Methodological Tools Research Articles

Освітньо-професійні самовизначення абітурієнтів: розробка дизайну дослідження на основі угрунтованої теорії

This paper presents the process and rationale behind decision-making during the development of a research design based on grounded theory methodology. It formulates the object, substantive area, and method of investigating the process and content of educational-vocational self-assignations by prospective students in Ukraine, defining the practical and scientific context of such research. Grounded theory is presented as a methodological framework constituting principles such as iterativeness, inductiveness, creation of new theoretical knowledge, theoretical sampling, and more. Implementation of these principles in research needs some methodological tools to be chosen, according to the research goals, object and substantive area. Divergent approaches to grounded theory are interpreted as ways of better understanding and practical application of the aforementioned principles. So the first decision to be made by the researcher is to choose one of the approaches, the factors of which are discussed. Proceeding to the choice of other research tools, possible factors to consider when selecting data collection and analysis methods, as well as participant selection methods, are described. In the discussion section, some potential limitations of the described study are explored, alongside ways in which classic grounded theory proposes to overcome these limitations.

Theory of the Diversity of Alternative Music Pedagogy Methods

Our music education is based on the concept of Zoltán Kodály and the methodological guidance of Katalin Forrai in early childhood, which is an indispensable foundation and support for Hungarian music education. The method uses fundamental values to develop children's musical skills and abilities. At about the same time, music teachers throughout Europe were engaged in reforming the structure and methodological tools of music teaching. Among these music teachers, I would like to highlight the pedagogy of Dalcrose, Orff, Willems and Freinet, who successfully applied early childhood music education and the development of children with special educational needs in their programmes. Based on their pedagogy and methods, they agreed on the following principles: musical education should start as early as possible, continuous musical activity (singing, rhythm, listening, movement, improvisation, instrument, listening) should be given priority, and in addition to age-specific characteristics, adequate emphasis should be given to individual talents, since the uneven development of psychic abilities can lead to differences in levels within a single age group over several years. Music can develop empathy and social skills. Through rhythms and harmonies, the development of large and fine movements can be achieved. It is beneficial for thinking, creativity, self-expression and the development of the sense of self. Music improves well-being, concentration and actively helps to develop attention. It leads to openness and flexibility. It also has a powerful effect on speech, imagination and improvisation skills. That is why we can use music for healing and developmental purposes. There is a long line of research that proves that the earlier in life you start to develop, develop or correct your personality through music, the earlier you should start.

Investigating the Key Factors Influencing Falling Object Incidents at Construction Sites in Batu Pahat, Johor

Building construction refers to the methods and businesses associated with assembling and erecting structures, particularly those designed for residential purposes. The need for a controlled environment to mitigate the effects of climate change was initially purely functional. A construction site presents a wide range of ever-evolving threats, with risks that are often unique to the construction business. Therefore, ensuring that workers are well-trained and aware of these risks is essential for safeguarding themselves and their coworkers from potential harm or even fatalities. This research aims to explore the root causes and consequences of falling object incidents on individuals, assets, and reputation within the construction industry. Thoroughly analyzing the root causes and consequences of incidents informs the development of a targeted intervention plan. This plan aims to reduce severity and address specific issues, such as inadequate safety measures or equipment failures, with the overarching goal of significantly decreasing falling object incidents. This study employs a survey questionnaire as its methodological tool. The procedure includes conducting literature reviews and incorporating sample survey questionnaires from previous researchers. The methodology used to analyze the statistical data was SPSS software via Reliability Tests, One-way ANOVA Tests, and Correlation and Interferential Analysis. The results revealed a strong statistical correlation (r > 0.5, n = 50, p < 0.05) between organizational/departmental roles and responsibilities, the behavioral behavior of construction workers, incidents at work, health/disease problems, and the consequences of the incident. Therefore, to mitigate all the potential consequences, some intervention plans are being proposed, such as the implementation of Toolbox Meeting (TBM) and Toolbox Talk (TBT), a Toolbox Training Program, and the monitoring of physiological conditions for construction workers to maintain the well-being of the workforce and ensure a safe working environment.

Strategic Environmental Assessment to Combating Marine Litter: an Analysis of Methodological Structures

Objective: Identify and analyze methodological structures that are appropriate and effective for the construction of a new Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) approach aimed at combating marine litter. Theoretical Framework: The fight against marine litter is understood as a context, that is, a set of elements that influence the choice of SEA approach. Its complexity is related to the sectoral profile, where solid waste management and coastal management are the key sectors. The literature does not present a SEA approach focused on this context, even given the ecological, socio-environmental relevance and challenges of the Decade of Ocean Science. Method: The methodology is qualitative and is divided into two stages: identification and selection of existing methodological structures; and analysis and selection of Elements of Methodological Frameworks. Methods such as Systematic Literature Review, Content Analysis, and Cross Comparison Analysis were used. Results and Discussion: It was possible to identify 5 methodological structures and select 13 elements of these structures that were significantly related to the participatory criteria of the priority actions of Brazilian public policies. Research Implications: The next step is to materialize the new SEA approach through the construction of a conceptual model that integrates all the elements of the selected methodological structures. Originality/Value: This study begins a process of developing a new methodological tool to contribute to efforts to combat marine litter in Brazil.

Using formative interventions to study emerging technologies in construction practices: the case of the Ground Penetrating Radar

The potential impact of emerging technologies is challenging for construction management researchers to study, as these technologies have yet to become embedded in current organisational practices. Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) offers a method called formative interventions that may assist in this challenge. However, existing formative intervention methods are not adequately tailored to the study of emerging technologies, necessitating a more immersive engagement of the researcher-interventionist. This article proposes a renewed participatory take on the role of the researcher-interventionist and outlines the actions that researchers can undertake to investigate the future impacts of emerging technology. Specifically, we describe the interventionist role through a study of utility detection activities in which we intervened with emerging Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology at twelve construction sites. We analysed our role through an inductive coding approach using interviews and field visit data. Our findings reveal five interventionist action types for intervention studies with emerging technology. These include shaping conditions, exposing tensions, supporting problem resolution, operating tools, and facilitating reflection. The action types prompted subjects to reevaluate elements of the activity system and helped describe three potential future activity systems that integrated GPR as a new tool. These findings demonstrate that a participatory take on formative interventions provides a potent means to unveil possible activity systems incorporating emerging technologies. We contribute five formal intervention action types to the literature that equip interventionist researchers with methodological tools to use CHAT in a practice-based study of emerging technologies on construction sites.

Конституционная культура как объект научного анализа

The article analyzes various general theoretical approach to study of the phenomenon of constitutional culture. The author shows that the integrative approach to the analysis of constitutional culture is the only approach that gives an opportunity to reveal its actual essential and conceptual characteristics and determine its place in the constitutional law space of present-day Russia. In the author’s opinion, abandonment of narrow legalistic and normativistic approaches offers a contemporary researcher valuable methodological tools to study the phenomenon of constitutional culture, its axiological potential, and understand the idea of constitutional law identity as the basis for constitutional sovereignty.

Научные школы на рубеже XX–XXI вв.: разработка истории предпринимательства дореволюционной Сибири

The exploration of scientific schools focusing on the history of entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia stands as a crucial endeavor at the intersection of historical research and economic studies. This article delves into the conceptual frameworks and methodological approaches employed by researchers to illuminate the multifaceted dynamics of entrepreneurial activities in Siberia during the late XX and early XXI centuries. Drawing on principles of holism, integrity, historicism, and a value-based approach, scientists have embarked on a comprehensive examination of the historical trajectory of entrepreneurship in Siberia. By integrating insights from various disciplines, including history, economics, and sociology, researchers aim to provide a nuanced understanding of the socio-economic landscape of the region. Utilizing a diverse array of methodological tools, such as comparative-historical analysis, concrete examination, retrospective study, and historical-typological analysis, scientists have endeavored to unravel the complexities of entrepreneurial endeavors in Siberia. Through meticulous archival research and interdisciplinary engagement, researchers have shed light on the activities of merchants across different industries and their impact on the socio-cultural fabric of the region. This article underscores the significance of studying scientific communities dedicated to the history of entrepreneurship in Siberia. By acknowledging the contributions of researchers and elucidating their role in shaping historical narratives, this research aims to highlight the richness and diversity of scientific endeavors in Russian historiography. In conclusion, the study of scientific schools focusing on the history of entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia represents a vital aspect of historical scholarship. By embracing interdisciplinary perspectives and methodological pluralism, researchers continue to uncover new insights into the economic, social, and cultural dimensions of entrepreneurial activities in Siberia, thereby enriching our understanding of this pivotal period in Russian history.

Presence and Persistence of ESKAPEE Bacteria before and after Hospital Wastewater Treatment.

The metagenomic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in wastewater has been suggested as a methodological tool to characterize the distribution, status, and trends of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, a cross-sectional collection of samples of hospital-associated raw and treated wastewater were obtained from February to March 2020. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were performed to characterize bacterial abundance and antimicrobial resistance gene analysis. The main bacterial phyla found in all the samples were as follows: Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. At the species level, ESKAPEE bacteria such as E. coli relative abundance decreased between raw and treated wastewater, but S. aureus, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa increased, as did the persistence of K. pneumoniae in both raw and treated wastewater. A total of 172 different ARGs were detected; blaOXA, blaVEB, blaKPC, blaGES, mphE, mef, erm, msrE, AAC(6'), ant(3″), aadS, lnu, PBP-2, dfrA, vanA-G, tet, and sul were found at the highest abundance and persistence. This study demonstrates the ability of ESKAPEE bacteria to survive tertiary treatment processes of hospital wastewater, as well as the persistence of clinically important antimicrobial resistance genes that are spreading in the environment.

Evaluating the concordance of Egyptian and international sunspot observations

This study provides an exhaustive examination of the evolution of sunspot number (SSN) observations within Egypt, a nation celebrated for its profound astronomical legacy. Although Egypt has a well-established tradition of solar observation, the local SSN records spanning from 2010 to 2022 are compromised by a considerable frequency of absent data, thereby presenting substantial challenges to the precise assessment of solar activity. Addressing this challenge, the study employs dynamic time warping (DTW) as a methodological tool to assess the alignment of local and global SSN datasets. This technique adeptly harmonizes these datasets by reconciling temporal inconsistencies and variations in sampling rates. Subsequent to the application of DTW, the research integrates orthogonal regression for the imputation of the absent values in the Egyptian SSN dataset. This method, preferred for its proficiency in managing errors in both the dependent and independent variables, deviates from conventional linear regression techniques, thereby providing a more nuanced approach to data approximation. The investigation delineates a noteworthy statistical association between the locally-estimated SSN values and the global SSN indices. This correlation is characterized by a consistent pattern in which the locally-derived SSN are systematically lower in comparison to their global counterparts. Nevertheless, these local values display parallel trends and seasonal fluctuations akin to those observed in the global dataset, validating the imputation method and highlighting the unique characteristics of the Egyptian SSN data within the global context of solar activity monitoring. The implications of these findings are significant for the discipline of solar physics, especially for regions contending with incomplete datasets. The methodologies advanced in this research offer a robust framework for the enhancement of datasets with missing data, thus broadening the comprehension of solar phenomena.

Assessment of quality indicators in construction

Introduction. Ensuring proper quality of construction is one of the pressing challenges of our time. Consumers expect cheap products from developers in the form of commercial or residential real estate that meet all the required quality indicators. Most accidents in monolithic construction occur due to non-compliance with technological procedures at low temperatures. The purpose of the study is to develop a framework for assessing the quality of concrete work at subzero temperatures (during winter work) based on the results of studies of technological parameters of winter concreting, their impact on the quality and safety of erected monolithic structures of industrial and civil buildings (structures).Materials and methods. The study used the method of approximating distributions of random variables, expert estimates, the theory of multiple principles, and mathematical statistics. The experiments were carried out in the laboratories of the Don State Technical University, as well as in the conditions of actual concrete work on a construction site in winter. The work uses a correlation-regression analysis of the dependence of the organizational and technological causes of inconsistencies (factors) and quality indicators of concrete work production. Statistical information on structural damage and collapse of buildings during their operation was processed. To make organizational and technological decisions to improve the quality of concrete work, it is proposed to take the influence of defects on the load-bearing capacity of buildings as an indicator of the quality level.Results. Using practical and expert methods, the most significant reasons (factors) for the occurrence of inconsistencies in the level of quality of concrete work production have been established. Factors have been identified that have the greatest influence on the change in the load-bearing capacity and reliability of buildings and structures being erected when performing the main types of construction and installation work. The nomenclature of technological quality indicators during winter production of concrete work, their influence on quality substantiated, and methods for assessing the quality of winter concreting technology are developed. Quantitative indicators of the quality of construction of monolithic reinforced concrete structures were obtained.Discussion and conclusions. The practical value of the work lies in the development of a methodological tool for creating a regulatory framework for operational construction control of the production of monolithic and prefabricated monolithic construction and installation works under conditions of exposure to low temperatures, as well as for acceptance control of compliance of completed construction projects with quality requirements. Proposals are given for establishing regulatory tolerances, ways to improve the manufacturability of the equipment used, a new method for designing winter concreting technology, and a quality control method focused on ensuring structural safety have been developed. By developing the research, it is further possible to develop methods for calculating technology parameters taking into account technological variability, as well as establish new indicators to regulate the required level of quality and safety of buildings being built.

Urban Seasonality: New Paths in Urban Environmental History

Seasons shape infrastructures, temporalities, and life worlds in fundamental ways. Urbanites have long recognized the seasonality of their environments, but seasons have been little studied by historians. This special section explores the diverse ways that urban seasonality affects urban life, focusing on cities in temperate zones across the globe, from North America to Europe to Japan. This collection of essays shows how seasonal rhythms, differentiated from weather (with its transient nature) and climate (with its vast scales) can reveal new areas of inquiry for historians concerned with how urban environments are located in time and space. Taken together, these collected essays move beyond seasonal descriptions to frame seasonality as an analytical and methodological tool, suggesting new ways of thinking about everything from childhood to potholes, social solidarity, style, sewage and human-animal relations. This introduction is an effort to focus our attention on urban seasonality as generative of often surprising ways of approaching familiar topics in urban history.

Methodological support for the integration of the concept of spiritual sensitivity into the practice of social workers

AIM: This article deals with the integration of the concept of spiritual sensitivity into the practice of social workers. The aim of the article is to present a tool for methodological support of social workers in the Czech Republic to better integrate the concept of spiritual sensitivity into practice.METHODS. Apractice guidelines was constructed on the basis of existing theoretical knowledge and research. The development of the practice guidelines included feedback from social workers on a pilot version of the material (N=133).RESULTS: The majority of social workers involved in the feedback process positively evaluated the contribution of the practice guidelines to the integration of spiritual sensitivity into daily practice. CONCLUSION. Despite the fact that the current form of the practice guidelines has the quality of a prototype that will need to be further developed, it could increase the effectiveness of social workers' practice and improve client care by enabling the systematic and ethical integration of spiritual sensitivity into their practice. Moreover, it may provide inspiration for other authors, practitioners and researchers to develop their own methodological support tools and explore the conditions of their effectiveness. A more holistic perspective of working with clients, and a higher chance of their participation and empowerment are benefits that profit the clients themselves in the first place, but may ultimately contribute to the profession's greater credibility in society.

Kathryn Lasky, “Women’s Voice Counts”

The American women did not await the 21st century to express their disapproval of matters of general interest. At every stage of human history, they always assert their presence as agents of social development and promoters of liberties; they prove their ability to serve humanity. In all parts of the world, despite the deliberate ideological restrictions inflicted upon them, they show integrity, decency, and honesty; their pragmatism, literacy, actions, and ideas serve as bow. Those qualities enable them to free themselves from all forms of ostracism and subjugation. Along the march of history, when defending their common cause, some of them sometimes lose their lives, others are incarcerated, but the survivors remain committed and hopeful. They continually fight to climb the social ladder. In socio-professional and political sectors where men are hostile, they demonstrate absolute resilience. A retrospective glance at the US history helps to revivify the American women’s involvement. Labeled as vulnerable and passive beings, they embark on a timeless struggle whose purpose is to restore their tarnished image and dignity. Better still, their awareness enables them to eradicate the prejudices, social inequalities, and barriers, which disadvantage and devalue them. Like other Western countries, the United States has a long tradition of marginalizing women. Its excluding policy is narrowly connected with patriarchal tradition; a practice, which emerges not only in the family sphere, but also on the political stage, where women are deprived of their suffrage. In such circumstances, they suffer from male domination with impunity. That burning social injustice is pictured by writers, such as Kathryn Lasky whose literary works pay tribute to the American suffragists for their boldness and great sense of duty in the construction of democracy in America. As a field par excellence for the symbolization of social facts, literature appears as a location where the American women’s bravery and ingenuity are realistically expressed. Therefore, the study of Laskian female characters’ trajectories through the textual prism is advantageous. For that purpose, the use of Derridean deconstruction as a methodological tool will be helpful. This will scrutinize the political scope of Laskian female characters’ struggle for suffrage through two axes: “A masculinized political system” and “women’s awareness and US democracy.”

An innovative visual approach to the simultaneous study of two dimensions of progress in longevity: an application to French and German regions

BackgroundBoth enhancing life expectancy and decreasing inequalities in lifespan between social groups are significant goals for public policy. To date, however, methodological tools to study progress in both dimensions simultaneously have been lacking. There is also a consensus that absolute and relative inequalities in lifespan must be studied together.MethodsWe introduce a novel graphical representation that combines national mortality rates with both absolute and relative measures of social inequality in mortality. To illustrate our approach, we analyze French and German data stratified by place of residence.ResultsFor all-age mortality, in France we find a steady pace of decline in both mortality and in regional inequalities in mortality over recent decades. In Germany, substantial progress was made in the 1990s, mostly driven by convergence between eastern and western Germany, followed by a period of slower progress. Age-specific analyses for Germany reveal a worrying divergence in regional trends at ages 35–74 in recent years, which is particularly pronounced among women.ConclusionOur novel visual approach offers a way to simultaneously examine two dimensions of progress in longevity, and facilitates meaningful comparisons between populations, even when their current mortality rates differ. The applied methods can be easily reproduced in any country for which long-term mortality series stratified by region, or any relevant socioeconomic characteristic, are available. It is useful for both scientific analysis and policy advice.

Symptomatic Comedy. On Alenka Zupančič’s The Odd One In and Happiness

Abstract The article investigates a possible omission within Alenka Zupančič conceptualization of comedy as presented in her 2008 book The Odd One In: – on Comedy. The lack which this work will reveal lies in Slovenian philosopher’s neglect of the conditions of possibility of experiencing comedy, which – we claim – hinges upon happiness, a state forged and conditioned by a particular relation with the “other” (the primal object in psychoanalytical meaning). In order to execute such investigation, the methodological tool, rooted in both the theories of comedy and psychoanalysis, will be introduced: the navel of thought. This notion will make use of the reasoning of Sigmund Freud and posit the existence of a symptomatic point within any theory of comedy, that is a point at which a certain incongruence of the theory plays out. It is only when we are equipped with the theoretical tool of the navel of the thought will we proceed to find such a point within Alenka Zupančič book.

Vernacular utopia

ABSTRACT This article engages with utopian studies as an interdisciplinary field, scrutinizing the contested, yet prevailing bifurcated conceptualization of ‘utopia’ as either an ideal or praxis. Drawing upon Leonard N. Primiano’s notion of ‘vernacular religion’ as a comprehensive approach for overcoming epistemologically problematic models in theorizing religion, I propose the concept of vernacular utopia as a methodological tool for the comparative study of utopian worldmaking beyond conceptual binaries, such as blueprint versus practice, or religious versus secular. My case example is New Harmony, one of the most famous 19th-century emigrant settlements in the US, where pietists and early socialists encountered and implemented their respective blueprints at the same geographical locale. Focusing on the historiographical roots of Primiano’s concept, my objective is to substantiate the vernacular perspective within historical methodology by illustrating how the approach fosters alternative perspectives on source materials and integrates new sources into the historical study of religion.

Неэффективное управление оборотным капиталом как основной ограничивающий фактор устойчивого развития малых и средних предприятий

The article is devoted to the main barriers to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The main measures of state support for small and medium-sized enterprises are considered. The paper describes the category of "Small and medium–sized enterprises", examines the main criteria for classifying small and medium-sized enterprises, considers the bankruptcy problem and its prerequisites in the course of business activities of small and mediumsized enterprises. Methodological tools of the research: analysis of statistical sources of information and legislative documentation. As the study showed, the sustainable development of an enterprise largely depends on its ability to effectively manage its working capital. It is concluded that an important task of the state is not only to provide support to SMEs in the form of benefits and preferences, but also to carry out its activities as a business partner.

Dynamical reconstruction of the upper-ocean state in the central Arctic during the winter period of the MOSAiC expedition

Abstract. This paper presents a methodological tool for dynamic reconstruction of the state of the ocean, based, as an example, on observations from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) experiment. The data used in this study were collected in the Amundsen Basin between October 2019 and January 2020. Analysing observational data to assess tracer field and upper-ocean dynamics is highly challenging when measurement platforms drift with the ice pack due to continuous drift speed and direction changes. We have equipped the new version of the coastal branch of the global Finite-volumE sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM-C) with a nudging method. Model nudging was carried out assuming a quasi-steady state. Overall, the model can reproduce the lateral and vertical structure of the temperature, salinity, and density fields, which allows for projecting dynamically consistent features of these fields onto a regular grid. We identify two separate depth ranges of enhanced eddy kinetic energy located around two maxima in buoyancy frequency: the depth of the upper halocline and the depth of the warm (modified) Atlantic Water. Simulations reveal a notable decrease in surface layer salinity and density in the Amundsen Basin towards the north but no significant gradient from east to west. However, we find a mixed-layer deepening from east to west, with a 0.084 m km−1 gradient at 0.6 m km−1 standard deviation, compared to a weak deepening from south to north. The model resolves several stationary eddies in the warm Atlantic Water and provides insights into the associated dynamics. The model output can be used to further analyse the thermohaline structure and related dynamics associated with mesoscale and submesoscale processes in the central Arctic, such as estimates of heat fluxes or mass transport. The developed nudging method can be utilized to incorporate observational data from a diverse set of instruments and for further analysis of data from the MOSAiC expedition.

Развитие цифровых технологий в банковской сфере

Abstract The article is devoted to the vectors of digital technology development in the Russian Federation, various factors affecting the banking sector, as well as the forms of modern digital technologies and the possibility of applying state regulation by the Government of the Russian Federation and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in order to ensure stability and security. Special attention is paid to state regulation in the field of information technology in the banking sector. The author highlights the features of the development of digital technologies in the banking sector. The vectors of innovation development in the banking sector are considered. Methodological tools of the research: analysis of statistical sources of information; in the course of the work, forecasting methods are actively used to study possible ways of developing digital banking vectors. In conclusion, the development vectors for the banking sector in the space of digital transformation are highlighted.

Participation for learners with cognitive disabilities in class activities during the pandemic in UAE: issues and barriers

The study examines issues related to achieving meaningful participation in class activities as an element of social inclusion of learners with cognitive disabilities aged 14–19 years that are enrolled in educational institutions (schools/centres) during COVID-19 in United Arab Emirates. The paper relied on a qualitative approach with 5 sessions of virtual observation and 18 semi-structured virtual interviews with learners themselves and their care givers/parents as the main methodological tool given lack of access to physical means at the time of data collection during the global pandemic (2021–22). The analysis was thematic, focusing on explored and extracted main issues that impact one important aspect of the social inclusion of such learners, which is their active participation during a difficult time. The results showed that learners with cognitive disabilities faced additional several issues in addition to what members of the surrounding community dealt with during the disaster. Data revealed that they were immensely affected by the pandemic, with another layer of social isolation, lack of peer interaction as well as family restriction that is directed at them with additional measures than everyone in the household. It also showed that despite the efforts and programmes designed by schools/institutes that were in place to support their engagement in academic and social activities, participation as an important social aspect of their school lives was badly impacted. Despite calls for prioritizing such learners, the study revealed that learners with cognitive disability were constructed as ‘last on the list’ among class community members in terms of their participation and active engagement in different class activities. The data were purposefully collected at a time that is unlikely to be replicated for many years to come (a global pandemic), the purpose was to give a reflection on the status allocated to such individuals during hard, unusual and/or difficult times for any future practice. The paper forwards recommendations to support educational institutions to promote active participation of learners with cognitive disabilities.