Transmission Method Research Articles

Falling Behavior Detection System for Elevator Passengers Based on Deep Learning and Edge Computing

Due to factors such as dense populations and narrow viewing angles, previous deep-learning models for detecting passenger behavior in elevators often lack effectiveness. Traditional cloud-based data transmission methods have issues with high latency, high resource usage, and privacy threats, particularly during periods of high usage. To address these issues, we proposed a falling behavior detection system for elevator passengers based on deep learning and edge computing. A two-stream neural network model improved by 3D ResNet is presented, which utilizes edge computing for elevator passenger fall detection. Our homemade dataset of elevator passenger falling behavior is utilized to train and evaluate the system. The results demonstrate that the system is effective in detecting passengers’ falling behavior in elevators, with an average accuracy of 89.2%. The feasibility of the system in an elevator is also verified, and it has performed well. The application of this system in this field holds significant research value.

Development of a multifunctional real-time data processing system for interferometers on EAST

In the latest campaign of EAST experiments, two new interferometers were installed, a dispersion interferometer (DI) based on a Carbon Dioxide laser and a solid source interferometer (SSI) based on microwave multiplier sources. To make them available for the Plasma Control System (PCS) system, each of them needs to be provided with a real-time processing system to extract the detector output signal and afterward obtain the electron density information through signal processing. To obtain interferometer data quickly and reliably, a unified hardware template was applied to both interferometers. Three main parts are included in this hardware template — digitization, digital signal processing, and output modules. In particular, the digitization section uses a multi-channel Analog-to-Digital Convertor (ADC) to acquire the signals that need to be calculated. The digital signal processing part is implemented by an FPGA, which is the hardware basis of this multifunctional template that can be used for multiple interferometers. This section includes two main parts, wrapped density signal extraction and signal unwrapping. For DI it is a phase calculation based on the intensity ratio, while for SSI it is a phase calculation by means of FFT or phase demodulation. Both computational approaches form independent IP cores to build systems quickly, while these IP cores provide parameter interfaces to adapt to different application scenarios. The output module provides a variety of data transmission methods, including fiber optic transmission and Digital-Analog-Convertor (DAC) based analog transmission, to interface with PCS or other subsequent systems.This data processing system template has been applied to each of the above two interferometers and valid data were obtained in a recent EAST experiment campaign. It demonstrates the usefulness of the template and provides a reference for the design of data processing systems on future devices.

Robust Transmission Design for RIS-Assisted Secure Multiuser Communication Systems in the Presence of Hardware Impairments

This paper investigates reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted secure multiuser communication systems in the presence of hardware impairments (HIs) at the RIS and the transceivers. We jointly optimize the beamforming vectors at the base station (BS) and the phase shifts of the reflecting elements at the RIS so as to maximize the weighted minimum approximate ergodic secrecy rate (WMAESR), subject to the transmission power constraints at the BS and unit-modulus constraints at the RIS. To solve the formulated optimization problem, we first decouple it into two tractable subproblems and then use the block coordinate descent (BCD) method to alternately optimize the subproblems. Two different methods are proposed to solve the two obtained subproblems. The first method transforms each subproblem into a second order cone programming (SOCP) problem by invoking the penalty convexconcave procedure (CCP) method and the closed-form fractional programming (FP) criterion, and then directly solves them by using CVX. The second method leverages the minorization-maximization (MM) algorithm. Specifically, we first derive a concave approximation function, which is a lower bound of the original objective function, and then the two subproblems are transformed into two simple surrogate problems that admit closed-form solutions. Simulation results verify the performance gains of the proposed robust transmission methods over existing non-robust designs. In addition, the MM algorithm is shown to have much lower complexity than the SOCP-based algorithm.

Analysis of Malaria Transmission Dynamics at Borobudur Health Center, Magelang Regency (Case Study 2021-2022)

Introduction: Magelang District received a malaria elimination certificate in 2014. No cases found at Borobudur Health Center since 2009 but in October 2021, there was a spike in the number of patients, with 38 instances spread across Giripurno Village, Giritengah Village, and Majaksingi Village. Therefore, it is necessary to study the dynamics of malaria transmission so that the methods of malaria transmission are known to prevent extraordinary malaria cases. Methods: This is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. This study was conducted in 2023 by reviewing cases from 2021–2022. The respondents in this study included 38 people with malaria. This research uses descriptive analysis assisted by GIS applications to determine the distribution of malaria cases. Results and Discussion: Data processing results for 38 respondents in three villages revealed 23 index cases. Of the 23 cases, nine were within a radius of no more than 400 m and occurred within three days, thus including cluster classification. Theoretically, the same vector transmits it and has a high vectorial capacity. The other 15 patients were suspected to have secondary cases, with two transferred from the first case. The results of the breeding place survey or the potential breeding place after rearing revealed the species Anopheles balabacensis. Other predictors of malaria transmission are optimal temperature and humidity, environment, livestock places to rest mosquitoes, and patient behavior that causes a high frequency of mosquitoes biting humans. Conclusion: In this case, the transmission model was a cluster, and 100% of the cases were indigenous.

A Combination of Vigenere Cipher and Advanced Encryption Standard for Image Security

In an era where digital information security is paramount, this research addresses the pressing need for robust encryption methods. We propose a novel approach that combines the Vigenere Cipher and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for secure digital image transmission. Our study recognizes the research gap in secure image transmission methods and aims to bridge it with a powerful encryption solution. We implement this hybrid encryption approach using the Vigenere Cipher in C++ and the AES algorithm in MATLAB. Our experiments validate the effectiveness of our program in concealing and restoring digital images during transmission. This hybrid encryption technique has promising applications in healthcare, military, and confidential business operations, bolstering image security in real-life scenarios. By enhancing image security, our research can contributed to safeguarding sensitive information in the digital age

Multi-objective optimization model of transmission error of nonlinear dynamic load of double helical gears

Abstract In order to address the impact of reduced transmission stability and reliability caused by volume reduction on the quality of gear transmission, this article proposes a multi-objective optimization model for nonlinear dynamic load transmission errors of double helical gears. This study aims to introduce a multi-objective design method for gear transmission, using the volume and smooth reliability of helical gears as objective functions, and establish a multi-objective optimization design mathematical model for helical cylindrical gear transmission. In order to solve this multi-objective optimization problem, we utilized the optimization toolbox in the scientific calculation software MATLAB with examples. The results show that after the joint optimization design of volume and coincidence degree, it is calculated that the volume after the joint optimization design is still 2.2624 × 107 mm3, and the coincidence degree is 5.9908. After rounding, the design result is m n = 3 , Z 1 = 31 , β = 20 ∘ , Ψ d = 1.2 {m}_{{\rm{n}}}=3,{Z}_{1}=31,\beta ={20}^{\circ },{\Psi }_{{\rm{d}}}=1.2 . The optimization design results show that the joint optimization design with the minimum volume and the maximum coincidence as the objective function can reduce the volume and improve the output stability of the helical gear.

A Novel Method of Wireless Micro Energy Transmission Based on MEMS Micro Coil.

Based on current implantable devices, a battery's rigidity and large size makes it prone to immune rejection and wound incisions. Additionally, it is limited by its finite lifespan, which hinders long-term usage. These limitations greatly restrict the development of implantable medical device systems towards miniaturization and minimally invasive approaches. Consequently, obtaining high-fidelity and stable biological signals from the target tissue area of the organism remains challenging. Therefore, there is a need to develop wireless power transmission technology. In this paper, we propose a wireless micro energy transfer method based on MEMS micro coils for charging implantable devices. Through simulation calculations, we first investigate the influence of coaxial distance, horizontal displacement, and rotation angle between the MEMS micro coil and the transmitting coil on power transmission. Subsequently, we utilize micro nanofabrication technology to create a MEMS micro spiral copper coil with a line width, thickness, and spacing of 50 µm and a total of five turns. Finally, we conduct wireless power transmission tests on the coil. The results show that, when the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are 10 mm apart and the operating frequency is 100 kHz, the power of the wireless power transmission system reaches 45 µW. This power level is sufficient to meet the power supply requirements of implantable pacemakers. Therefore, this technology holds great potential for applications in the field of wireless power transmission for implantable medical devices, including pacemakers and brain neurostimulators.

Syrian Women Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Hepatitis B Prevention

Abstract Background Globally, mother-to-child transmission during childbirth is the most prevalent transmission method of hepatitis B (HBV). However, early immunization following birth is a safe and effective method of preventing this disease. This study evaluates Syrian mothers’ and pregnant females’ knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding HBV prevention and immunization. Methods This online cross-sectional study was performed in Syria between 2 October and 12 November. The inclusion criteria for this study were Syrian pregnant women who visited obstetrics and gynaecologist clinics for prenatal care, delivery, and postpartum checkups. The survey was adapted from a previous study, which contains 33 items divided into three sections. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate logistic regression. Results This study enrolled 419 participants with a mean age of (28.4±5.9). More than half of the participants agreed that HBV could be transmitted from mother to her child at birth, and about two-thirds of them agreed that HBV vaccination is necessary for their infant (87.4%). Among participants with a university education degree, 35.7% revealed good knowledge, while only 12.3% of respondents with a primary school education level have good knowledge. More than half of housewife participants have shown positive attitudes (52.4%). Females with academic careers have a higher probability of good knowledge and positive attitudes than housewife women (OR = 107.09, P value<0.05) and (OR = 16.31, P value<0.05), respectively. Conclusions Syrian women have a moderate knowledge level about HBV prevention, with gaps in knowledge and attitudes among low-educated women. Performing local awareness campaigns about HBV and its vaccination for women can increase their knowledge and attitudes about this topic. Obstetric care providers should provide more information for pregnant females about HBV prevention for their children which may limit the occurrence of this phenomenon. Key messages • Syrian women have moderate knowledge of HBV prevention for their children, while lower-educated women have gaps in knowledge and attitudes. • Local awareness campaigns about HBV and its vaccination for women can improve their knowledge and attitudes.

A transient flow analysis method for high-rate mud pulse telemetry in rotary steerable system

With the development of ultra-deep offshore and onshore deep-water wells, there is a growing demand for high-speed data transmission. Mud pulse telemetry (MPT) is the most commercially mature wireless data transmission method. The time-domain parameter analysis of the down-hole mud pulse pressure signal is useful to study the optimization measures of the down-hole signal. Currently, the main approaches are experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations, but both methods are time-consuming and costly, which is not conducive to multi-parameter studies. transient flow modelis widely used to analyze water hammers in pipelines, but its application to mud pulse telemetry (MPT) systems has been less studied. In this paper, based on the classical transient flow equation, the method of characteristics (MOC) is used to solve the governing equation, and the boundary conditions suitable for the MPT are proposed and verified with the experiment and CFD method. Based on the newly established transient flow mathematical model, the generation characteristics of the downhole pressure wave and the influence law of key parameters are studied. The results show that the essence of continuous wave is a three-wave coupling of pressure wave, density wave and flow wave. With the transmission of continuous wave, unsteady friction will be generated in the wave region of the wellbore, increasing the attenuation degree of the signal. The amplitude of continuous wave increases with the increase of density and displacement, independent of frequency and viscosity. However, as the frequency and viscosity increase, the continuous wave will decay faster. This paper provides the new transient flow method with fast computational time and a technical means for MPT studies under subsequent drilling conditions.

Analytical solution for seepage pressure of multilayered sand seabed considering interaction between wave-current action and shield tunnel

Existing theoretical studies of the seepage field around subsea shield tunnels under wave action take less account of the tunnel lining permeability, especially the effect of wave and current action on tunnel. Moreover, the solutions generally treat the sand as homogeneous and isotropic, ignoring the influence of multilayered seabed. In this paper, the analytical solutions are presented for the seepage pressure and liquefaction evaluation of sand around tunnel in multilayered seabed under wave and current action. The pore pressure response of pure seabed is obtained by the transmission and reflection matrix method. The mirror image method is introduced to establish governing equation of excess pore pressure reflected by tunnel, and the analytical solution of equation is obtained by Fourier series expansion under the condition of continuous seepage between sand and lining. Based on the superposition principle, the seepage pressure and liquefaction evaluation of sand around tunnel in multilayered seabed are obtained. Then the analytical solutions are compared with numerical and experimental results, and good agreement is obtained. In addition, the influencing factors of wave parameters (wavelength, period, current), seabed parameters (permeability, shear modulus, saturation) and tunnel parameters (lining thickness, lining permeability) are analyzed.

WE-BA: Covid-19 detection by Wavelet Entropy and Bat Algorithm

Covid-19 is a kind of fast-spreading pneumonia and has dramatically impacted human life and the economy. As early diagnosis is the most effective method to treat patients and block virus transmission, an accurate, automatic, and effective diagnosis method is needed. Our research proposes a machine learning model (WE-BA) using wavelet entropy for feature extraction to reduce the excessive features, one-layer FNNs for classification, 10-fold cross-validation (CV) to reuse the data for the relatively small dataset, and bat algorithm (BA) as a training algorithm. The experiment eventually achieved excellent performance with an average sensitivity of 75.27% ± 3.25%, an average specificity of 75.88% ± 1.89%, an average precision of 75.75% ± 1.06%, an average accuracy of 75.57% ± 1.21%, an average F1 score of 75.47% ± 1.64%, an average Matthews correlation coefficient of 51.20% ± 2.42%, and an average Fowlkes–Mallows index of 75.49% ± 1.64%. The experiments showed that the proposed WE-BA method yielded superior performance to the state-of-the-art methods. The results also proved the potential of the proposed method for the CT image classification task of Covid-19 on a small dataset.

USING ESP32 MICROCONTROLLER FOR PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF THE WIRELESS REMOTE CONTROL MODEM

Context. Due to the need for practical implementation of the theoretical provisions of the proposed method of the wireless transmission of the commands for controlling a moving object in conditions of intentional interference.
 Objective of the work is a practical verification of the possibility of using a phase-pulse modulation of the linear-frequencymodulated signal for transmission a control commands through physical modeling using microcontrollers.
 Method. Analytical calculations of the change in time of the voltage at the input and output of the device for optimal processing of the linear frequency-modulated signal were carried out exclusively using the computing capabilities of the microcontroller. The graphs of changes in time of the relevant parameters were built with the help of Excel using the data output to the monitor of the serial port of the Arduino IDE software environment. A digital oscilloscope with a USB host was used to monitor the operation of a wireless modem to transmit control commands to a moving object.
 Results. Analytical calculations and physical modeling using a modern microcontroller proved the operability of the lowfrequency part the wireless remote control modem with using phase-pulse modulation of the linear frequency-modulated signal.
 Conclusions. The possibility of using phase-pulse modulation of the linear-frequency modulated signal for the transmission of control commands is considered. This method of transmitting the information component, unlike the existing methods, does not require changing the parameters of the linear frequency modulated signal. The use in the receiver of optimal processing of a linearfrequency-modulated signal of sufficiently big base will allow of the wireless transmission of the commands for controlling a moving object in conditions of the intentional interference. The use of modern microcontrollers made it possible to conduct a practical test of the functionality of the low-frequency part the wireless remote control modem with phase-pulse modulation of the linear-frequency modulated signal through physical modeling.

Design and simulation of small-sized antenna in microwave transmission method for water content measurement instrument

Herein, the microwave transmission method is proposed that demonstrates such advantages as non-invasiveness, excellent penetration performance, and fast detection. As a key component of the microwave method water content measurement instrument, the antenna is required to have a smaller radiation size than the inner diameter of the oil pipe. To address this technical challenge, a small-sized microwave projection method based on water content measurement antenna is designed in this study for the water content measurement of oil-water mixtures in downhole pipelines. Also, the half-cut antenna with a size of [Formula: see text] is proposed to operate in the frequency band of 2–6 GHz (The measured gain of the antenna varies from 2.48 dBi to 4.98 dBi). Then, the designed half-cut antenna is applied to the established water-content test environment for analysis as to the relationship between water content and the variation in transmission coefficient of the half-cut antenna. According to the test results, the relative water content error is about 0.31% between the simulation and measured results for the transmission coefficient [Formula: see text] in the range of 0%–30%, while that is about 0.16% for the transmission coefficient [Formula: see text] in the range of 40%–100%. The experimental results can be extended to the measurement of the part with high water content of the oil-water mixture in the pipeline, which provides a practical reference for field tests and basic research.

LEACH-D: A low-energy, low-delay data transmission method for industrial internet of things wireless sensors

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has experienced extensive adoption in industrial environments, healthcare, smart cities, and more, playing a vital role in these domains. Within IoT-based systems, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a crucial method for collecting peripheral environmental data within industries, owing to their self-organizational attributes. Nevertheless, the enormous volume of heterogeneous data from various sensing devices presents many challenges for IoT-enabled WSNs, encompassing high transmission delay times (TD) and excessive battery energy consumption (EC). To address these challenges, it is imperative to prioritize efficiency and optimize energy utilization. Moreover, enhancing energy efficiency within the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) realm hinges significantly on factors such as data transmission modes and the allocation of cluster head nodes. Numerous researchers have proposed algorithms to minimize transmission time and energy consumption, specifically focusing on industrial environments. This paper introduces an inventive clustering-based data transmission algorithm for IIoT, LEACH-D, to enhance efficiency. The LEACH-D algorithm improves the transmission task duration while maintaining consistent battery energy consumption. It also seeks to elevate performance in metrics such as average transmission time during the first node death (FND). Numerous experimental results provide strong evidence that the algorithm introduced in this paper has effectively reduced the average transmission time by remarkable percentages: 51.32%, 12.12%, 12.96%, and 5.42%, while simultaneously increasing the number of FND rounds by significant margins: 222.43%, 36.63%, 33.72%, and 7.81%, respectively. These improvements stand in stark contrast to the performance of existing algorithms, including FREE_MODE, LEACH, EE-LEACH, and ETH-LEACH.

Computing Theoretical Seismograms from a Point Source in a Spherical Multilayered Medium

Abstract Computing theoretical seismograms from a point source in a given Earth model is essential for modeling and inversion of observed seismic waveforms for Earth’s structure and earthquake source parameters. Here, we derived the propagator matrices and source terms for a spherical multilayered Earth model using the exact earth flattening transformation. We found that their differences from their counterparts in horizontal layered media are inversely proportional to the nondimensional horizontal wavenumber and its higher order. In addition, all the source terms in a spherical layered model have a source-depth dependent scaling factor that differs from in a horizontal layered model by up to 6% for deep earthquakes. The surface displacement produced by a point source can be obtained in a similar form as in horizontal layered media. Computation of theoretical seismograms was implemented using the generalized reflection and transmission coefficients method. Numerical tests show that our formulae and implementation are correct and efficient for computing full-wave seismograms, including the permanent displacements, at teleseismic distances up to 100°. Individual seismic phases can be isolated and analyzed semianalytically because the generalized reflection and transmission method is used. Furthermore, our analytic expression of displacement in terms of the propagator matrices and source terms can be used to derive analytic derivatives of seismograms for full-wave waveform inversion.

Seismic response of granites with different grain sizes after thermal treatment: an experimental study

Understanding the wave propagation behaviour in rock masses with different temperatures and geological conditions is of great significance for the stability and safety evaluation of deep rock engineering, e.g., enhanced geothermal system, nuclear waste disposal. However, the response and mechanism of ultrasonic waves through granites after thermal treatment are still poorly understood. In order to determine the combined effects of heating temperature and grain size on wave propagation across granites, a series of laboratory ultrasonic tests were performed with the pulse transmission method, combined with scanning electron microscopy observation. The testing results indicate that heating temperature and grain size have a combined impact on wave propagation across the tested granites. The wave velocity, transmitted coefficient, peak power spectral density and accumulative energy are generally negatively correlated with heating temperature regardless of grain size. The effect of grain size on wave propagation is more pronounced at low temperatures. Basically, the crack evolution is the main reason for the seismic response of granite after thermal treatment. A damage factor defined by the change of microcrack area in this paper is proposed and adopted to consider the combined effect of heating temperature and grain size. The peak power spectral density of the low-frequency wave and the transmission coefficient of the high-frequency wave are appropriate as the optimal wave indicators for evaluating the deterioration of granites at high- and low-damage stages, respectively. The findings in this study are of great importance for site selection and stability assessment in rock engineering activities under high temperatures, especially for the development of deep-seated hot dry rock.

Design and research of wireless optical power meter based on IoT big data and physical quantity

In response to the problems of low accuracy, high radiation, and high power consumption in industrial UV power detection, the author proposes a design scheme based on a low-power microcontroller MSP430 as the core controller, two UV photoelectric sensors as detectors, and wireless LoRa as the data transmission method. This scheme adopts dual sensors and achieves photoelectric conversion and ambient light filtering through a subtractive amplification circuit. It also uses high-precision programmable AD acquisition chips to achieve controllable amplification of the signal and convert analog signals into digital quantities for transmission to the main controller MSP430. The improved sliding average filtering method is used to perform digital filtering on the collected data and calculate the corresponding power value, data is transmitted to the upper computer for real-time display through wireless Lora. Research and experiments have shown that the dual sensors have a good agreement with the standard values. The difference between the measured values after digital filtering and the standard values is small, and the linearity of digital filtering is good. It can be seen from the two figures that the higher the power value, the higher the lighting temperature. It has been proven that the entire system operates stably, with high accuracy, low power consumption, and can remotely and real-time detect changes in ultraviolet light power. It can be widely used in the field of industrial ultraviolet light detection.

Optimization analysis of transmission characteristics of wireless energy transmission system based on dynamic tuning algorithm

Abstract This paper aims to optimize the transmission characteristics of the wireless energy transmission system by optimizing the design of the coupling coils in the system, the system multi-parameter matching and the coil offset problem so that the overall wireless energy transmission system works in the best condition. The mathematical model of the power and efficiency of the two-coil MCRWPT is derived through the optimal tuning theory, and the principle of the wireless energy transmission method is analyzed to determine the wireless energy transmission method of the equivalent capacitive regulation circuit. By comparing the effects of load on output power and transmission efficiency under different topologies, a plane with a two-coil structure applicable to the wireless charging transmission system is selected to improve the transmission efficiency of the system. In the experimental verification of the WPT transmission characteristics optimization and dynamic tuning, it is concluded that the efficacy of the system is improved simultaneously with the transmission efficiency up to 91% when the load is adjusted to 298 mΩ for the load value adjusted at the transmission distance of 0.075m.

DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING ARCHAISMS AND HISTORICISMS

The article examines archaisms and historicisms in the English language of W.Shakespeare’s time as a translation challenge, as well as the functional element of archaic vocabulary and methods of transmission when translating from English into Uzbek. Various theoretical viewpoints in the realm of archaism and historicism translation are addressed. Based on their research, the authors conclude that in order to appropriately express the traits of a distant literary text, it is critical to keep, first and foremost, the lexical and grammatical characteristics of the original while translating it. The key lexical characteristics of such a text are archaisms and historicisms. After researching the various methods of translating these lexical units from English intoUzbek, the authors believe that the selection of an analogue and the search for equivalent correspondences are the most effective.

High-Quality and Low-Complexity Polar-Coded Radio-Wave Encrypted Modulation Utilizing Multipurpose Frozen Bits

In recent years, physical layer security (PLS), which utilizes the inherent randomness of wireless signals to perform encryption at the physical layer, has attracted attention. We propose chaos modulation as a PLS technique. In addition, a method for encryption using a special encoder of polar codes has been proposed (PLS-polar), in which PLS can be easily achieved by encrypting the frozen bits of a polar code. Previously, we proposed a chaos-modulated polar code transmission method that can achieve high-quality and improved-security transmission using frozen bit encryption in polar codes. However, in principle, chaos modulation requires maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) for demodulation, and a large number of candidates for MLSE causes characteristic degradation in the low signal-to-noise ratio region in chaos polar transmission. To address this problem, in this study, we propose a versatile frozen bit method for polar codes, in which the frozen bits are also used to reduce the number of MLSE candidates for chaos demodulation. The numerical results show that the proposed method shows a performance improvement by 1.7 dB at a block error rate of 10-3 with a code length of 512 and a code rate of 0.25 compared with that of conventional methods. We also show that the complexity of demodulation can be reduced to 1/16 of that of the conventional method without degrading computational security. Furthermore, we clarified the effective region of the proposed method when the code length and code rate were varied.