Methodological Tools Research Articles

Production of the Narratives of Climate Change and Climate Justice through Media: A Critical Discourse Analysis

The present research investigates the role of mass media in producing the narratives of climate change and climate justice in Nepal. For this purpose, sample of the date were extracted from the online edition of The Kathmandu Post daily, the largest circulating English newspaper of Nepal. The study has used Critical Discourse Analysis as the methodological tool to analyze socio-cognitive as well as linguistic elements prevalent in the texts of the newspaper. Particularly, through the philosophical impetuses of Norman Fairclough and Teun A. Van Dijik we have tried to unveil the power dynamics imbedded into the text. Our findings reveal that, the mass media play important role in shaping the meaning of climate justice and this is executed through linguistic as well as pictorial representation of climate change. When the mass media intend to serve the interest of the state that further exacerbates the climate change induced sufferings of the marginalized community.

Blended learning in professional training of teachers

Relevance. The issue of blended learning in professional training of teachers is extremely relevant. This increased interest is due to the spread of the acute infectious disease COVID-19, as all public spheres of activity of citizens have been transferred to a blended format. Purpose. The aim of the work is to analyze the main features of the blended format of training, as well as to establish the necessary level of knowledge and training of teachers for its effective implementation. Methodology. The article used a number of scientific and methodological tools that helped to reveal important elements of the studied question. Accordingly, an important place in the work is occupied by functional and system approaches, in addition, such logical methods as the method of analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, deduction. Results. The main results of the study are the theoretical and practical bases of the question under consideration. In the theoretical part the basic concepts, their properties and attributes, undoubtedly related to the sphere of professional competence of the teacher were revealed. On the practical side, it compares the main approaches used so far to train future teachers in the delivery of learning services, namely in a blended format. In addition, the article considered the experience of other countries, which helped to study in depth the features of the studied issue and to establish promising directions that can be applied in Kazakhstan. Conclusions. In future scientific works on this topic it is necessary to analyze the main differences between distance and blended learning in order to distinguish the directions of teacher training. Keywords: teaching and learning process; teacher; advanced training; competence; distance learning

Incorporating an intersectional gender approach to improve access to maternal and child health screening services

BackgroundIn the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has promoted initiatives that aim at the elimination of mother-to-child transmitted diseases for over two decades. Although Guatemala has assumed the commitment to improve access and coverage of reproductive and perinatal services, the goals have not yet been reached. Often, the implementation of these efforts is hampered by complexities rooted in social, cultural, and environmental intersections. The objective of this work is to share our experience applying gender intersectionality as a methodological and analytical tool in a participatory research project that aims to improve access to maternal and child health screening services. The study shows the novel strategy that incorporates intersectionality contributing to evidence on how it can be applied to strengthen public health efforts around the implementation of the EMTCT Plus (Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Chagas disease) framework, in the mostly rural municipality of Comapa, in Guatemala.MethodsWe applied a participatory methodology, integrating theoretical and methodological frameworks to have an intersectional understanding of health services delivered by both, midwives, and the public health institution, for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Chagas. The data was collected by conducting interviews, focus groups, workshops, and reviewing laboratory databases, guided by five strategies from a cultural appropriateness framework.ResultsThe intersectional analysis shed light on the synergies and gaps of the current efforts and protocols implemented by both the midwives and the Ministry of Health. The services offered for the four diseases were often delivered independently from each other, and a comprehensive educational and communication material strategy was absent. However, our findings will be used to inform consistent, locally relevant, and culturally appropriate educational content for the local population, also following the national policy guidelines.ConclusionsUsing intersectionality as a method and as an analytical tool allowed us to understand the (1) interrelation of diverse social, cultural, and environmental determinants which influence the delivery of health services, as well as (2) the dynamics between the traditional and institutional health systems. (3) Community engagement and the participation of different stakeholders in a consultative process have been fundamental for the conceptual and methodological tenets of this research. (4) Finally, giving a more prominent role to midwives can strengthen sustainability and cultural appropriateness, which is complementary to the delivery of institutional health services.

Women under the Panchayat Regime: Parijat’s Under the Sleepless Mountain as a Feminist Project

The representation of the female in Nepali fiction has been a fascinating subject for critics. This paper examines the representational position of the women as projected in Parijat’s Under the Sleepless Mountain. In this novel, the novelist critiques the patriarchal society’s treatment to women in a different social structure. Parijat’s female characters are projected as suffering and marginalized people of the Nepali society around the student’s revolution of the early 1980s. Other issues raised in this paper focus on students and subaltern characters who are treated badly as they raise voice against the oppressive Panchayat system and other kinds of dominance. She writes against social wrongs and ill intended human activities. She exposes the character’s desire for freedom, individuality and equal rights. Thus, the objective of this study is to find out the answers to whether the suffering of women, laborers and students are concretely represented in her novel or not. In this paper, this researcher explores the issues around the plight of the female, which are interpreted from the feminist perspective. The relevant feminist notions developed by the feminist critics such as Sidonie Smith, Julia Watson, Catherine Belsey and Susan Bassnett have been adopted for textual analysis as a methodological tool. This paper concludes that the gender discrimination and political disharmony are the major obstacles to women upliftment.

Digitalisation of higher education: a methodology for applying modern technology to science teaching

Relevance. When investigating the peculiarities of social relations formation in the 21st century, it should be noted that to a greater extent they are formed under the influence of such phenomenon as digitalisation. Undoubtedly, this factor is also reflected in the educational environment, as evidenced by a number of government programs and plans to modernise this sphere. Thus, the relevance of the issue under study is extremely significant today; in particular, its results are a priority source for further research. Purpose. The aim of this paper is therefore to investigate methods and approaches to introduce digital technologies and tools in the process of research in the field of science. Methodology. Of course, this issue is broad enough in its content that a number of methodological tools must be used. In particular, the functional and methodological approaches, and the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, and generalisation. Results. The research resulted in a several important conclusions, among which are both theoretical and practical foundations, which are the basis of the topic in question. Accordingly, the theoretical part analysed the general concepts that form the object of this study and reveal its internal structure. In the practical part, specific digital ways and tools that can be used to implement the learning process in higher education institutions have been studied. Conclusions. The study highlighted that digitalisation is the key to the successful development of the whole educational environment and to improving the quality of educational services in higher education institutions. The practical value of the work is revealed in the fact that it can be used both for the development of curricula in universities and as a source for further scientific developments. In particular, a priority issue for consideration in future research is the analysis of the main ways of involving artificial intelligence in the study of narrow disciplines. Keywords: Salima Medetbayeva, Yelena Bayzakova, Zhanar Zhumagalieva, Bagdagul Kadyrbayeva, Gulnur Dauitova

BSDD FOR ARTWORKS IN HBIM OPEN AND STANDARD-ORIENTED DOCUMENTATION

Abstract. This contribution shows part of a research activity aimed at supporting data documentation related to artworks and decorative apparatuses that characterize the architectural heritage using bSDD as a methodological tool. The proposal approach aims to provide specific information in SCAN-to-BIM processes, implementing HBIM models of decorative apparatuses or artworks with data on the state of conservation and morphological-structural composition according to the material of each component of the system (Lanzara and Scandurra, 2023). The main goal of this activity is the creation of open and detailed information models shareable and consultable via IFC exchange format (ISO 16739:2018), supporting conservation, prevention, maintenance and restoration of historical-artistic heritage. The use of codes, manuals, vocabularies and thesauri, and the multidisciplinary knowledge of specialists, shared within the theoretical and operational framework of the restoration and conservation of cultural heritage, informally contribute to supplement existing codes and to implement/define new datasets for information about deficient and not codified conservation states for specific materials. The structuring of the Data Dictionary is supported by ACCA software's usBIM.bSDD application, accessible via a collaborative web-based platform (Scandurra and di Luggo, 2023). According to the proposed workflow, shared terms and definitions can be integrated within the graphic model of the manufacts and structured within a CDE – Common Data Environment. The system, which has already been tested in the context of historical architecture, is currently being tested on movable and immovable decorative apparatuses and artworks, selected for their constituent materials and compositional complexity. This contribution presents the experimentation on the decorative apparatus of the major altar of the Church of Santa Maria di Costantinopoli in Naples.

Origin matters? Comparing impacts of native and introduced ungulates in European protected areas

AbstractThe prevailing theory in invasion biology has been that introduced species have ecological and life‐history characteristics that predispose them to do more damage than native species. However, this principle has been challenged and the last decade has become involved in controversy around the hypothesis of whether origin matters. The objectives of this study were 1) to compare the intensity and types of environmental impacts of native European ungulates and their introduced counterparts using EICAT and 2) to discuss whether the results support the hypotheses on the importance of the origin of species. We relied on two previously published lists of literature on ungulate impacts. We conducted four types of comparisons: 1) same species, different locations, 2) different species, same location, 3) all species, all locations and 4) between impact mechanisms. All data comparisons between native European and introduced ungulate species indicated non‐significant differences in their levels and types of impacts. In conclusion, this study found that the negative impact of native European ungulates is like that produced by introduced species. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that determined high levels of damages in native and introduced ungulates may not be the same; thus, further research using the methodological tools provided by invasion biology is required.

Disease mongering, overdiagnosis, and media practices: a critical discourse analysis of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and the motivational deficiency disorder (MoDeD) spoof

Abstract This paper explores ways in which the strategic use of discursive and generic conventions has the potential to create a non-existent pathology and mislead the public. This case study compares and examines datasets of different genres (newspaper issue reports, online videos, and Wikipedia pages) dealing with a condition considered as an actual illness (Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, SCT), and another (Motivational Deficiency Disorder, MoDeD), invented as a spoof to raise awareness about disease mongering, overdiagnosis, and medicalization. We evince common language strategies that, irrespective of the genre, can be employed in media discourse, both in the name of genuine medical information and in pursuit of more ethically questionable ends. The methodological tools provided by Critical Discourse Analysis are applied to both the authentic and the hoax texts in order to investigate the media representations of SCT and MoDeD, juxtaposing the ways in which both are framed conceptually, defined linguistically, and popularized to lay audiences. The findings indicate the existence of a common repertoire of lexical-phraseological, rhetorical and discursive patterns that typify the popularization of medicalized statuses and combine to increase the persuasiveness and authority of overdiagnosis, ultimately advancing the case for medicalization with the public at large.

Decoding algorithmic literacy among journalists

Recent developments in generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) have revitalized academic discourse on algorithmic systems, particularly on their potential, ethical considerations, risks, and regulatory challenges. Extensive research has examined how algorithms affect communication processes, focusing on their influence on news organizations, journalistic practices, public-media dynamics, media literacy, and combating disinformation and filter bubbles. An emergent strand of research defines and measures the multidimensional concept of algorithmic literacy. However limited research exists on the intersection of algorithmic literacy and journalism. This gap is particularly concerning given the pivotal role of journalism in shaping public discourse, informing citizens, upholding democratic values and contrasting disinformation. Understanding how journalists perceive and engage with algorithms is essential, as these technologies significantly influence their professional tasks, including content production and distribution. In Portugal, where newcomer journalists work in precarious conditions and digital media transformation is rapidly evolving, understanding how journalists interact with and perceive algorithms is vital. Our study, through a multi-phased approach, aims to fill this gap questioning how can algorithmic literacy, encompassing cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural dimensions, be effectively assessed among professional journalists? The exploratory results present a validated methodological tool, instrument based on a multi-dimensional analytical framework and specifically designed to measure algorithmic literacy levels and to assess journalists’ experiences. Critical discussion addresses the methodological procedures and preliminary findings from the pre-test, offering insights into Portuguese journalists' understanding, perceptions, and competencies regarding algorithmic systems. By shedding light on the cognitive, affective, and behavioural aspects of journalists’ engagement with algorithms, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the algorithmic literacy among journalists, which is essential to sustain the quality of their work and for an effective counteraction against disinformation. It also opens avenues for similar studies in other geographical or professional contexts.

Preparation of an educational curriculum to perform the skill of the front somersault rise of on the balance device

The aim of the research is to identify the preparation of an educational curriculum to perform the skill of rolling forward in an upward balance. While the two researchers, the educational curriculum for the performance of the skill of rolling forward, the beginning of the rise on the balance-balance device of the experimental group. The sample of the research included students of the third stage in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Diyala from 20/11/2017 until 25/1/2018 at the Gymnasium Hall in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researchers developed the learning curriculum for the teaching material. Using the tools and tools to learn the skill in question in terms of technical performance and knowledge, during the duration of the experiment from 29/11/2017 until 3/1/2018 The tests were carried out after the completion of the educational curriculum for all skills, and concluded that the use of the methodology devices and tools Help understand and understand the detailed parts of the skill (technical performance) better when used during learning.

Detecting hidden states in stochastic dynamical systems

Inferring the number of states of a stochastic system from partial measurements is a fundamental problem in physics, for which methodological tools remain scarce. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish the stochastic dynamical states from measurements, deceiving us into incorrect models and flawed understanding of natural phenomena. Here, we propose a model-free statistical framework, grounded in network and control theory, to estimate the number of states of a stochastic system from perceptible dynamics. The framework extends previous techniques for deterministic systems, based on the rank of ancillary matrices. We show applications of our approach to a variety of physics domains, such as statistical mechanics, biophysics, physical chemistry, and epidemiology. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Political Protest through the Prism of the British Press: Strategies for Managing the Perception of Journalistic Texts

Introduction. The purpose of this paper is to identify similarities and differences in discursive strategies aimed at managing the perception of journalistic texts describing similar protest events in different countries.Materials and methods. The material for the pa­per includes articles from “The Economist” describ­ing protest events. Protests in August 2019 in Mos­cow and “yellow vest” protests in autumn – spring 2018 – 2019 in France were chosen as reference events. The methodological tools include the following general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, sys­temic and functional approaches. Critical discourse analysis is used as a specific method. Discursive strat­egies form the subject of the research. The referential strategy includes an event-factual plan of the events being described. The connotative strategy works with emotionally expressive and evaluative vocabulary. The meta-discursive strategy chooses text frames and fills them with referential and evaluative components which together form the pragmatic functionality of the discourse..Research results. The research involves the fol­lowing stages. At the first stage the central frames of the articles on the basis of the titles and subtitles of the articles are identified. At the second stage the referential and evaluative components in the vocabu­lary of the frames are examined. At the third stage a comparative analysis of the meta-discursive strategies of the articles under research is carried out, which in­cludes comparing the pragmatic functionality of the headings, titles and subtitles of the articles; contrast­ing the articles in terms of the composition of frames and identifying what is common and specific in the content of the main frames of the articles. The results of the work show that such linguistic tools as selecting facts and events for the text, framing the content of the text, choosing language that produce an emotional-evaluative, suggestive and persuasive effect on read­ership, frequent occurrence of words that are fit for the goals of the text are used to manage text perceptionDiscussion and conclusion. Professionals in the fi of international relations, international law, political science, public administration must know the linguistic methods used to analyze journalistic and political texts and be able to identify language tools aimed to drive text perception in the target direction.

CULTURES OF ORALITY AND PERFORMATIVITY IN THE PERFORMING ART TRADITION OF PURULIA CHHAU

Purulia Chhau, a folk, tribal, martial, masked dance-drama form of Eastern India, is performed over generations orally. Having no written performance text available, all the actions of Purulia Chhau, such as gestures, postures, dance movements and so on are materialized through the various performative utterances by the vocalist, who provide the storyline of the Chhau repertoires; musicians, who bring musical tempo into dance movements; and the dancers, who are dressed in big headgear masks and dynamic costumes enact the actual Chhau performances. Referring to the social and cultural perspectives and employing a qualitative approach as the primary methodological tool, the present paper, at the first level, seeks to explore how the cultures of orality exists in Purulia Chhau tradition and critically evaluates three Chhau repertoires with their contextual significance. It also examines how this folk-dance form manifests cultural values, shared beliefs and customs, and represents a unique cultural identity among the concerned people. At the second level, the paper analyses how the idea of performativity works on its reflexive level in Purulia Chhau and creates meaning to the audience. It also emphasizes on the performative procedure invoked and executed by all the performers correctly and completely.

Methodology for the phenotypic evaluation in <i>Guazuma crinita</i> trees in Ucayali, Peru

The objective of this study was to present a methodological tool for the phenotypic evaluation in progeny tests of Guazuma crinita in producer plots of the Aguaytía river basin, Ucayali, Peru, which allows field technicians to standardize the morphological evaluation criteria of trees in forest plantations. Therefore, the phenotypic traits were evaluated for plant height (m), diameter at the height of the base (cm), number of branches, number of rings, stem form, branch orientation, presence and quantity of leaves. The heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits were also estimated. Therefore, 32 morphological categories were plotted based on the significant correlations (p≤ 0.05) shown between the place of planting, the stem form, the orientation of the branches and the presence of leaves. For the same reason, the progeny showed low morphological patterns, being a low factor of phenotypic variability. It is concluded that the correlations between the biometric and morphological traits evaluated, allowed to validate the phenotypic evaluation procedures of Guazuma crinita progeny tests at 36 months of age.

‘When Mom left for Mars’: Life narratives of first-generation Moroccan migrant mothers in Flanders

Current discourses in Belgian politics about Moroccan Muslim women are deeply rooted in the first-generation family reunification policies of the 1960s. Today, (marriage) migrant women are still commonly described as victims of their ‘backward’ religious traditions and in need of protection for the sake of themselves, their children and society. Looking at the implications of these views for the women concerned, this article discusses the unique docufilm ‘When Mom Left for Mars’, which documents the life narrative of a first-generation Moroccan woman in The Netherlands. Based on this docufilm, we aim to (1) document how Belgian and Dutch first-generation migrant women can be compared with each other using Karl Mannheim’s ‘theory of generations’ and (2) engage in an intergenerational conversation with first-generation mothers and their daughters, as well as with mid-generation mothers, to gain more insight into their similarities, heritage and differences. More specifically, we explore the agency of these mothers using the analytical lens of ‘affective citizenship’, particularly attending to how they centralise mothering and care work to negotiate gender and belonging, and counter the challenges of marriage migration, motherhood and integration. The docufilm is, thus, used as a case study from which we consider the first-generation women as ‘cultural archives’, and as a methodological tool in facilitating in-depth interviews and group discussions.

Значимые факторы развития рынка сельскохозяйственных беспилотных летательных аппаратов в новых реалиях

Abstract. The article studies the development of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) market in agriculture in the regions of the Russian Federation in the new realities. The purpose is to analyse the development of the agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle market in the Russian Federation and to identify the immediate prospects for its development in the new reality. Objectives: to study the external and internal environmental factors influencing the development of the agricultural UAV market; to identify the stages of development of the agricultural UAV market in the Russian Federation; to identify the key characteristics of the agricultural UAV market in order to determine the prospects for further development of the agricultural UAV market in the Russian Federation. Methods: systematisation, integration and analytical processing of data, method of expert evaluation, factor analysis. Scientific novelty. On the basis of the generalization of theoretical provisions and the development of methodological tools, the author proposed an approach to assessing the state of the agricultural UAV market in the Russian Federation and identifying the prospects for its development. Results. Based on the analysis of external and internal environment factors, a diagnosis of the stage of development of the Russian market (industry) in the context of the key criteria of periodization was made, the stages of development of the agricultural UAV market in the Russian Federation were determined. The identified asymmetry in the stage of market development determines most of the market characteristics that distinguish it from the global market and represent a vivid example of oligopoly. Against the background of changes in the external environment, it is concluded that the agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle market in the near future in its development will strive to overcome the stage imbalance and acquire more balanced proportions.

Modeling of Regional Economic Growth in the Conditions of Simulation of Scientific and Technical Revolution (on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan)

The issues of the structural organization of productive factors that trigger and intensify the economic dynamics of the regions are quite well worked out in the scientific community today. Without going into a detailed review of derivative approaches that offer modifications to the models discussed above, it must be unequivocally stated that the basic factors of economic dynamics included in the neoclassical production functions are labor, fixed capital, and scientific and technological progress (STP). At the same time, it is important to take into account that when taking into account and including in the models of production functions of scientific and technical progress, it is often understood as the potential for the creation and diffusion of innovations in the economic environment. In this work, scientific and technical progress is understood as a set of human, financial, infrastructural and institutional resources that determine the overall innovative capabilities of the region and the level of its effectiveness in the field of science and technology to solve problems in the field of ensuring the qualitative and structural parameters of economic growth and development, increasing competitiveness in the meso -, macro and global level. Relying on this approach to the definition, as well as on the methodological tools for measuring STP proposed by the authors, the study attempts to construct a Solu production function. Based on the results of the assessments, the relevant parameters of the influence of productive factors on the GRP dynamics were established (on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan), and patterns were identified that prove the priority of scientific and technological progress in shaping the prospects for economic dynamics in the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution.

Nurturing youth film literacy: Post-qualitative arts-based inquiry into critical self-awareness

Post-digital, as a timeframe set, raises specific concerns for young adults engaged in artistic and cultural activities, seeking to establish a sustainable livelihood within a semi-rural South African context. They grapple with issues such as determining their positionality within a world marked by fading boundaries between the physical and digital. To better understand the post-digital impact on experiential learning opportunities for young adults, the authors explored the specific ways and extent to which active engagement in shortfilm-making contributes to developing critical self-awareness among the participating post-school youth. An assemblage of transformative theories and concepts, rather than pre-determined methodologies, guided this inquiry that extended beyond the development of career and workplace competencies. The strengths of spaciousness and in-between boundary positions provided by the spider’s thread metaphor served as a useful methodological tool. Moving beyond the limitations of traditional discourse and content analysis, multimodal discourse analysis in combination with a modified, six-category measuring instrument was used to explore (analyse) the evidence (data) created as products of active participant engagement in a shortfilm-making project, over a 10-month period in 2020. Findings revealed that, for the participants, it was by moving from physical self-centred understandings of reality to experiential creations of authentic reality (shortfilm-productions) and involving an expanded awareness of those alternative possibilities that nurtured their potential transpersonal growth.Transdisciplinary Contribution: A synthesis of arts-based, post-qualitative and developmental phenomenographic approaches was employed to create, explore and communicate evidence in ways that present a holistic picture of alternative pathways to knowledge production.

Trends and peculiarities of local budgets functioning in the conditions of war

The paper summarizes the theoretical and applied principles of functioning of local budgets as a component of public finance, an instrument for ensuring financial self-sufficiency, regulating socio-economic development and stimulating investment activity of regions and territorial communities, and identifies their features (territorial affiliation, dependence of the volume of local budget funds on the economic potential of the territory, social orientation, dependence on interbudgetary transfers, imperative and regulatory certainty of budgetary. The paper examines the impact of fiscal decentralization on the functioning of local budgets and the ability of local governments and executive authorities at different levels of administrative and territorial structure to exercise delegated and own powers. Based on the use of methodological tools of the dialectical approach to cognition of the essence of local budgets, a comprehensive scientific approach to this definition is formulated in terms of essence, content, form and as a phenomenon. The social purpose of local budgets is clarified, the realities are analyzed and the peculiarities of their functioning in wartime are revealed. The expediency of changes in the budget process is argued, changes in budget and tax legislation are characterized. Based on the analysis of the dynamics, composition of revenues and expenditures of local budgets, the main problems of formation and use of budgetary resources of local governments are identified. It is argued that one of the most important problems in the organization of budgetary relations at the local level is the discrepancy between local budget revenues and the need of local governments and local executive authorities for financial resources to ensure the provision of quality and affordable public services to the population.

The role of teachers in developing multicultural education of religious tolerance in primary schools: literature study

This study aims to examine the role of teachers in developing tolerance among students. Tolerance is the ability to appreciate differences and resolve conflicts peacefully. Teachers have a very important role in shaping this attitude of tolerance through an inclusive learning approach, fostering universal values, and providing examples of tolerance behavior in everyday life. This research is a qualitative research with literature study. The subject and instrument of this research is the researcher himself by searching for relevant sources. Data were collected through content analysis which involved several steps, such as determining the problem, developing a framework, developing methodological tools, data analysis, and data interpretation. The research findings show that teachers who practice multicultural education-oriented learning approaches and integrate subject matter with tolerance values are able to have a significant impact in shaping students' tolerance attitudes. This multicultural education aims to appreciate and understand diversity in society.