Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Method Research Articles

Optimization of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction (uae) of Allicin from Garlic (allium Sativum L.)

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the most widely used traditional medicines. Allicin is the main bioactive components of garlic which is responsible for many of its benefits, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. This study investigated the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of allicin from garlic. The extraction conditions associated with allicin yield, including particle size, extraction temperature and extraction time, are discussed. HPLC has been used for the quantification of allicin. The optimal condition for the extraction of allicin from garlic was found with sliced garlic, at temperature of 25 °C and 90 min of extraction for the maximum yield (112 µg/mL). Overall, the results obtained indicate that UAE method provided a good alternative for the extraction of allicin from garlic.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Rhododendron aganniphum: Antioxidant activity and rheological properties

In this study, we aimed to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the leaves of Rhododendron aganniphum and investigate its rheological properties and antioxidant activity. After optimizing the operating parameters using a Box-Behnken design (BBD), the results showed that the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature, 55°C; liquid-solid ratio, 25:1; extraction time, 2.2h; and ultrasound treatment power, 200W. The optimized experimental yield of polysaccharides by ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE) was 9.428%, higher than that obtained by hot water extraction (PHWE) for 12h at the same liquid-solid ratio and extraction temperature. In the in vitro antioxidant activity tests, PUAE had higher positive radical scavenging activity for hydroxyl, superoxide and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals than PHWE. However, PUAE and PHWE solutions had similar intermolecular interactions in the steady-shear flow and dynamic viscoelasticity tests, resulting in similar macroscopic behaviour. With respect to the apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of PUAE were lower at the same shear rate or angular frequency. All PUAE solutions exhibited non-Newtonian shear-thinning pseudoplastic behaviour that was accurately described by the Carreau model but was better fit by the power-law model at high shear rates (≥1/s), which demonstrated that the variation in the apparent viscosity dependence was greater at higher concentrations and shear rates. The G′ and G″ of the solutions increased as the experimental frequency increased from 0.05 to 500rad/s under all experimental concentrations, and the modulus crossover point decreased gradually with increasing PUAE concentration. The above results demonstrated that the ultrasound-assisted extraction methods gave a higher yield of polysaccharides from the leaves of R. aganniphum with a shorter extraction time than the hot water extraction method, which could affect the apparent viscosity and dynamic viscoelasticity. PUAE presented good radical scavenging activity for DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in vitro and could be used as a natural antioxidant in the food and medical industries.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Identification of Natural Antioxidants from the Fruit of Melastoma sanguineum Sims.

The fruit of Melastoma sanguineum Sims is an edible and sweet wild fruit. In our previous study, the fruit was found to have a strong antioxidant property. In this study, an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed to extract natural antioxidants from the fruit of Melastoma sanguineum Sims, and a response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of UAE to maximize the extraction efficiency. The influence of five independent extraction parameters (ethanol concentration, solvent/material ratio, extracting time, temperature, and ultrasound power) on the extraction efficiency were investigated using a single factor experiment, and then a central composite rotatable design was used to investigate the interaction of three key parameters. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were 42.98% ethanol, 28.29 mL/g solvent/material ratio, 34.29 min extracting time, 60 °C temperature, and 600 W ultrasound power. Under these conditions, the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value of the extracts was 1074.61 ± 32.56 μmol Trolox/g dry weight (DW). Compared with conventional maceration (723.27 ± 11.61 μmol Trolox/g DW) and Soxhlet extraction methods (518.37 ± 23.23 μmol Trolox/g DW), the UAE method improved the extraction efficiency, in a shorter period of time. In addition, epicatechin gallate, epicatechin, rutin, epigallocatechin, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin, were identified and quantified in the fruit extracts of Melastoma sanguineum Sims by UPLC-MS/MS.

Utilisation of Guava Discarded Product: Extraction of Antioxidant from Guava Leaves Using An Ultrasound Assisted Method

Background: In this research, guava leaves are utilised as a potential source of natural antioxidants. Various extraction techniques have been applied for the extraction of phenolic compounds from plants. However, the high temperature and long extraction time used in these methods can cause degradation of the bioactive compounds. In order to overcome this limitation, ultrasound assisted extraction is one of the techniques that can be applied. The advantages of this method include increased extraction yield, less solvent amount required, lower temperature and shorter extraction time. Objective: The main objective of this work is to apply ultrasound assisted method in the extraction of antioxidant from guava leaves. The effect of extraction time, temperature and the solid-to-liquid ratio on the extraction performance are investigated. Method: The extraction was conducted by following the standard method described in the literature. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were analysed according to Folin-Ciocalteu and 1,1- Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method, respectively. Results: The results show that both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity increase with an increase in extraction time. The most appropriate temperature was found to be 55 °C, while increasing the solid-to-liquid ratio led to a drastic drop in the phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the guava leaves. Conclusion: The ultrasound assisted extraction method was successfully applied in the extraction of antioxidant compounds from guava leaves. The utilisation of guava leaves in this manner is expected to reduce the amount of waste disposal from food industries.

Single-step reinforced microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil samples using an inside needle capillary adsorption trap with electropolymerized aniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube sorbent

A polyaniline/multi-wall carbon nanotubes (PANI/MWCNT) composite was electrodeposited on the interior surface of a platinized stainless steel capillary needle and used to prepare an inside needle capillary adsorption trap (INCAT) device. The platinization expanded the interior adsorbing surface of the needle and made it more porous and cohesive for nanocomposite film. The nanocomposite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The fabricated INCAT was fixed into a cooling capsule to fabricate a cooling-assisted INCAT (CA-INCAT) system. The CA-INCAT device was used to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from solid samples followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) determination. To obtain the best extraction efficiency, the important experimental variables were studied and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for the studied PAHs were in the range of 0.002–0.02ngg−1. Linear dynamic ranges (LDRs) for the calibration curves were found to be 0.1–30,000ngg−1. Relative standard deviations (RSDs%) for six replicated analysis of 1ngg−1 PAHs were obtained 7.7–11%. The CA-INCAT-GC-FID method was successfully applied for the extraction and determination of PAHs in contaminated soil samples. The results were in agreement with those obtained by a validated ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UA-SE) method.

Ionic-Liquid-Based Infrared-Assisted Extraction (IL-IRAE) Coupled with HPLC–MS: a Green and Convenient Tool for Determination of TCMs

Infrared radiation, one form of electromagnetic wave, has potential value due to its heating effect, but has become a matter of grave concern in recent years. We describe herein ionic-liquid-based infrared-assisted extraction (IL-IRAE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–mass spectrometry (MS) as a green and convenient method for simultaneous determination of three alkaloids in Lycoris radiata, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Extraction parameters including the type and concentration of IL, extraction solvent, liquid/solid ratio, extraction time, and irradiation power were optimized via orthogonal design and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Chromatography–mass spectrometry was performed in positive ion mode on a TSK gel C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm id, 5-µm particle size) with less than 5-min separation. Evaluation of the method showed good results with analytical recovery ranging from 100.66 to 103.90 %. The extraction efficiency of IL-IRAE was proved to be increased by 25 % compared with conventional heat reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods under the operational parameters investigated in the study, indicating that the developed IL-IRAE method is environmentally friendly, simple, low cost, and efficient, offering great promise for quick determination of active compounds in TCMs and natural plants.

Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a simple assisted clean-up and preconcentration technique for GC/MS determination of selected PAHs extracted from sewage sludge by Soxhlet and ultrasound assisted extraction method

Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a simple assisted clean-up and preconcentration technique for GC/MS determination of selected PAHs extracted from sewage sludge by Soxhlet and ultrasound assisted extraction method

Antioxidant activity optimisation of Spirulina platensis C-phycocyanin obtained by freeze-thaw, microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods

In vitro antioxidant activities of C-phycocyanin extracts obtained from Spirulina platensis by freeze-thaw, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods were evaluated according to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. Full factorial design was used to optimise the extraction time and medium pH using multiple linear regression analysis. The third-order polynomial models with high R2 values (0.925, 0.946 and 0.858) were sufficiently fitted to the experimental antiradical activities of C-phycocyanin extracted by the three extraction methods. The optimised results showed that the lowest IC50 value for C-phycocyanin extracted by freeze-thaw extraction method (IC50 = 0.031 mg/ml) was obtained after 4 h of extraction at pH=8.00. While these values for MAE (IC50 = 0.021 mg/ml) and UAE (IC50 = 0.036 mg/ml) methods were 22.5 s at pH=8.00, and 6.71 min at pH=7.57, respectively. The models adequacy was confirmed by extracting the C-phycocyanin under the o...

Comparison of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction and Dynamic Maceration Over Content of Tagitinin C obtained from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Leaves Using Factorial Design.

Background:Tithonia diversifolia belongs to the Asteraceae family. The leaves of T. diversifolia have been studied lately because of the presence of tagitinin C.Objective:Looking for an easy and inexpensive method to extract tagitinin C from T. diversifolia leaves, this work aims to conduct a screening to evaluate the influence of different experimental factors using the dynamic maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods with 23 factorial design based on response surface methodology in enhancing this chemical marker extraction.Materials and Methods:The experimental factors were: extraction time (ET) of 30 and 60 minutes, solid: liquid ratio (SLR) of 5 and 10 grams/grams and ethanolic strength (ES) 48 and 96% (w/w). The experiments were done tripled. The content of tagitinin C in each produced extract was quantified by HPLC method.Results:The highest concentrations of tagitinin C obtained under the experimental design were 0.53 mg/mL and 0.71 mg/mL, respectively for dynamic maceration (DM) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) from Tithonia diversifolia powdered leaves. For the UAE method, the main parameter for higher contents of tagitinin C was the solid: liquid ratio, followed by the ethanolic strength, and the extraction time was not significant for this method. As for the DM method, all the parameters (SLR, ES, and ET) were significant for a higher content of tagitinin C.Conclusion:Based on the obtained results, it was revealed that the ultrasound-assisted extraction was more effective than dynamic maceration for tagitinin C extraction from T. diversifolia powdered leaves.Summary Tithonia diversifolia leaves possess tagitinin C, a sesquiterpene lactone, as an important secondary metabolite with several biological activities, such as antimalarial, gastroprotective, chemotherapeutic adjuvants, and toxic activities.Ultrasound-assisted extraction was more effective to obtain higher levels of tagitinin C when compared with dynamic maceration extraction.Factorial design can be employed as a screening tool to find the effects of factors investigated in the extraction processes. Abbreviation used: DME: dynamic maceration extraction, UAE: ultrasound-assisted extraction, ET: extraction time, ES: ethanolic strength, SLR: solid:liquid ratio, Tag C: tagitinin C, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography.

The Effect of Temperature on Extraction of Swietenia Mahagoni by Ultrasound–assisted Extraction (UAE) Method

Azo dyes are synthetic organic dyes which have azo group (-N=N-) as chromophore. Waste of azo dyes have not been able to overcome completely so that requires solutions of natural dye. Raw material of natural dye can be obtained from Swietenia mahagoni. Natural dye can be extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. The pupose of this research is to study the factor that influence UAE. Observed factor is influence of extraction temperature to the yield of natural dye. This research was conducted using ratio of material to solvent of 0.05 g/L with extraction time at 40 minute. Extraction temperature was observed at 30, 40, and 50oC. Ultrasonic wave that used for this research at 40 kHz. The result is increasing temperature will be allow the increasing trend of yield. The result indicate that there is about 9.2748% improvement in the yield of extract due to increasing extraction temperature from 30oC to 50oC

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase system extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Aronia melanocarpa pomace by response surface methodology

ABSTRACTAronia melanocarpa berries are abundant in polyphenolic compounds. After juice production, the pomace of pressed berries still contains a substantial amount of polyphenolic compounds. For efficient utilization of A. melanocarpa berries and the enhancement of polyphenolic compound yields in Aronia melanocarpa pomace (AMP), total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) from AMP were extracted, using ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase system (UAE-ATPS) extraction method. First, the influences of ammonium sulfate concentration, ethanol–water ratio, ultrasonic time, and ultrasonic power on TP and TF yields were investigated. On this basis, process variables such as ammonium sulfate concentration (0.30–0.35 g mL−1), ethanol–water ratio (0.6–0.8), ultrasonic time (40–60 min), and ultrasonic power (175–225 W) were further optimized by implementing Box–Benhnken design with response surface methodology. The experimental results showed that optimal extraction conditions of TP from AMP were as follows: ammonium sulfate concentration of 0.324 g mL−1, ethanol–water ratio of 0.69, ultrasonic time of 52 min, and ultrasonic power of 200 W. Meanwhile, ammonium sulfate concentration of 0.320 g mL−1, ethanol–water ratio of 0.71, ultrasonic time of 50 min, and ultrasonic power of 200 W were determined as optimum extraction conditions of TF in AMP. Experimental validation was performed, where TP and TF yields reached 68.15 ± 1.04 and 11.67 ± 0.63 mg g−1, respectively. Close agreement was found between experimental and predicted values. Overall, the present results demonstrated that ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase system extraction method was successfully used to extract total phenolics and flavonoids in A. melanocarpa pomace.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of β-d-glucan from hull-less barley: Assessment of physicochemical and functional properties

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method on physicochemical and molecular properties of hull-less barley β-d-glucan. With increasing sonication time, β-d-glucan flow behavior index (n) and its extraction yield significantly increased while its consistency coefficient and lightness decreased. Sonication time had no significant effect on β-d-glucan purity, emulsion and foam stabilizing effect and colour. Increasing pH from 5 to 9 significantly enhanced extraction yield, purity, consistency coefficient (k), emulsion stabilizing effect and yellowness of the final product. At higher pHs, flow behavior index (n) and redness and yellowness decreased. With increasing the amplitude, extracted β-d-glucan flow behavior index (n), redness significantly increased. In contrast, β-d-glucan purity, emulsion stability, consistency coefficient (k) and yellowness decreased as a result of increase in sound amplitude. However, sound amplitude had no significant effect on β-d-glucan lightness. Models presented in this study were highly significant and the correlation coefficient could be used for optimization of β-d-glucan extraction from hull-less barley. Considering the importance and desirability of the response variables, the best results were obtained when the sonication time, amplitude and pH were 4.8min, 50% and 9, respectively. β-d-Glucans extracted by UAE had lower average molecular weight compared to those extracted by water extraction method. There was no difference between the chemical structures of β-d-glucans extracted by UAE and conventional method. This means that short time ultrasonic extraction had no effect on chemical structure of β-d-glucan. These results indicate that UAE method was a very effective tool for extraction of β-d-glucan as a potential hydrocolloid agent for food industries.

Optimization conditions for extracting polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis and its antioxidant activities

In this study, polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis were extracted using the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Based on the results of single factor experiments and orthogonal tests, three independent variables—water/raw material ratio, ultrasound time, and ultrasound power—were selected for investigation. Then, we used response surface methodology to optimize the extraction conditions. The experimental data were fitted to a quadratic equation using multiple regression analysis, and the optimal conditions were as follows: water/raw material ratio, 43.31 mL/g; ultrasonic time, 28.06 minutes; power, 396.83 W. Under such conditions, the polysaccharide yield was 21.89±0.21%, which was well matched with the predicted yield. In vitro assays, scavenging activity of superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picry-hydrazyl radical showed that polysaccharides had certain antioxidant activities and that hydroxyl radicals have a remarkable scavenging capability. Therefore, these studies provide reference for further research and rational development of A. sinensis polysaccharide.

Extraction of Glycyrrhizic Acid from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Using Ultrasound and Its Process Extraction Model

This work focused on the intensification of extraction process of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from Glycyrrhiza uralensis using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. Various process parameters such as ultrasonic power, ultrasonic frequency, extraction temperature, and extraction time which affect the extraction yield were optimized. The results showed that all process parameters had exhibited significant influences on the GA extraction. The highest GA yield of 217.7 mg/g was obtained at optimized parameters of 125 W, 55 kHz, 25 °C, and 10 min. Furthermore, the extraction kinetics model of this process was also investigated based on Fick’s first law available in the literature. Kinetic parameters such as equilibrium concentration (Ce) and integrated influence coefficient (λ) for different ultrasonic powers, ultrasonic frequencies, and extraction temperatures were predicted. Model validations were done successfully with the average of relative deviation between 0.96% and 4.36% by plotting experimental and predicted values of concentration of GA in extract. This indicated that the developed extraction model could reflect the effectiveness of the extraction of GA from Glycyrrhiza uralensis and therefore serve as the guide for comprehending other UAE process.

Determination of As, Cr, Mo, Sb, Se and V in agricultural soil samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after simple and rapid solvent extraction using choline chloride-oxalic acid deep eutectic solvent

A rapid, simple and green ultrasound-assisted extraction method using deep eutectic solvents (DES) for extraction of As, Cr, Mo, Sb, Se and V in soil samples, has been developed. Choline chloride–oxalic acid based DES was used as a solvent. The target analytes were subsequently quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP OES). The parameters that affect the extraction of the target analytes was optimized using standard reference material of San Joaquin soil (SRM 2709a). In the optimization step, a two-level full factorial experimental design was used. The factors under investigation include extraction time, sample mass and acid concentration. Under optimized conditions, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.009 to 0.1 and 0.03–0.3µgg−1, respectively. The repeatability (n=20) estimated in terms of relative standard deviation (%RSD) ranged from 0.9% to 3.7%. The accuracy of the proposed method was carried out using SRM 2709a. The obtained and certified/ indicative values were statistically in good agreement at 95% confidence level. The proposed method applied for quantification of As, Cr, Mo, Sb, Se and V in real soil samples. For comparison, the analytes of interest were also determined using a conventional acid digestion method. According to the paired t-test, the analytical results were not significant differences at 95% confidence level. The method was found to be accurate, precise and environmentally friendly.

Extraction of Natural Antioxidants from the Thelephora ganbajun Mushroom by an Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Technique and Evaluation of Antiproliferative Activity of the Extract against Human Cancer Cells.

The Thelephora ganbajun mushroom has been found to be a potential rich source of natural antioxidants. In this study, an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique together with GRAS (generally recognized as safe) solvents (ethanol and water) was used to maximize the extraction of antioxidants from Thelephora ganbajun. Five extraction parameters (ethanol concentration, solvent to solid ratio, extraction time, temperature and ultrasound power) were investigated by single-factor experiments, and then a central composite rotatable design was employed to study interaction of three key extraction parameters. The optimum conditions were as follows: 57.38% ethanol, 70.15 mL/g solvent to solid ratio, 10.58 min extraction time, 40 °C extraction temperature and 500 W ultrasound power. Under the optimum conditions, the antioxidant activity obtained was 346.98 ± 12.19 µmol Trolox/g DW, in accordance with the predicted value of 344.67 µmol Trolox/g DW. Comparison of UAE with conventional maceration and Soxhlet extraction, the UAE method showed stronger extract efficiency in a shorter extraction time. These results showed that UAE was an effective technique to extract antioxidants from Thelephora ganbajun. Furthermore, the extracts obtained under the optimized conditions exhibited antiproliferative activities toward human lung (A549), breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG2) and colon (HT-29) cancer cells, especially for liver and lung cancer cells. In addition, rutin, 2-hydrocinnamic acid and epicatechin were identified in the extract, which might contribute to antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.

Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds in mulberry (Morus nigra) pulp.

New ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the determination of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds present in mulberries have been developed. Several extraction variables, including methanol composition (50-100%), temperature (10-70°C), ultrasound amplitude (30-70%), cycle (0.2-0.7s), solvent pH (3-7) and solvent-solid ratio (10:1.5-20:1.5) were optimized. A Box-Behnken design in conjunction with a response surface methodology was employed to optimize the conditions for the maximum response based on 54 different experiments. Two response variables were considered: total anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds. Extraction temperature and solvent composition were found to be the most influential parameters for anthocyanins (48°C and 76%) and phenolic compounds (64°C and 61%). The developed methods showed high reproducibility and repeatability (RSD<5%). Finally, the new methods were successfully applied to real samples in order to investigate the presence of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds in several mulberry jams.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural antioxidants from the flower of Limonium sinuatum: Optimization and comparison with conventional methods

Natural antioxidants are widely used as dietary supplements or food additives. An optimized method of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was proposed for the effective extraction of antioxidants from the flowers of Limonium sinuatum and evaluated by response surface methodology. In this study, ethanol concentration, ratio of solvent to solid, ultrasonication time and temperature were investigated and optimized using a central composite rotatable design. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration, 60%; ratio of solvent to solid, 56.9:1mL/g; ultrasonication time, 9.8min; and temperature, 40°C. Under the optimal UAE conditions, the experimental values (483.01±15.39μmolTrolox/gDW) matched with those predicted (494.13μmolTrolox/gDW) within a 95% confidence level. In addition, the antioxidant activities of UAE were compared with those of conventional maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods, and the ultrasound-assisted extraction could give higher yield of antioxidants and markedly reduce the extraction time.

Determination of Arsenic Species in Edible Mushrooms by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The content of total arsenic was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion. The results showed that the content of total arsenic was ranged from 0.04 to 212.3 mg kg−1 in the test edible mushrooms. The content of total arsenic in eight test samples was greater than 0.5 mg kg−1. However, the toxicity of arsenic is closely related to the chemical form. Therefore, the determination of arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, arsenite, and arsenate in edible mushrooms was performed on an ion exchange chromatography column (Dionex IonPac AS19) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as a detector. When water and 50 mM (NH4)2CO3 (pH = 9.7) were worked as a mobile phase, the six arsenic species could be well separated in 20 min. Ultrapure water was selected as extraction solvent for the validation of ultrasound-assisted extraction method due to its advantage of simple, cheap, and high extraction efficiency. Under optimum conditions, the limits of detection were 91.0 % with the relative standard deviation of <5.5 %. The method was applied to 19 different mushroom samples. The results indicated that the total content of arsenic species was basically identical with the content of total arsenic. And arsenobetaine was proved to be the main arsenic species in the test Lentinus edodes-2 sample.

Comparison of Four Extraction Methods for Essential Oil fromThymus daenensisSubsp.Lancifoliusand Chemical Analysis of Extracted Essential Oil

The air dried aerial parts of Thymus daenensis were subjected to extract the essential oil (EO) using hydrodistillation (HD), ohmic (O), ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation (UAHD) and ultrasound-assisted ohmic (UAO) extraction methods. The influence of applied different extraction methods on extraction parameters, microstructure of oil glands and chemical properties of extracted EO were investigated. Hydrodistillation and ultrasound-assisted ohmic extraction methods showed the longest and the shortest extraction onset time, and ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation and ohmic extraction methods showed the most and the least extraction efficiency (W/W), respectively. Moreover, hydrodistillation and ultrasound-assisted ohmic extraction produced the least and the most essential oils yield, respectively. According to obtained gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of extracted T. daenensis EO based on the method of extraction, quantitatively different, among 37 detected, compounds were observed. Extraction methods showed significant effects on different extraction parameters while ultrasound treatment had no significant effect except on extraction efficiency of hydrodistillation. Practical Application Among the novel extraction methods application of ultrasound and ohmic attracted lots of attentions due to a short time and enough extraction efficiency. Comparison the novel methods and their possible effects of chemical structure of extracted essential oil could provide useful information in the term of possibility of approach about other similar essential oil. Application of the novel proposed methods in combination of conventional or as alternative in order to increase the extraction rate in industrial scale could be recommended.