in the last few decades to reduce the risk of injury for occupants and the structures that are subjected to impact loading. Metamaterials have been proven to be useful in energy-absorbing structures to improve a structure's crashworthiness performance by reducing the negative impacts during collision. The metal additive manufacturing industry, especially Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), has made it easier to produce complex metamaterials with remarkable mechanical characteristics like lightweight, high specific strength, and effective energy absorption. This review paper investigates the transformative potential of bio-inspired metamaterial designs, which are additively manufactured using LPBF machines, for use in protective energy-absorbing structures. First, biomimicry in engineering is briefly discussed. The review focuses on the energy absorption performance of different designs, like thin-walled structures and different bio-inspired metamaterials. It discusses the effects of base metal, process conditions, and manufacturing defects. Optimization methods to enhance the design and crashworthiness of these bio-inspired energy absorbers are investigated. Various characterization methodologies including experimental techniques and numerical simulations, are highlighted, with a particular emphasis on integrating manufacturing defects into simulations. Finally, possible applications and future trends in aerospace, automotive, construction, and medical applications are reviewed. Despite decades of research into energy absorbers, there remains a lack of a comprehensive review on the use of additively manufactured metamaterials as energy absorbers, particularly those inspired by nature. This review paper addresses this gap by examining recent studies in the field, assessing the effectiveness of various bio-inspired metamaterial designs, their crashworthiness, and the associated characterization methods under different loading scenarios.

Thermal characterization methodology for thin bond-line interfaces with high conductive materials

Silver sintering offers a promising landscape for Pb-free die attachment in electronics packaging. However, the sintered interface properties are highly process-dependent and deviate from bulk silver properties. Conventional measurement methods do not adequately capture the die-attach application geometry. Hence, this study introduces a novel methodology for characterizing thin bond-line interfaces with high-conductive materials. The transient heat flux impedance ΔZth(t, Δx) was measured between two thermally sensitive devices interconnected using pressureless Ag-sintering material. A correction factor was derived, based on thermal half-space principles, to account for non-uniform heat spreading over the die-attach interface. Experimental findings estimate an effective conductivity of ∼115W/mk for the pressureless Ag-sintered interface. The measurement results were validated by measuring a SAC305 soldered interface, which exhibited ∼55 W/mK, and a non-conductive epoxy interface of ∼2.5 W/mK. Voids on the die-attach layer, resulting from material processing, were identified to influence the interface thermal behavior. An uncertainty analysis was further discussed, emphasizing equipment tolerances, measurement sensitivity, and geometrical and thermal anisotropies. The article concludes with a comparative summary of the proposed methodology against conventional methods, highlighting differences in working principle, thickness range, measurement parameters, and their advantages and limitations.

Emphasizing the Potential of Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics, for Classification of Greek Grape Marc Spirits

Grape marc spirits, such as the Greek tsipouro/tsikoudia, reflect the cultural heritage of winemaking traditions worldwide. This study explored the application of Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for its potential as a fast classification methodology for spirit characterization. ATR-FTIR spectra from thirty-nine products revealed distinctive bands corresponding to various chemical constituents, such as alcohols, organic acids, water, carbohydrates, and phenols. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on all acquired ATR-FTIR data and 78.50% of the total variance in the data was explained. Also, partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), used for the classification of products based on their major geographic origin, gave a correct classification of 89.5% for the north and 83.3% for the south of Greece. Classification of the type of distillations used was with 74.36% accuracy. Significant markers were identified through analysis, such as those associated with the O-H bending vibrations of phenols or alcohols, contributing to the discrimination of grape marc spirits from Crete when compared with the other four main geographical origin designations. By combining ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics, this research gave insights into the origins and compositional variations of the spirits, providing an opportunity for a quality control assessment tool.

Characterizing collagen scaffold compliance with native myocardial strains using an ex-vivo cardiac model: The physio-mechanical influence of scaffold architecture and attachment method

Applied to the epicardium in-vivo, regenerative cardiac patches support the ventricular wall, reduce wall stresses, encourage ventricular wall thickening, and improve ventricular function. Scaffold engraftment, however, remains a challenge. After implantation, scaffolds are subject to the complex, time-varying, biomechanical environment of the myocardium. The mechanical capacity of engineered tissue to biomimetically deform and simultaneously support the damaged native tissue is crucial for its efficacy. To date, however, the biomechanical response of engineered tissue applied directly to live myocardium has not been characterized. In this paper, we utilize optical imaging of a Langendorff ex-vivo cardiac model to characterize the native deformation of the epicardium as well as that of attached engineered scaffolds. We utilize digital image correlation, linear strain, and 2D principal strain analysis to assess the mechanical compliance of acellular ice templated collagen scaffolds. Scaffolds had either aligned or isotropic porous architecture and were adhered directly to the live epicardial surface with either sutures or cyanoacrylate glue. We demonstrate that the biomechanical characteristics of native myocardial deformation on the epicardial surface can be reproduced by an ex-vivo cardiac model. Furthermore, we identified that scaffolds with unidirectionally aligned pores adhered with suture fixation most accurately recapitulated the deformation of the native epicardium. Our study contributes a translational characterization methodology to assess the physio-mechanical performance of engineered cardiac tissue and adds to the growing body of evidence showing that anisotropic scaffold architecture improves the functional biomimetic capacity of engineered cardiac tissue. Statement of significanceEngineered cardiac tissue offers potential for myocardial repair, but engraftment remains a challenge. In-vivo, engineered scaffolds are subject to complex biomechanical stresses and the mechanical capacity of scaffolds to biomimetically deform is critical. To date, the biomechanical response of engineered scaffolds applied to live myocardium has not been characterized. In this paper, we utilize optical imaging of an ex-vivo cardiac model to characterize the deformation of the native epicardium and scaffolds attached directly to the heart. Comparing scaffold architecture and fixation method, we demonstrate that sutured scaffolds with anisotropic pores aligned with the native alignment of the superficial myocardium best recapitulate native deformation. Our study contributes a physio-mechanical characterization methodology for cardiac tissue engineering scaffolds.

Artificial Intelligence Approach for Bio-Based Materials’ Characterization and Explanation

This paper introduces a numerical methodology for classifying and identifying types of bio-based materials through experimental thermal characterization. In contrast to prevailing approaches that primarily focus on thermal conductivity, our characterization methodology encompasses several thermal parameters. In this paper, the physical characteristics of seven types of bio-based concrete were analyzed, focusing on the thermal properties of palm- and esparto-fiber-reinforced concrete. The proposed method uses artificial intelligence techniques, specifically the k-means clustering approach, to segregate data into homogeneous groups with shared thermal characteristics. This enables the elucidation of insights and recommendations regarding the utilization of bio-based insulation in building applications. The results show that the k-means algorithm is able to efficiently classify the reference concrete (RC) with a performance of up to 71%. Additionally, the technique is more accurate when retaining only six centroids, which, among other things, allows all the characteristics associated with each type of concrete to be grouped and identified. Indeed, whether for k clusters k = 7 or k = 5, the technique was not able to predict the typical characteristics of 2% or 3% esparto concrete (EC).

Surface Enhancement of Titanium-Based Coatings on Commercial Hard Steel Cutting Tools

This study investigates the mechanical properties, surface integrity, and chemical configuration of PVD-coated high-speed steel (HSS) cutting tools, with a particular focus on titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN) coatings. A range of characterisation methodologies were employed to examine the impact of pre-coating surface conditions on the resulting coatings. This impact includes the effects of gas bubble production and unequal distribution of elements, which are two unwanted occurrences. Notwithstanding these difficulties, coatings applied on surfaces that were highly polished exhibited more consistency in their mechanical and elemental characteristics, with a thickness ranging from 2 to 4 µm. The study of mechanical characteristics confirms a significant increase in hardness, from an initial value of roughly 1000 HV0.5 for untreated tools to 1300 HV0.5 for tools with physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings. Although PVD coatings produced on an industrial scale might not exceed the quality of coatings manufactured in a laboratory, they do offer substantial enhancements in terms of hardness. This study highlights the significant importance of thorough surface preparation in achieving enhanced coating performance, hence contributing to the efforts to prolong the lifespan of tools and enhance their performance even under demanding operational circumstances.

Using Capillary Electrophoresis to Investigate Protein Conformational and Compositional Heterogeneity.

Detailed insights into protein structure/function relationships require robust characterization methodologies. Free-solution capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a unique separation technique which is sensitive to the conformation and/or composition of proteins, and therefore provides information on the heterogeneity of these properties. Three unrelated, conformationally/compositionally-altered proteins were separated by CE. An electrophoretic mobility distribution was determined for each protein along with its conformational and/or compositional heterogeneity. The CE results were compared with molar mass distributions obtained from size-exclusion chromatography coupled to light scattering (SEC-MALS). Bovine serum albumin multimers and two monomeric species were separated, highlighting variations in conformational/compositional heterogeneity among the multimers. Analysis of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase resolved two monomeric conformers and various tetrameric species, illustrating the impact of zinc ion removal and disulfide bond reduction on the protein's heterogeneity. The apo (calcium-free) and holo forms of bovine α-lactalbumin were separated and differences in the species' heterogeneity were measured; by contrast, the SEC-MALS profiles were identical. Comparative analysis of these structurally unrelated proteins provided novel insights into the interplay between molar mass and conformational/compositional heterogeneity. Overall, this study expands the utility of CE by demonstrating its capacity to discern protein species and their heterogeneity, properties which are not readily accessible by other analytical techniques.

An Enhanced Approach for High-Strain Plasticity in Flat Anisotropic Specimens with Progressively Distorting Neck Sections

An Enhanced Approach for High-Strain Plasticity in Flat Anisotropic Specimens with Progressively Distorting Neck Sections

A methodology for phase characterization in pellet feed using digital microscopy and deep learning

This work proposes a new method for characterizing pellet feed, employing Deep Learning (DL) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The main minerals in the composition of the studied pellet feed are hematite, magnetite, goethite, and quartz. Over time, several characterization methodologies have been developed that use Digital Microscopy and Image Analysis tools. The greatest difficulties in this characterization lie in differentiating the textures of hematite particles, the different shapes of their crystals, or discriminating between quartz and resin in reflected light optical microscopy images. This work proposes a mineral characterization methodology based on the Mask R-CNN algorithm. The goal is to perform instance segmentation, that is, to identify, classify, and segment objects in the images. Two DL models were combined: the BF Model performs instance segmentation for the compact, porous, martite, and goethite classes in images obtained in Bright Field mode, and the CPOL Model uses images acquired in Circularly Polarized Light to segment the monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and martite classes. An F1-score of around 80% was obtained for the BF Model and around 90% for the CPOL Model. The results were promising and can be improved as the training image database increases.

Integrated Approach of Historical Landscape Characterisation Techniques and Remote Sensing for the Definition of Predictive Models and Scenario Analysis in the Planning of Archaeological Areas

This study explores the synergistic integration of remote sensing (RS) and Historical Landscape Characterisation (HLC) methodology as an innovative, multi-scalar and holistic approach to enhance archaeological planning. The goal is to maximize the effectiveness of the investigations, optimizing data collection and improving the contextual understanding of the sites. In fact, these methodologies can significantly contribute to the documentation, conservation, planning and valorisation of archaeological areas. By integrating RS data with features detected by HLC, a complete picture is obtained that facilitates a deeper understanding of the landscape and historical dynamics. This article will explain the combined approach of RS and HLC, presenting some methodologies key to improving the precision and effectiveness of archaeological planning. This integration facilitates the sustainable preservation of archaeological resources and contributes to the conscious management of cultural heritage in the context of contemporary development. The paper demonstrates, through a case study, how the application of the two methodologies (RS and HLC) in an integrated form can provide an exhaustive interpretation of the territory in which the archaeological area is located, which can represent an exhaustive knowledge base on which to set up effective processes for the strategic territorial planning of archaeological areas.

Functionalized Binders Boost High‐Capacity Anode Materials

AbstractThe burgeoning field of energy storage battery innovation has sparked a relentless pursuit of high‐capacity anode materials to meet the escalating demand for improved energy density. Typically, these materials for batteries experience significant volume changes during cycles, which severely test the structural integrity and lifespan of electrode configurations. High‐performance binders have emerged as a critical component in addressing this challenge. Although they represent a small proportion of the battery's composition, binders play a pivotal role in enhancing electrochemical efficiency, safety, and cost‐effectiveness of batteries. The advancement of high‐capacity anode materials has rendered traditional binders inadequate, prompting the development of functional binders that are increasingly being refined to meet these requirements. This article began by outlining the role and requirements of binders within electrodes, examining cutting‐edge characterization methodologies, and discussing the “structure‐function” paradigm that underpins binder selection. It then showcased the research advancements in identifying suitable binders for high‐capacity anode materials, including silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), and germanium (Ge). In summary, the article contemplated the future direction of binder development and application in high‐capacity electrode materials. The aim is to facilitate the progression of high‐performance, high‐capacity anodes, thereby accelerating the development of high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries.

Characterization of Freezing Processes in Drug Substance Bottles by Ice Core Sampling

Freezing of biological drug substance (DS) is a critical unit operation that may impact product quality, potentially leading to protein aggregation and sub-visible particle formation. Cryo-concentration has been identified as a critical parameter to impact protein stability during freezing and should therefore be minimized. The macroscopic cryo-concentration, in the following only referred to as cryo-concentration, is majorly influenced by the freezing rate, which is in turn impacted by product independent process parameters such as the DS container, its size and fill level, and the freezing equipment. (At-scale) process characterization studies are crucial to understand and optimize freezing processes. However, evaluating cryo-concentration requires sampling of the frozen bulk, which is typically performed by cutting the ice block into pieces for subsequent analysis. Also, the large amount of product requirement for these studies is a major limitation. In this study, we report the development of a simple methodology for experimental characterization of frozen DS in bottles at relevant scale using a surrogate solution. The novel ice core sampling technique identifies the axial ice core in the center to be indicative for cryo-concentration, which was measured by osmolality, and concentrations of histidine and polysorbate 80 (PS80), whereas osmolality revealed to be a sensitive read-out. Finally, we exemplify the suitability of the method to study cryo-concentration in DS bottles by comparing cryo-concentrations from different freezing protocols (-80°C vs -40°C). Prolonged stress times during freezing correlated to a higher extent of cryo-concentration quantified by osmolality in the axial center of a 2 L DS bottle.Graphical

Colouring solutions for building integrated photovoltaic modules: A review

As global decarbonisation requires the widespread adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity, addressing challenges related to land use has become relevant. The conflict between PV installations and other land uses, such as forestry or agriculture, highlights the urgency for alternative solutions. Integrating PV technology into the built environment is a compelling strategy to mitigate these challenges, enabling electricity generation precisely where it is needed. In the context of buildings integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), PV modules serve a dual purpose, functioning both as electricity generators and integral components of the architectural design. Therefore, the architecture requirements — specifically in terms of shape, size, and colour— become relevant for BIPV modules. This paper offers a general overview of the diverse colouring technologies employed for BIPV modules, describing their functioning, challenges, and advantages. An examination of the current landscape of coloured PV products involving considerations of pricing and power output is presented. Additionally, this work addresses the critical topics of reliability and stability in colour solutions, outlining methodologies for quantitative colour characterization. It provides foresight into the potential challenges facing installations in the future and explores the multifaceted social, economic, and environmental implications of this evolving technology.

Extraction of bioactive compounds from Vitex megapotamica: A study and selection of variables

AbstractFruits are widely used to obtain and study bioactive compounds. Among them, the tarumã (Vitex megapotamica) is still understudied. The extraction of bioactive compounds from the powdered pulp of the ripe fruit of the tarumã was studied from the selection of several variables of the extraction process through the experimental design Plackett–Burman: the pH, the solid:liquid ratio, agitation, and temperature in an extraction time of 3 h. The extracts obtained were evaluated for antioxidant activity by 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and for total phenolic compounds, as well as the presence of flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and identification of bioactive compounds was assessed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using the experimental design, the best extraction condition was defined with a pH of 5, solid:liquid ratio of 1:30, stirring at 100 rpm, with a temperature of 80°C, obtaining 104.21 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) 100 g−1 for phenolic compounds total, 742.71 μmol Trolox g−1 for ABTS, and EC50 of 2884.98 mg L−1 for DPPH. From HPLC, the presence of fumaric acid, gallic acid, p‐coumaric acid, and caffeic acid in the extracts was detected. Regarding flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids, the values obtained were 6.38 mg ECG g−1, 1.67 mg ECG g−1, and 2.89 mg 100 g−1, respectively. The selection of extraction conditions allowed obtaining better levels of bioactive compounds in the powdered pulp of tarumã extract, even with the use of water as a solvent, to avoid the presence of chemical residues in the extract, with antioxidant potential and viability for application in food products.Practical applicationsRecent research suggests a change in perspective regarding the consumption of healthier foods from plants and fruits that have important health properties. In this regard, tarumã (Vitex megapotamica) fruit has been standing out as a potential source of bioactive compounds with significant medicinal properties. The extracts obtained have a significant amount of phenolic compounds, as well as the presence of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids, in which all of these have great potential bioactive activities. Thus, a good methodology of extraction and characterization of tarumã extract becomes a crucial part of any food, chemical, or pharmaceutical industry sector. In this regard, the present study with experimental design Plackett–Burman extraction is the way ahead due to high bioactive retention and the cost implications of the process.

Rational Design of Amorphous Nanomaterials for Enhanced Electrochemical CO2 and Nitrate Reduction

Amorphous materials are distinguished by their exceptional attributes, notably their expansive surface area and the profusion of active sites they present. Consequently, the amorphization process stands as an efficacious strategy to augment the catalytic efficacy of electrocatalysts. This is achieved through the meticulous construction of the surface architecture and the precise modulation of the electronic configuration of these materials. Therefore, this review aims to offer a thorough examination of the latest progress in the application of amorphous materials for the enhancement of electrocatalytic processes, with a particular emphasis on the nitrate (NO3‐) reduction reaction (NITRR) and the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Initially, we delve into the structural benefits inherent to amorphous materials, outlining the diverse synthesis techniques and characterization methodologies utilized in their development. Following this, we illustrate the utilization of various amorphous materials in NITRR and CO2RR, accentuating how the amorphous framework influences electrocatalytic activities. Concludingly, we encapsulate the merits and the obstacles encountered in the application of amorphous electrocatalysts for NITRR and CO2RR, whilst also forecasting the future direction for the creation of innovative amorphous electrocatalysts.

Effect of Quorum Sensing Molecules on the Quality of Bacterial Nanocellulose Materials.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) biofilms, produced by various bacterial species, such as Gluconacetobacter xylinus, represent a highly promising multifunctional material characterized by distinctive physiochemical properties. These biofilms have demonstrated remarkable versatility as nano biomaterials, finding extensive applications across medical, defense, electronics, optics, and food industries. In contrast to plant cellulose, BNC biofilms exhibit numerous advantages, including elevated purity and crystallinity, expansive surface area, robustness, and excellent biocompatibility, making them exceptional multifunctional materials. However, their production with consistent morphological properties and their transformation into practical forms present challenges. This difficulty often arises from the heterogeneity in cell density, which is influenced by the presence of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) serving as quorum sensing signaling molecules during the biosynthesis of BNC biofilms. In this study, we employed surface characterization methodologies including scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy to characterize BNC biofilms derived from growth media supplemented with varying concentrations of distinct N-acyl-homoserine lactone signaling molecules. The data obtained through these analytical techniques elucidated that the morphological properties of the BNC biofilms were influenced by the specific AHLs, signaling molecules, introduced into the growth media. These findings lay the groundwork for future exploration of leveraging synthetic biology and biomimetic methods for tailoring BNC with predetermined morphological properties.

Challenges and Advances in Wide‐Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have gained widespread attention due to their numerous advantages, including high energy density, prolonged cycle life, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, their electrochemical performance deteriorates rapidly under extreme temperature conditions, accompanied by a series of safety issues. Electrolyte optimization has emerged as a crucial and feasible strategy to expand the operational temperature range of LIBs. This review comprehensively summarizes the challenges, advances, and characterization methodologies of electrolytes at both subzero and elevated temperatures. Initially, it discusses the degradation mechanisms of different types of electrolytes at extreme temperatures, integrates recent advances, and offers insights into future research directions. Subsequently, various experimental techniques are systematically presented to evaluate the fundamental physical properties, stability, and dynamic behaviors of electrolytes in non‐ambient environments. Finally, it also provides relevant computational methods across the electronic, molecular, and macroscopic scales, and explores the application of high‐throughput techniques in this field. This review offers valuable guidance for breaking the working temperature limits of electrolytes and promoting the development of next‐generation LIBs.