Methodological Disagreements Research Articles

The relationship between the gut microbiome and resistance training: a rapid review

The human gut microbiome is attracting increasing attention because of its overall effect on health. Several reviews have investigated the impact of physical activity on the gut microbiome; however, these predominantly concentrate on either endurance or a combination of physical activities. This study aims to describe the effect of resistance or strength training on the gut microbiome of a human population. This rapid review follows the guidelines of the Cochrane Rapid Reviews Guidance along with PRISMA. A review of the literature was carried out using articles indexed by PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science published in the last 12 years. None of the seven studies included find significant change in the gut microbiome in terms of bacterial taxa composition or overall diversity, though the results show that resistance training might decrease the zonulin level and increase mucin production and thereby reduce inflammation in the gut. Interestingly, two studies point to a gut-muscle axis connection and this is discussed in our paper. However, due to the small number of existing studies and certain methodological disagreements, it was hard to find a consensus on the relationship between the gut microbiome and resistance training.

Ontological modeling of the psychological field of a play

Ontological modeling of the psychological field of a play

Philosophy of Postmodernism as a Marker of Modern Linguistic Methodology of Research on Interlinguistic Communication

The paper highlights the problems of the methodology of linguistics in the light of modern cultural transformations. The research object is the methodology of linguistic studies in the paradigm of postmodernism. The purpose is to substantiate the need for parity between rational and irrational approaches in the methodology of linguistic research. A point of the problem is the state inconsistency of the linguistic methodology with modern requests of global communication. In the process of research, a brief analysis of postmodernism in its relationship with linguistics is given; the causes of methodological disagreements of linguistic practices are determined; the parity of rationalism and irrationalism in the interpretation of the text is declared; a philosophical substantiation of the position on the correspondence of the narrative form of linguistic methodology to the humanistic potential of postmodernism is given. The conclusion is that the requirements of the philosophy of postmodernism should become an immanent part of research in linguistic methodology. The significance is improving the efficiency of the practical implementation of linguistic research.

Problems in ensuring effective parasitological control on the territory of the Russian Federation

Introduction. Modern parasitology is an area of interdisciplinary research that uses the methods and approaches of various biological disciplines, such as genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, ecology, biology, medicine, veterinary medicine, climatology, using methods of landscape-geographical mapping, mathematical modeling to assess the parasitological situation and predict its dynamics. New problems associated with the parasitic aspects of global climate change, the introduction of new host species and parasites (pathogens), and anthropogenic transformation of natural ecosystems become topical. In this regard, the primary tasks for optimizing the socio-hygienic monitoring of the parasitic safety of the environment is the introduction of new methodological approaches for ranking territories - the risk according to the species composition and intensity of circulation of pathogens of parasitic diseases, the trend in changes in their range of pathogens and epidemiological properties in anthropogenically determined conditions. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the methodology for choosing a territory for optimizing social and hygienic monitoring and substantiating proposals for the unification of hygienic standards for parasitological indicators of environmental safety. Materials and methods. Experimental parasitological monitoring was carried out at the pilot site. 712 samples were studied using unified methods of parasitological research of biomaterial (MUK 4.2.3145-13 “Laboratory diagnostics of helminthiases and protozooses”) and environmental objects (MUK 4.2.2661-10 “Methods of sanitary and parasitological research”). Results. Data were obtained on the high intensity of the circulation of pathogens of parasitic diseases in the environment - 25%. More than 15 types of pathogens of parasitic diseases have been systematized. Limitations. The limitations of the study were associated with the lack of development of diagnostic tools for the genetic identification of parasitic pathogens within the same systematic group by PCR analysis. Conclusion. Methodological disagreements in various normative documents to the composition of the “target indicators” of research are determined. The practical part of the work included the collection of material from people and animals, from environmental objects. A new approach to the hygienic standardization of parasitological indicators based on group systematization of the propagative stages of development of parasites with subsequent methodological determination of their taxonomic affiliation is substantiated.

Truth Commission Impact on Policy, Courts, and Society

This review surveys the philosophical underpinnings, conceptual frames, and methodological choices informing the scholarship on truth commission impact to examine whether, how, how much, and why truth commissions influence policy, court decisions, and social norms. It focuses on three areas: ( a) truth commission impact as the product of complex interactions between politicians, civil society activists, and truth commissions; ( b) conceptual and methodological debates and disagreements in studies of impact; and ( c) normative visions guiding expectations and assessments. The findings of empirical scholarship range from partial confirmation of bold and at times vague expectations to damning accounts of commissions’ failure to deliver. In addition to conceptual and methodological choices, scholars’ normative assumptions and expectations also explain divergent accounts of truth commission impact. Three sets of normative frameworks set the expectations in particular: building liberal democratic institutions; transforming socioeconomic, gendered, and racialized hierarchies; and reflecting local values, norms, and power dynamics.

Automation methodology of the surface creation of products thin-walled shell

To succeed in the process of educational design, it is necessary to understand and formulate the principles that underlie the creative activity of students and are conditioned by the patterns of technique and technology development. In the process of educational design, opportunities arise for students to use their knowledge about the mechanical, physical, chemical, technological and operational properties of products for the manufacture of an educational design object, as well as for the application and improvement of their practical knowledge and skills. In this work, the authors set themselves the task of resolving the arising methodological disagreements in the process of teaching junior students solid-state modeling of the constituent parts of complex products. It has been established that before proceeding with the design of a unit, it is necessary to analyze it, select individual surface areas and outline methods for their construction, including the construction of complete sketches of individual elements.

POSSIBILIDADES DE INTERVENÇÃO DO ASSISTENTE SOCIAL NA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA COM BASE NA LEI N. 13.935-2019

The purpose of this article was to analyze the possibilities of intervention of the social worker in education, based on the law 13.935 / 2019 that guarantees the professional of Social Work in schools of basic education. To achieve this goal, an exploratory research was developed, with a theoretical framework anchored in authors such as Martins (1999; 2007), Novais et al (2001) and Oliveira (2015). In order to contribute to the achievement of the proposed objective, a questionnaire was also applied to the social worker of an education secretary in a municipality in the Planalto Norte Catarinense about her experience and her understandings regarding the possibilities of intervention in this field. performance. The results showed that, although the indications of possibilities for Social Worker intervention in basic education discussed in this article are, to a large extent, prior to Law No. 13.935 / 2019, there are no major theoretical and methodological disagreements with the current law. However, as the proposed objective was to analyze the intervention possibilities of the Social Worker based on Law No. 13,935 / 2019, this lack of elements made it impossible to contemplate the objective in its entirety. Showing clear evidence of the emerging need for more research to discuss this issue.

Институциональное и культурное направления в экономике развития: предпосылки относительно мотивации агентов как источник разногласий

In this paper we address the methodological discrepancies that exist between institutional and cultural approaches in modern literature devoted to the study of reasons for economic development in the long historical perspective. We analyze in detail and compare the ontological assumptions of the theories of key representatives of the institutional (D. Acemoglu, J. Robinson and D. North) and cultural research directions (J. Mokyr, D. McCloskey). We show that traditional ways of conceptualizing are insufficient for understanding the actual source of methodological disagreements existing between these approaches. We argue that the reason for such disagreements is the difference in implicit ontological assumptions regarding the motivation of agents between the theories under consideration. The authors of institutional theories, who do not consider it necessary to assign an independent role to cultural factors along with institutional ones, at the level of ontological assumptions reject the possibility of exogenous changes in the internal motivation of agents. At the same time, the authors of cultural theories, who distinguish institutional and cultural factors as independent from each other, in their theories acknowledge the presence of exogenous shocks of internal motivation and their potentially important role in economic changes. This discrepancy determines, on the one hand, the deductive nature of analytical narratives within the institutional research direction, and on the other hand, the inductive nature of the historical argumentation of representatives of the cultural research direction.

The Importance of Extracellular Potassium for Differentiation of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells in Tissue Cultures

Despite the fact that cultures of cerebellar granule cells constitute a popular experimental model, the key functional element of the cerebellum, i.e., Purkinje cells (PC), are rarely studied in tissue culture. There are currently serious methodological disagreements relating to the composition of the medium promoting survival of PC and the development of morphology similar to that of in vivo neurons. The development of cerebellar PC in primary tissue cultures at different potassium concentrations was assessed using combinations of vital calcium imaging and immunohistochemical tissue staining for calbindin-28K as a marker for PC. Studies of rat cerebellum were carried out on culture days 7, 14, and 21. Increases in potassium levels in the medium were found to stimulate PC survival, which promoted increases in body size and the development of the dendritic tree of PC. PC demonstrated the intrinsic spontaneous oscillations in free calcium typical for adult PC.

‘Don’t play if you can’t win’: does economic inequality undermine political equality?

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate whether income inequality negatively affects voter turnout. Despite some progress, the answer to this question is still debated due to methodological disagreements and differences in the selection of countries and time periods. We contribute to this debate by triangulating data and methods. More specifically, we use three kinds of data to resolve the question: first, we use cross-sectional aggregate data of 21 OECD countries in the time period from 1980 to 2014 to study the relationship between inequality and electoral participation. Second, we zoom in on the German case and examine local data from 402 administrative districts between 1998 and 2017. Focusing on within-country variation eliminates differences that are linked to features of the political system. Finally, we combine survey data with macro-data to investigate the impact of inequality on individual voting. This final step also allows us to test whether the effect of income inequality on voter turnout differs across income groups. Taken together, we offer the most comprehensive analysis of the impact of social inequality on political inequality to date. We corroborate accounts that argue that economic inequality exacerbates participatory inequality.

Method and Dialogue in History and Originalism

There is a sharp separation between the scholarly literature of originalists and professional historians. Originalists cite one another, but regularly ignore recent work by historians. Historians are generally happy to return the favor. Engagement between the two communities is too often limited to methodological disputes and amicus briefs. As a result, historical inquiry offers less to constitutional law than it might, and constitutional lawyers offer less to history than they could. Some of this separation is due to unavoidable methodological tension, but those tensions have not always frustrated productive dialogue. Originalism, in fact, emerged as an important theory of constitutional interpretation because of developments in professional historiography. Post-Revisionist approaches to the historiography of Reconstruction inspired and legitimated the book that set originalism on its current trajectory: Raoul Berger's Government by Judiciary. The revolution in the historiography of the founding embodied in Gordon Wood's Creation of the American Republic offered originalists other opportunities. It was not methodological disagreements but technological, institutional, and disciplinary developments since the 1980s that separated history and originalism. Those trends have mostly accelerated in the twenty-first century, but the role historians played in creating originalism suggests opportunities for productive dialogue still exist and should be pursued.

Waluchow and Dworkin’s Disagreement on Legal Theory, Precedent and Adjudication: A Family Affair

In this paper, I would like to address some of the criticisms that Waluchow raised against Dworkin that appear in his book Inclusive Legal Positivism, in particular (i) the response to Dworkin’s methodological contention that jurisprudence should be regarded as a first-order interpretation of the law and (ii) the contention that Dworkin’s “law as integrity” provides a deficient description of the practice of precedent, inasmuch as it does not distinguish between theories of law and theories of adjudication and creates a set of puzzles that cannot be resolved with Dworkin’s interpretive account of the legal practice. In response to Waluchow, I argue that regardless of their methodological disagreements, law as integrity and inclusive legal positivism are very similar descriptions of the social practice of law, and that the former can also provide a sound theory of precedent and adjudication.

The Methodological Commitments of Contemporary Contract Theory

Autonomy and economic theories of contract seem to provide incompatible accounts of contract law. In this Chapter, I argue that what appear to be first-order disagreements over particular contract doctrines are really implicit second-order disagreements reflecting the divergent methodological commitments of autonomy and economic theories. I argue that autonomy theories accord priority to the normative project of justifying existing contract doctrine, treat contract law as consisting in the plain meaning of doctrine, require contract theory to explain the distinctive character of contract law, and take the ex post perspective in adjudication. In contrast, economic theories accord priority to the positive project of explaining existing contract theory, treat contract law as consisting in the outcomes of cases, strive to explain away, rather than explain, the distinctiveness of contract law, and take the ex ante perspective in adjudication. I demonstrate how the apparent disagreements between autonomy contract theories, such as Charles Fried's and Peter Benson's theories, and economic theories, such as Charles Goetz and Robert Scott's contract theory, reflect these opposing methodological commitments, rather than direct disagreements over particular contract doctrines. I also demonstrate that these theories' opposing perspectives in adjudication do not, as Richard Craswell has famously argued, necessarily disable all autonomy theories from addressing the problem of contractual gaps. I conclude that genuine progress on the first-order questions of contract law can be made only by first identifying and then adjudicating the methodological disagreements between different kinds of contract theories.

Margaret connolly and raluca radulescu (eds). Insular Books: Vernacular Manuscript Miscellanies in Late Medieval Britain.

The Review of English Studies Advance Access published December 18, 2015 REVIEW CONNOLLY and RALUCA RADULESCU (eds). Insular Books: Vernacular Manuscript Miscellanies in Late Medieval Britain. Pp. xviii + 330 (Proceedings of the British Academy 201). Oxford: Oxford University Press for The British Academy, 2015. Hardback, £70. MARGARET The Review of English Studies, New Series s The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press 2015; all rights reserved Downloaded from http://res.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on December 18, 2015 Our brains find patterns. A 2008 study by Jennifer A. Whitson and Adam D. Galinsky on ‘illusory pattern recognition’ exposed some of the ways in which a lack of control prompts people to perceive ‘a coherent and meaningful interrelationship among a set of random or unrelated stimuli’ (‘Lacking Control Increases Illusory Pattern Perception’, Science, 3 October 2008, 115–117). Precisely what is perceived is similarly complex—hungry people see food in ambiguous images more frequently than non-hungry people, and cultural differences affect the nature of the patterns seen. Apophenia, the tendency to perceive patterns amidst unconnected points, lies at the heart of our encounters with randomness, and the many ways in which we attempt to make meaning out of it. Any collection of essays on medieval miscellanies is bound to be, well, a bit miscellaneous. The editors deftly wield the variety of the essays here to construct interesting resonances throughout the volume. Broadly, the introduction, 15 essays, and an afterword offer a sustained and very detailed focus on a remarkable number of late fourteenth-, fifteenth-, and sixteenth-century manuscripts. The almost 300 entries in the welcome Index of Manuscripts attest to the learning on display here. The breadth of manuscripts under consideration is noteworthy, moving beyond the usual suspects in English manuscript study (Digby 86, Harley 2253, Auchinleck, the books of Robert Thornton, John Shirley, and Richard Hill) to include Welsh, Scottish, and Tudor manuscripts. These reimagined cultural, linguistic, and chronological borders put fascinating pressure on ideas of miscella- neity that have been primarily derived from late medieval English manuscripts. Not unexpectedly, most of the essays argue for ways in which a number of these manu- scripts do or do not combine homogeneous or heterogeneous texts in French, Middle English, Latin, and Welsh in meaningful ways. Many of the essays work to expose some sort of previously unrecognized logic connecting the texts and contexts of particular manu- scripts. They do so on linguistic, temporal, and historical grounds. Other essays survey a range of manuscripts that might be considered miscellaneous on generic or linguistic grounds. A third group of essays argues instead for ways to theorize or define the core and contested idea of the medieval miscellany. Methodological disagreements amongst the constituent essays are honest, though not always productive. Where Emily Wingfield interestingly employs the idea of ‘material intertextuality’ (p. 216) to make sense of CUL MS Kk.1.5 as ‘a composite and thematically coherent whole’ (p. 230), Andrew Taylor worries about ‘how tricky the business of clas- sifying becomes as it involves a judgment not just on the contents but on the compiler’s original intention’ (p. 150). Julia Boffey and A.S.G. Edwards attempt to move from scribal intentionality to a ‘specifics of time and place’ (p. 267) of manuscript production as a way to distinguish between ‘purposive and accretive copying’ (p. 277). Yet, Dafydd Johnston’s exemplary essay on ‘Welsh Bardic Miscellanies’ argues compellingly that NLW MS Peniarth 54, written by 18 different hands in the late fifteenth century, and localizable to neither place nor time, is an emphatically coherent assemblage.

Heidegger and Mulla Sadra: Conceptual evidence and essential inscrutability of being

Considering the views of the founder of the Islamic transcendental philosophy Mulla Sadra Shirazi and one of the most important representatives of modern existentialist school Martin Heidegger we can see certain similarities. They both saw the question of being as the crucial issue of the philosophical systems they established. However, although we note that they began their philosophical exploration from the similar starting point - i.e. the question of being - details of their philosophical systems differ significantly. A detailed explanation of their philosophical differences, of course, would require a much more extensive study. Nevertheless, in this paper, the author is trying to point out some aspects of content and methodological disagreements of these two philosophers which appear at the beginning of their philosophical studies, i.e. in justifying the authenticity of the doctrine of conceptual evidence and essential inscrutability of being. This topic, which seems the same at first glance at Mulla Sadra and Heidegger, is discussed in detail in this paper; eventually, four fundamental differences that arose with the two philosophers are pointed out. Moreover, as this topic plays a fundamental role in the further development of their philosophical systems, the author concludes that the roots of their subsequent and significant disagreement, among others, should be sought in this doctrine as well.

Virtual Special Issue (VSI) on whole‐plant water transport

Virtual Special Issue (VSI) on whole‐plant water transport

Introduction: Looking from the Outside in – How Europe is Studied Abroad

European Studies (ES), the academic field that deals with European issues in general and European integration in particular, is controversial by nature. For some, European integration is but an ideology. Others believe it to be an ‘n’ of 1 that cannot be compared or imitated. For the majority, European integration is a moving target and an unfinished undertaking, whereas a growing number of academics and pundits speak no longer of integration but governance. Notwithstanding these epistemological and methodological disagreements, top universities in Europe and around the world have put in place departments and programmes devoted to the study of the historical developments, institutions, processes, policies, and challenges of the EU and the politics and interdependence of its member-states. No other regional organization has won such a place of honour in academic curricula. In this symposium, we are interested in scrutinizing how ES have been studied and taught outside Europe. We have collected contributions from distinguished scholars from six significant world areas in order to ensure a balanced geographical spread of our insight to these academic developments: the United States, Russia, China, Australia (and New Zealand), Israel (and the Middle East) and (Southern) Latin America.

Ontologies, depth, and otherwise: critical notes on Wight's meta-theoretical proposal of a scientific realist IR

This contribution investigates in some more depth a limited set of the premises on which Wight's argument for a ‘scientific realist’ approach to the study of International Relations (IR) rests, an approach, which, according to him, raises the hitherto unacknowledged centrality of ontological premises to all forms of knowledge and human action. Positing ‘Politics as Ontology’ (the book's subtitle) permits, so Wight's argument goes, the conduct of social science in a way which renders most epistemological and methodological disagreements obsolete, since the latter can be shown to be enabled only by competing, mutually exclusive, relatively incompatible, or unreflectively fragmentary ontological commitments. On this view, clarifying the respective ontological commitments, which underpin – tacitly or explicitly – competing theories yields the prospect of demonstrating relatively precisely what it is that enables disagreements at the levels of epistemology and methodology to arise in the first place. Programmatically, Wight seeks to establish the scientific realist account as a consistent, critical, fallibilist, unified account of scientific practice, reintegrating social and natural sciences in a reconceptualised naturalist scheme.

Finding New Wine in Old Bottles: What Historians Must Do When Leontief Coefficients Are No Longer the Designated Drivers of Economics

I Brute Facts Antiseptically Free of Institutional Context In 1951, Nobel Laureate Wassily put his finger on what was wrong with economics. It had remained a deductive system resting upon a static set of premises, when what was needed was an economics that would combine economic and theory. The new economics would be called interindustry or input-output analysis (Leontief 1966: 14). According to it is easy to compute complete table of input requirements at any given level of output, provided we know its input These input ratios could be calculated from engineering data on design and operating procedure (ibid., 24-26). For and, I suspect, a large number of economists in 1951, technological dependent only on chemical and physical laws of nature--what I shall call Leontief coefficients--were indisputable. It would take so many units of coke to produce a ton of pig iron whether or not there was a human being alive on earth to witness that transformation. The coefficients were bedrock of subsequent economic analysis. They were analogous to what philosopher John R. Searle has termed facts (Searle 1995: 27). These brute about (unlike facts I shall discuss later on in this lecture) do not depend for their existence on human speech or human ritual. For same reason tree will make a sound in forest even if no one were there to listen, coke will smelt iron into steel even if no one is there to comprehend spectacle (ibid.). A few years later, another distinguished economist of post-war period, Francis M. Bator, demonstrated his commitment to an alternative version of the neo-Walrasian research program by preparing a concise review of what he called simple analytics of welfare maximization. The review appeared in American Economic Review in 1957 (Bator 1957). Unlike Leontief, Bator allowed for substitution among factors of and hence for variable input ratios. The degree of variation, or elasticity of factor substitution, was still regulated by certain brute about technology, however. These brute were part of state of art of current technology, which was assumed to change slowly and to be less obviously dependent on incentives. Bator nicely summarized three necessary equilibrium that all rational economic systems had to satisfy if social welfare were to be at a maximum (ibid.). Although Bator's three equilibrium by themselves did not completely solve problem of maximizing social welfare, they did reappear as part of final maximum-welfare solution once so-called Bergsonian social welfare function had been defined. The three equilibrium were also used as a scientific justification for government intervention in settings. Bator made it clear that these were antiseptically independent of institutional context (ibid.). II Brute Facts and Austrian School Not all economists were enamored with neoWalrasian research program. According to several authorities, modern Austrian school moved in other directions and rejected general equilibrium for a market process approach (Vaughn 1994). Still, despite methodological disagreements, modern Austrians joined with neoWalrasians on at least one point that I wish to emphasize in this paper: Austrians accepted priority of brute about in form of the given technological background conditions that inform economic analysis. The Austrian economists generally agreed with and other neoWalrasians that brute of technology set objective limits on outcomes available to any economic system. Indeed, it was Austrian Gottfried Haberler who succeeded in organizing fledgling field of international economics around concept of production possibilities frontier, which itself became a favorite expository device among text book writers (Haberler 1936). …

História da psicologia social no Rio de Janeiro: dois importantes personagens

A psicologia social de meados da década de 1960 e início da década de 1970 conheceu, segundo alguns autores, o que se denominou "crise". Nas décadas seguintes, as discordâncias teóricas e metodológicas presentes neste campo evidenciaram não apenas posições antagônicas em relação a temas importantes no campo da psicologia social, como também deram visibilidade a alguns autores que representavam estas rivalidades. No Brasil e, mais especificamente no Rio de Janeiro, dois personagens importantes tiveram seus nomes e suas obras relacionados a estes antagonismos: Schneider e Rodrigues. Nosso objetivo será apresentar um relato da história destes importantes personagens da psicologia social no Rio de Janeiro.