Methodological Weaknesses Research Articles

A comparison between different variants of the spatial Stroop task: The influence of analytic flexibility on Stroop effect estimates and reliability.

The spatial Stroop task measures the ability to resolve interference between relevant and irrelevant spatial information. We recently proposed a four-choice spatial Stroop task that ensures methodological advantages over the original color-word verbal Stroop task, requiring participants to indicate the direction of an arrow while ignoring its position in one of the screen corners. However, its peripheral spatial arrangement might represent a methodological weakness and could introduce experimental confounds. Thus, aiming at improving our "Peripheral" spatial Stroop, we designed and made available five novel spatial Stroop tasks (Perifoveal, Navon, Figure-Ground, Flanker, and Saliency), wherein the stimuli appeared at the center of the screen. In a within-subjects online study, we compared the six versions to identify which task produced the largest but also the most reliable and robust Stroop effect. Indeed, although internal reliability is frequently overlooked, its estimate is fundamental, also in light of the recently proposed reliability paradox. Data analyses were performed using both the classical general linear model analytical approach and two multilevel modelling approaches (linear mixed models and random coefficient analysis), which specifically served for more accurately estimating the Stroop effect by explaining intra-subject, trial-by-trial variability. We then assessed our results based on their robustness to such analytic flexibility. Overall, our results indicate that the Perifoveal spatial Stroop is the best alternative task for its statistical properties and methodological advantages. Interestingly, our results also indicate that the Peripheral and Perifoveal Stroop effects were not only the largest, but also those with highest and most robust internal reliability.

Diagnostic Performance of Artificial Intelligence-Based Computer-Aided Detection and Diagnosis in Pediatric Radiology: A Systematic Review.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) is an important research area in radiology. However, only two narrative reviews about general uses of AI in pediatric radiology and AI-based CAD in pediatric chest imaging have been published yet. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the AI-based CAD applications in pediatric radiology, their diagnostic performances and methods for their performance evaluation. A literature search with the use of electronic databases was conducted on 11 January 2023. Twenty-three articles that met the selection criteria were included. This review shows that the AI-based CAD could be applied in pediatric brain, respiratory, musculoskeletal, urologic and cardiac imaging, and especially for pneumonia detection. Most of the studies (93.3%, 14/15; 77.8%, 14/18; 73.3%, 11/15; 80.0%, 8/10; 66.6%, 2/3; 84.2%, 16/19; 80.0%, 8/10) reported model performances of at least 0.83 (area under receiver operating characteristic curve), 0.84 (sensitivity), 0.80 (specificity), 0.89 (positive predictive value), 0.63 (negative predictive value), 0.87 (accuracy), and 0.82 (F1 score), respectively. However, a range of methodological weaknesses (especially a lack of model external validation) are found in the included studies. In the future, more AI-based CAD studies in pediatric radiology with robust methodology should be conducted for convincing clinical centers to adopt CAD and realizing its benefits in a wider context.

Wissenschaftliche Evidenz und Nutzerqualität von Mobile-Health-Anwendungen für Menschen mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen und deren Angehörige

IntroductionThe range of health-related apps is large, but the scientific evidence for them is uncertain. The aim of this study is to evaluate the methodological quality of German-language mobile health apps for people with dementia and their caregivers. MethodsThe app search was conducted according to the PRISMA-P guidelines in the application stores (Google Play Store and Apple App Store) using the terms “Demenz”, “Alzheimer”, “Kognition” and “Kognitive Beeinträchtigung”. A systematic literature search with subsequent assessment of the scientific evidence was performed. The user quality assessment was conducted using “The German Version of the Mobile App Rating Scale” (MARS-G). ResultsScientific studies have been published for only 6 of the 20 apps identified. A total of 13 studies were included in the evaluation, whereby the app itself was the subject of investigation in only two publications. In addition, methodological weaknesses were often observed such as small group sizes, short study duration and/or insufficient comparative treatment. The overall quality of the apps can be rated as acceptable with a mean MARS rating of 3.38. Seven apps were able to achieve a score of over 4.0 and thus a good rating, but just as many apps fell below the acceptable limit of 3.0. DiscussionThe contents of most apps have not been scientifically tested. This identified lack of evidence is consistent with the information in the literature in other indication areas. A systematic and transparent evaluation of health applications is necessary to protect end-users and better support their selection process.

Multivariable prediction models for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a systematic review protocol

IntroductionDozens of multivariable prediction models for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery (AFACS) have been published, but none have been incorporated into regular clinical practice. One of the reasons for this...

Efficacia dello screening preconcezionale del portatore di fibrosi cistica: revisione sistematica.

genetic testing for cystic fibrosis (CF) has been offered to people with higher risk of being carrier. to assess the effectiveness of population-based CF carrier screening for adults of reproductive age and its optimal organizational features. systematic review. MedLine, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and LILACS (1990-2022) were searched to retrieve primary and secondary studies on adults (16 years and older), with no clinical indication or genetic risk, eligible for genetic testing for CF carrier status. attitude to screening, uptake of screening offered, informed reproductive choices. a total of 3,326 records were screened and 292 potentially eligible full-text publications assessed. The review included 71 publications, corresponding to 3 reviews, 40 cohort studies (11 comparative, 29 single-arm), and 6 model studies, published between 1992 and 2021 (median 1998). Only one study compared screening or no screening. This study suggested an association between carrier screening and a lower incidence of CF. Comparative studies examined different approaches for invitation and testing, i.e., settings, target population (individuals/couples, prenatal/preconceptional), how invitations are organized (primary care/maternal hospitals), and format and content of the pre-test information. However, no firm conclusions can be drawn on the impact of these features on informed reproductive choices, uptake, and attitude, because of the limitations of the evidence collected. the broad heterogeneity of the studies, methodological weaknesses, and the limited transferability of the results mean there is still uncertainty about the effectiveness of preconceptional and prenatal CF carrier screening in the general population.

EEG-Neurofeedback as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for Cognitive Deficits in Patients with Dementia, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury.

Memory deficits are common in patients with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, but also in patients with other neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as brain injury, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and schizophrenia. Memory loss affects patients' functionality and, by extension, their quality of life. Non-invasive brain training methods, such as EEG neurofeedback, are used to address cognitive deficits and behavioral changes in dementia and other neurological disorders by training patients to alter their brain activity via operant activity. In this review paper, we analyze various protocols of EEG neurofeedback in memory rehabilitation in patients with dementia, multiple sclerosis, strokes and traumatic brain injury. The results from the studies show the effectiveness of the ΕΕG-NFB method in improving at least one cognitive domain, regardless of the number of sessions or the type of protocol applied. In future research, it is important to address methodological weaknesses in the application of the method, its long-term effects as well as ethical issues.

Normative Femoral and Tibial Lengths in a Modern Population of Twenty-First-Century U.S. Children.

The Green-Anderson (GA) leg-length data remain the gold standard for the age-based assessment of leg lengths in children despite their methodologic weaknesses. We aimed to summarize current growth trends among a cross-sectional cohort of modern U.S. children using quantile regression methods and to compare the median femoral and tibial lengths of the modern U.S. children with those of the GA cohort. A retrospective review of scanograms and upright slot-scanning radiographs obtained in otherwise healthy children between 2008 and 2020 was completed. A search of a radiology registry revealed 3,508 unique patients between the ages of 2 and 18 years for whom a standard-of-care scanogram or slot-scanning radiograph had been made. All patients with systemic illness, genetic conditions, or generalized diseases that may affect height were excluded. Measurements from a single leg at a single time point per subject were included, and the latest available time point was used for children who had multiple scanograms made. Quantile regression analysis was used to fit the lengths of the tibia and femur and overall leg length separately for male patients and female patients. Seven hundred patients (328 female and 372 male) met the inclusion criteria. On average, the reported 50th percentile tibial lengths from the GA study at each time point were shorter than the lengths in this study by 2.2 cm (range, 1.4 to 3.3 cm) for boys and 2 cm (range, 1.1 to 3.1 cm) for girls. The reported 50th percentile femoral lengths from the GA study at each time point were shorter than the lengths in this study by 1.8 cm (range, 1.1 to 2.5 cm) for boys and 1.7 cm (range, 0.8 to 2.3 cm) shorter for girls. This study developed new growth charts for femoral and tibial lengths in a modern U.S. population of children. The new femoral and tibial lengths at nearly all time points are 1 to 3 cm longer than traditional GA data. The use of GA data for epiphysiodesis could result in underestimation of expected childhood growth. Prognostic Level IV . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Medical Marijuana Legalization in Oklahoma: Effects on Neonatal Exposure to Opiates.

The U.S. opioid epidemic has been characterized by increases in opioid misuse, overdose deaths, and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Research suggests that marijuana legalization has contributed to decreased use of opiates, although many studies had methodological weaknesses and failed to address the pregnant population. Implementation of medical cannabis laws has the potential to reduce maternal opioid use and, therefore, neonatal exposure to the drugs. This study aimed to examine the association between Oklahoma's implementation of state medical marijuana laws and the neonatal exposure to opioids. Electronic medical records at two sites (Oklahoma City and Lawton) were searched for results of cord, urine, and meconium screens to detect amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, ethanol, opiates, phencyclidine, and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Two study periods were compared: 19 months before Oklahoma's medical marijuana law took effect and 19 months after legalization began. A total of 16,804 babies were born alive at the two sites during the study period. The rate of positive THC tests per 1,000 liveborn infants significantly increased from 16.2 per 1,000 during the prelaw period to 22.2 per 1,000 during the postlaw period (p = 0.004). Neonatal opioid exposure incidence showed a nonsignificant decrease from 7.6 positive tests per 1,000 liveborn infants to 6.8 per 1,000 from prelaw to postlaw period (p = 0.542). The number of positive tests for THC and concomitant use of opioids doubled from the prelaw period (n = 4) to postlaw (n = 9), but there were too few cases for statistical significance. Infants at the more rural site had significantly higher rates for amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and THC, with a trend toward higher rates for opiates. Marijuana legalization was related to significant increases in positive test rates for THC, but no significant change/association was noted for neonatal exposure to opioids. · Prior studies have not examined neonatal exposure to opioids following marijuana legalization.. · Oklahoma's new law led to higher neonatal marijuana exposure.. · Legalization of medical marijuana did not change Oklahoma's neonatal opioid positivity rate..

Tératogénicité potentielle du modafinil – des données contradictoires, un besoin de recherche

Central disorders of hypersomnolence include narcolepsy type 1, narcolepsy type 2, idiopathic hypersomnia and hypersomnia associated with medical or mental disorders. Treatment is both non-pharmacological and pharmacological, including wake enhancing drugs and stimulants. One of the first-line treatment (modafinil, MODIODAL®) was the subject of a health authority alert in 2019 concerning a risk of major congenital malformations when taken during organogenesis. Since this date, three epidemiological studies have presented contradictory results. Given their methodological weaknesses, it is not possible at this stage to confirm or deny such a risk for the embryo and its nature if there is one. In clinical practice, because of these uncertainties, it is preferable if possible to suspend the treatment of a pregnant woman during the first 10 weeks from last menstrual period (organogenesis). There is an unmet clinical need for research to clarify the potential teratogenic impact of modafinil.

Planning and performance in teams: A Bayesian meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach.

We meta-analyzed the relationship between team planning and performance moderated by task, team, context, and methodological factors. For testing our hypothesized model, we used a meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach. Based on K = 33 independent samples (N = 1,885 teams), a mixed-effects model indicated a non-zero moderate positive effect size (ρ = .31, 95% CI [.20, .42]). Methodological quality, generally rated as adequate, was unrelated to effect size. Sensitivity analyses suggest that effect sizes were robust to exclusion of any individual study and publication bias. The statistical power of the studies was generally low and significantly moderated the relationship, with a large positive relationship for studies with high-powered (k = 42, ρ = .40, 95% CI [.27, .54]) and a smaller, significant relationship for low-powered studies (k = 54, ρ = .16, 95% CI [.01, .30]). The effect size was robust and generally not qualified by a large number of moderators, but was more pronounced for less interdependent tasks, less specialized team members, and assessment of quality rather than quantity of planning. Latent class analysis revealed no qualitatively different subgroups within populations. We recommend large-scale collaboration to overcome several methodological weaknesses of the current literature, which is severely underpowered, potentially biased by self-reporting data, and lacks long-term follow-ups.

Marine mollusk thanatocoenoses along the coasts of the San Pietro Island (South-Western Sardinia): a first reasoning on species composition and biodiversity

We conducted a study on the taxonomic composition and diversity of thanatocoenoses of marine mollusks sampled at five sites on a circum-Sardinian island (San Pietro Island, South-Western Sardinia). The aim was to measure the differences in terms of biodiversity by analyzing shells >2 mm. We collected 71 taxa (level of diversity γ) at five different sites. Four species represented more than half of the sample: Bittium reticulatum, Glans trapezia, Lucinella divaricata and Truncatella subcylindrica. We observed a high difference in the number of taxa (level of diversity α) between sites (range: 18-41; after normalization using the Margalef index: 9.45-15.84). The turnover of β-diversity between low-energy sites was lower than that among high-wave energy sites; low-energy wave sites located near shallow and extensive Posidonia oceanica beds showed the highest values of diversity metrics. Climatic factors related to wave energy (exposure to prevailing West winds) and the presence of Posidonia oceanica beds could explain the diversity patterns. Although our diversity analysis conducted across mollusk thanatocoenoses may show some methodological weaknesses (the storage and accumulation time of the shells; the uncertainty regarding the taxonomy based exclusively on shells and the relative importance of the living populations in front of the sampling sites), we suggest that this "proxy" approach could allow for a rapid first assessment of the conservation status of coastal and marine ecosystems (i.e. Posidonion oceanicae habitat) when sampling time is short and there are several areas to explore.&nbsp

Progress of social assessment in the framework of bioeconomy under a life cycle perspective

The bioeconomy is positioned as a sustainable pathway to address the climate crisis and decrease the consumption of fossil resources. Life cycle methodologies are recognised as useful tools for assessing sustainability issues of production and consumption patterns. Nevertheless, the Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) methodology is less explored despite its potential, although it is true that social sustainability assessment in promoting bioeconomy strategies requires more attention. This study describes the state of the art of the S-LCA methodology under the bioeconomy framework, critically analysing the main procedural and practical issues of its implementation, and the eventual specificities, as well as providing some of the challenges for future studies. This review highlights methodological weaknesses that require further research, related to the definition of system boundaries and cut-off criteria, the method of impact assessment, and the selection of societal issues and stakeholders, as well as uncertainty, among others. In addition, particularities of the bioeconomy in the life perspective were noted, such as multifunctionality and allocation issues of bio-based products, as well as the strong interest in biofuel production systems. Therefore, more efforts are desirable to address the diversity of challenges towards the progress of the S-LCA method in line with other life cycle approaches (environmental and economic). However, the updated S-LCA Guidelines represent a useful and valuable starting point on the way towards a comprehensive (i.e., diverse social concerns) and standardised social assessment under a life cycle perspective.

Evaluating the nature and prevalence of glucocorticoid-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with autoimmune bullous diseases.

Glucocorticoid use in patients with autoimmune bullous disease is associated with significant morbidity, and in some cases, excess mortality. The hyperglycaemic complications arising from glucocorticoid use have been well-documented and range from mild hyperglycaemia to diabetic ketoacidosis. Patients with pre-existing glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of developing complications. Several other factors have been investigated for their association with steroid-induced hyperglycaemia, including patient age, sex, family history, dose, regimen and duration of therapy. Findings in the current literature, however, are largely conflicting and evidence is limited by methodological weaknesses. Glucocorticoids should be used with caution, and patients using steroids should be closely monitored for adverse effects.

Data innovations on protests in the United States

For decades, the United States has been generally excluded from cross-national quantitative datasets on the study of collective action and political resistance. More recently, however, new data collection efforts are on the rise. These projects specifically focus on gathering granular level information about street protests and mobilizations in the United States. In this article, we conduct a rigorous exploratory data analysis of three contemporary protest datasets. These data collect information about the when, where and how of contentious politics in the United States. Our thorough data review first summarizes the key similarities and differences across the datasets. Next, we review the regional, temporal and methodological strengths and weaknesses of each dataset both individually and in contrast to one another. Last, we examine potential research applications of these data by demonstrating what these data reveal about the risks of protesting in these types of events. We conclude by offering recommendations for data use and future data collection strategies for the study of collective action.

Preterm Birth and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Changes in estrogen levels during pregnancy as well as histologic changes in breast tissue can justify the relationship of preterm birth (PTB) and the risk of BC. Therefore, there is a hypothesis that the duration of pregnancy can be associated with BC, so the aim of this study was to find out whether PTB is a risk factor for BC. Published studies were located back to the earliest available publication date (1983), using the Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science bibliographic databases. This review included the cohort or case control studies that assessed the association between PTB and BC. Pooled effect sizes with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects models. Thirteen studies including a total of 2,845,553 women were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results suggested that PTB could increase the risk of BC (RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.07; I2= 62.5%). The risk was significantly increased in women who delivered at 37-39 (RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06) and 26-31 weeks of gestation (RR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47) compared to women who delivered at 40-41 weeks of gestation. A significant increment in the risk of BC was observed in primiparous (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08) and women older than 45 years (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.24). There was no difference between other gestational age categories. Our findings add to evidence that short gestation pregnancies may increase the risk of BC, especially in primiparous and women older than 45 years. Considering the methodological weaknesses existed in included studies, minor clinical differences, and the complexity of the exact pathophysiology of PTB on BC, the precise position of PTB as a risk factor for BC in clinical practice is undetermined. Further studies are still needed.<br />.

Effect of the Gamified Second Language Vocabulary Learning: A Meta-Analysis Study

In recent years, gamification in language learning has been a hot topic of study because of its presumed potential to improve language acquisition by providing a more natural, socially interactive, contextually relevant, and interesting learning setting. Many scholars all around the globe have been conducting trials on the pros and cons of using games to aid in the memory of foreign language vocabulary for some time now. Current studies on the best ways to learn new words find that gamified techniques, with their roots in motivational theories like goal setting and self-determination, are the most effective. As such, this meta-analysis aims to systematically synthesize data from quasi-experimental research conducted between 2012 and 2022 to determine whether or not gamified vocabulary acquisition is associated with the improved recall of L2 words. Fifteen main studies that met the eligibility criteria found that gamifying the process of learning L2 words had a significant favorable impact. Regarding remembering foreign-language words, the active gamified mode proved to be more effective than the passive one. Given the methodological weaknesses of the original studies and the comparably small sample sizes of several categories of moderators, the above findings should be seen as suggestive rather than conclusive.

Electroconvulsive therapy for treating patients with agitation and related behavioral disorders due to dementia: a systematic review.

This review aimed to examine the publications on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of electroconvulsive therapy in treating patients with agitation due to dementia. We performed a systematic analysis on the electroconvulsive therapy to treat patients with dementia and coexisting severe agitation. Articles were classified according to the level of evidence based on methodological design. Patients received an acute course of electroconvulsive therapy, often followed by maintenance intervention. We selected 19 studies (156 patients; 64.1% women; 51-98 years old), which met the inclusion criteria: one case-control study by chart analysis (level of evidence 2); one open-label study (level of evidence 3); three historical/retrospective chart analyses (level of evidence 4); and 14 case series/reports (level of evidence 5). No randomized, sham-controlled clinical trials (level of evidence 1) were identified, which represents the main methodological weakness. Some patients had postictal delirium, cardiovascular decompensation and cognitive changes, lasting for a short time. Overall, patients achieved significant improvement in agitation. However, the main finding of the present review was the absence of methodological design based on randomized and sham-controlled clinical trials. Despite methodological limitations and side effects requiring attention, electroconvulsive therapy was considered a safe and effective treatment of patients with severe agitation and related behavioral disorders due to dementia.

МЕТОДИЧНІ ТА ПРИКЛАДНІ АСПЕКТИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МАТРИЦІ BCG

The BCG method is a portfolio analysis tool. It is used to effectively manage a business. This method helps to identify which businesses should be invested in and which should be disposed of. Nowadays BCG method is a popular tool for planning corporate product portfolios. However, this method has come under a lot of criticism, with many academics drawing attention to methodological weaknesses of product portfolio analysis based on the BCG matrix. The relevance of further research of the BCG matrix method leads to methodological and practical issues. They arise when the assortment of the entity in a particular market is evaluated. The following research methods are used: monographic (in the study of theoretical and methodological foundations of the classical method Boston Consulting Group Matrix); dialectical, abstract-logical (for theoretical generalizations to identify methodological shortcomings and ways to overcome them, the formulation of conclusions), graphic and tabular (to present research results). We have proved that the use of the traditional BCG matrix methodology can be impossible in practice because of the lack of accurate data on competitors and their sales volumes of certain products. The main problems arising in the construction of the BCG matrix: the lack of clear criteria for classifying businesses to a particular market, the existence of alternative methodologies for calculating the market share of the product, the lack of unambiguous quantitative criteria for classifying products as «high» or «low» market share, the lack of unambiguous quantitative criteria for classifying products as having «high» or «low» growth rates, the failure to compare only two years to evaluate the market growth. The objectives of the study are to adapt the classical matrix for use in an uncertain market environment. The proposed refinements to the use of the BCG matrix deserve to be implemented in the practice of strategic management of companies. The results of the analysis using the modified BCG matrix can be used in financial strategic planning and in the development of the marketing strategy, in particular when planning advertising campaigns.

A comparison of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on communication among individuals with and without hearing impairment

Objective: This study assessed the impact of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) preventative measures on hearing and communication among individuals with normal and impaired hearing. We also evaluated the use of digital communication tools between these groups. Design: For this cross-sectional study, participants completed an online digits-in-noise test and survey. Survey topics included understanding through masks, behind plastic screens, from a 1.5-m distance, and use of social network sites/apps, direct messaging, and video calling. Logistic regressions assessed the odds of disagreeing versus agreeing with survey statements. Study Sample: A total of 880 adults from the National Longitudinal Study on Hearing completed a survey and hearing test. Based on speech reception threshold scores, participants were categorised into “good” (reference group for all analyses), “insufficient”, or “poor” hearing groups. Results: Those with insufficient and poor hearing had more difficulty understanding others through facemasks, plastic screens, and from 1.5 m. Those with poor hearing had a higher odds of video calling more to contact family/friends/acquaintances during the pandemic, but also had more difficulty hearing sufficiently through video calls. Conclusions: This study addresses methodological weaknesses in previous studies. Results strengthen current evidence of the burden COVID-19 measures place on individuals with hearing impairment.

Yan Fu’s translation ‘principle(s)’ and Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics

ABSTRACT For more than a century, Yan Fu’s translation principle(s) had a great influence on translation theory and practice in China and beyond. Largely because of the pithiness of the principle(s) and Yan’s marked departure from fidelity – an aspect of the principle, there has been much discussion. The lack of a theoretical tradition in Chinese translation discourse has led to impressionistic interpretations of the principle(s), often unmoored from its/their historical context. Given the various degrees of simplification and reductionism belie the multi-layered complexity of translation, a critical and nuanced discussion of the origin and function of the principle(s) is needed to rectify some of the prevailing and persistent misconceptions and to steer the discussion in meaningful and constructive directions to avoid an ahistorical and anachronistic use of the principle(s), which has led to conceptual confusion and methodological weakness. This article contextualizes Yan Fu’s ‘unorthodox way of translating’ Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics by relating it to the deep sense of national crisis among Chinese intellectuals who were trying to find ways to enlighten the general public for China’s national survival, which is conducive to justifying the almost unapologetically adaptive nature of Yan’s translation practice, whose success and influence are undeniable.