Method Of Suicide Research Articles

Sociodemographic Characteristics and Patterns of Suicide in Pakistan: An Analysis of Current Trends.

Suicide is a global phenomenon with about 79% of suicides occurring in low and middle-income countries. This study investigated current trends, demographics, and characteristics of completed suicides based on reports from leading Pakistani Newspapers. This study performed a qualitative analysis of completed suicides in Pakistan's four newspapers from January 1st, 2019, through December 31st, 2020. Data about socio-demographic characteristics, methods of suicide, possible motives, and associated features were analyzed. 2295 suicides were reported in Pakistan during 2019 and 2020. About 61.87% were completed by men, and 38.12% by women. The most suicides occurred in individuals ages < 30years. The predominant method of suicide in this group was ingestion of poisonous substances. The most commonly reported reasons for suicide were domestic conflicts, financial problems, and failure in love/marriage. By providing insight into characteristics of suicide, this study highlights the need for effective suicide prevention policies and programs to tackle rising rates of suicide in Pakistan.

Suicide in Switzerland: why gun ownership can be deadly

There is a great deal of empirical evidence that owning a firearm increases the risk of dying from suicide. Most suicides are impulsive. Nearly 50% of survivors of suicide attempts report that they took less than 10 minutes between the decision to die and their suicide attempt. The great majority of these suicide survivors never make another attempt and die of natural causes. Because nearly 90% of firearm suicide attempts have a deadly outcome, gun owners are unlikely to have such a second chance. These impulsive suicide attempts are typically carried out with the means at hand. Swiss men have much higher firearm suicide rates than men in other European countries and this excess is likely to be due to their easy access to guns, because army conscripts have to keep their guns at home. When the number of conscripts was nearly halved in 2003/4 as a result of the Swiss Army Reform XXI, the number of army-issued firearms was reduced by an estimated 20%. An analysis of suicide rates before and after the reform indicated that male (but not female) suicide rates decreased by 8%, with no evidence of substitution with other means of suicide. If the army would require that the remaining half of conscripts had to keep their weapons at their barracks rather than at home, a further decrease in male suicide rates could be expected.

Effects of Comprehensive Background-Check Policies on Firearm Fatalities in 4 States.

Despite promising results from individual-level studies, state-level studies of the effectiveness of comprehensive background-check (CBC) policies in reducing firearm fatalities have yielded null results in multiple states. These prior studies focused on CBC laws adopted in the 1990s, when record keeping was far less complete. We estimated the effect of the implementation of CBC policies on state-level firearm homicide and suicide rates in states implementing CBC policies from 2013 to 2015 (Colorado, Delaware, Oregon, and Washington). We compared age-adjusted firearm homicide and suicide rates, measured annually from 15 years prior to policy implementation until 2019, in each treated state to rates in control groups constructed using the synthetic control group method. Differences in firearm homicide rates for Colorado, Oregon, and Washington post treatment were all small (0.09 to 0.18 per 100,000 residents per year) and not well distinguished from natural variation. Oregon had on average 0.80 per 100,000 fewer firearm suicides per year than did synthetic Oregon post treatment. However, these results were inconsistent across modeling approaches and not well distinguished from natural variation. Our models produced poor fit for Delaware. Coupled with previous null results from Indiana, California, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee, the present results suggest that extending background check requirements to private transfers alone and implementing these policies as is currently done is not sufficient to achieve significant state-level reductions in firearm fatalities.

A comparative analysis of solitary suicides, suicides following homicide, and suicide pacts using the National Violent Death Reporting System

BackgroundIncidents of suicide can be categorized into three main types: solitary suicides, suicides following homicide, and suicide pacts. Although these three suicide incidents vary by definition, no studies to-date have simultaneously examined and compared them for potential differences. The objective of the current study was to empirically and descriptively compare solitary suicides, suicides following homicide, and suicide pacts in the United States.MethodsRestricted-access data from the National Violent Death Report System for 2003–2019 for 262,679 solitary suicides, 4,352 suicides following homicide, and 450 suicide pacts were used. Pairwise comparisons of the three suicide incident types were made for demographic factors, method of suicide, preceding circumstances, mental health status, and toxicology findings.ResultsSolitary suicides, suicides following homicide, and suicide pacts have distinct profiles, with statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences across all pairwise comparisons of sex, race, ethnicity, marital status, education, method of suicide, financial problems, interpersonal relationship problems, physical health problems, mental health problems, mood disorders, suicide attempt history, and opiate use at the time of death.ConclusionDespite sharing a few commonalities, solitary suicides, suicides following homicide, and suicide pacts represent distinct phenomena. Each of these suicide incident types likely have their own unique prevention pathways.

ANALYSIS OF TIME, PLACE AND METHOD OF SUICIDE IN THE AREA OF BJELOVAR-BILOGORA COUNTY IN THE 1988-2017 PERIOD.

The aim of the study was to analyze changes in the number of suicides associated with seasonal variables, calendar month, time of day versus variable location and method of suicide. Data were obtained from the Analytical Police Department of Bjelovar-Bilogora County for the 1988-2017 period. The process of Croatian application process into the European Union, accompanied by economic and social changes, was a significant socioeconomic event, which divided the analyzed period into two parts. Significant changes in the impact of the analyzed variables on the suicides committed in the two observed periods were tested with the χ2-test and Fisher exact test. Consistency of the results, as well as absence of the impact of significant changes would show less susceptibility of the covariate variable to the effect of socioeconomic factors. In the case of time of day and location of the suicides, there was no significant difference when comparing results between the 1988-2004 and 2005-2017 periods; however, a statistically significant difference was confirmed when considering the month of suicide (February) and season (winter, borderline result for autumn). Statistically, the most significant changes were found in the methods of suicide. The two observed periods differed in the mean suicide rate.

Gender differences in suicide in Serbia within the period 2016-2020

Background/Aim. About one million suicide deaths occur worldwide annually, which indicates the importance of this problem. The aim of the study was to give an overview of the status of gender differences in suicides committed in Serbia from 2016 to 2020 and to highlight the most important trends over the past ten years. This investigation continues the previous one from the period 2011?2016. Methods. The same method was used as in previous investigations with data obtained from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, estimating gender differences for the total number of suicides, suicide rates, sociodemographic characteristics of suicidal victims, and methods of suicide. Results. Within the period 2016?2020, 4,752 suicides in Serbia were committed; among them, 75.1% were males (m) and 24.9% females (f) ? m : f = 3 : 1. The annual suicide rate showed a constant decrease from 2016 to 2020, and in 2020, it was the lowest (13 per 100,000 inhabitants). Married men (43.4%) and widowed women (38.6%), retired, with secondary education most often committed suicide. About a quarter (24.5%) of suicide committers were older than 75, and 42.6% were older than 65 years. Hanging, strangulation, and suffocation were the most common suicide methods ? 64% (m) and 54.9% (f). Conclusion. In the last decade, the suicide rate continued to decrease in Serbia year by year. Within the period 2016?2020, the m/f ratio of suicide rate in the age differences varied from 2 .4 in the oldest group (older than 75 years) to 9.1 in the group of adolescents. The Suicide Prevention Program in Serbia should be primarily targeted at two age groups at the highest risk of committing suicide, the old adult population and male adolescents. A comprehensive state prevention program should include education for general practitioners for early detection of high-risk individuals to provide them with psychiatric care, including support for suicide survivors.

The role of firearm and alcohol availability in firearm suicide: A population-based weighted case-control study.

Firearm availability has been linked to firearm self-harm, but the joint relationship with alcohol availability, while supported by theory, has not been examined. This study sought to quantify the separate and joint relations of community firearm and alcohol availability with individual-level risk of (fatal and nonfatal) firearm self-harm. We conducted a case-control study of California residents, 2005-2015, using statewide mortality, hospital, firearm transfer, and alcohol license data. We estimated monthly marginal risk differences per 100,000 in the overall population and in white men aged 50+ under various hypothetical changes to firearm and alcohol availability and assessed additive interactions using case-control-weighted g-computation. In the overall population, non-pawn shop firearm dealer density was associated with firearm self-harm (RD: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.04) but pawn shop firearm dealer and alcohol outlet densities were not. Secondary analyses revealed a relationship between firearm sales density and firearm self-harm (RD: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). There were no additive interactions between measures of firearm and alcohol availability. Among older white men, generally the same exposures were related to self-harm as in the overall population, but point estimates were substantially larger. Findings suggest community-level approaches to reducing firearm sales may help mitigate suicide risk.

Association Between History of Psychiatric Disorder and Degree of Physical Injury Among Suicide Attempters: Secondary Data Analysis in a Japanese Rural Area.

While there may be differences in the choice of suicide methods between attempters with and those without a history of psychiatric disorders, it is not clear whether these differences predict the actual degree of physical injury. The present study aimed to investigate the association between the history of psychiatric disorder and the degree of physical injury among suicide attempters in a Japanese rural area. We conducted a cross-sectional study analyzing secondary data of 806 suicide attempters from April 2012 to March 2022 obtained from a Japanese rural city. The exposure variable was a history of psychiatric disorders. The primary outcome was the degree of physical injury of suicide attempters: moderate and severe. We conducted a multivariate Poisson regression analysis to estimate the prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Among 806 suicide attempters, a significant negative association between the history of psychiatric disorder and the degree of physical injury was observed (PR = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.28-0.59). Those with and without psychiatric disorders were more likely to choose low- and severe-lethality suicide methods such as drug or psychotropic overdoses and hanging or deep wrist injuries, respectively (P < .001). The present study highlights the importance of considering suicide attempters, both with and without psychiatric disorders, while formulating targeted suicide prevention strategies.

An Exploratory Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Decision to Use Poisoning as a Suicide Method and Awareness of Potential Health Risks: A Qualitative Study

An Exploratory Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Decision to Use Poisoning as a Suicide Method and Awareness of Potential Health Risks: A Qualitative Study

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Suicidal Behaviour.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Suicidal Behaviour.

Sociodemographic Profile of Burns Case for Autopsy: One Year Study

Background: Burns constitute a major cause of deaths, both suicidal &amp; accidental in the world &amp; our country.As per the National crime record bureau of India, burns one among the common method of suicide and the rateof fatal suicidal burns was 2.6% in 2021. In Tamil Nadu, the rate of suicide is 11.5%, and also, being the secondhighest among the other states.(1) This study is undertaken with the aim to study sociodemographic profile ofburns case brought to autopsy at tertiary medical college, along with the pattern &amp; outcome.Methods: A cross sectional study was done in a total of 53 cases of burns brought for medicolegal autopsy duringthe study period. Data including age, gender, socioeconomic status, manner of burns , % of burns, duration ofsurvival were all collected based on pre structured proforma &amp; further was analysed using standard statisticalmethod.Results and Conclusion: Burns incidence is seen in mostly age group 31-40, with majority of them beingfemales(62.27%).suicidal burns are more common (73.59%), with &gt;75%(66.03% ) burns being more. About 35.8%survived for 1-7 days prior to succumbing death.Enhancing a better mental&amp; physical environment should be the priority. Early &amp; effective treatment can be usefulin reducing the mortality due to burns.

Extending the Firearm Suicide Proxy for Household Gun Ownership

Extending the Firearm Suicide Proxy for Household Gun Ownership

FOREWORD Finding Balance in the Fight Against Gun Violence.

The United States is distinct among high-income countries for its problem with gun violence, with Americans 25 times more likely to be killed by gun homicide than people in other high-income countries.1 Suicides make up a majority of annual gun deaths - though that gap is closing as homicides are on the rise - and the U.S. accounts for 35% of global firearm suicides despite making up only 4% of the world's population.2 More concerning, gun deaths are only getting worse. In 2021, firearm fatalities approached 50,000, the highest we have seen in at least 40 years.3 The increase in homicides in conjunction with lower crime overall further suggests an problem specifically with guns.4 As devastating as these deaths are, it does not come close to encompassing the mass toll of America's gun violence epidemic - a toll that disproportionately impacts people of color, with the Black community suffering at the highest rates. A broader and more accurate view of what constitutes gun violence must become a part of the national discourse if we are going to develop effective strategies to combat this crisis.5.

Effect of smoking on suicide in adolescents with major depressive disorder

The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) has increased in all age groups, and adolescents are growing faster than adults. Many adolescents with MDD have smoking behavior, which may be a risk factor for suicidal behavior. Methods Adolescents with MDD (AMDD, 12≤age≤18 years old) were from 16 mental health centers in 9 provinces in China. They were divided into never smoking, previous smoking and current smoking, assessed with Generalized Anxiety Disore-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scales, as well as suicidal ideation and suicide behavior records. Thenspearman correlation and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between smoking and suicide. The incidence of suicide in never, previous and current smoking groups were 41.74%, 66.67% and 62.50%. Most of the suicide methods used by AMDD were cutting skin or blood vessels (50.13%), taking poisons, drugs or alcohol (30.42%) and falling to death (11.64%). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the occurrence of suicidal behavior was positively correlated with smoking (rs = 0.139, p<0.001) and the score of GAD-7 (rs = 0.172, p<0.001) / PHQ-9 (rs = 0.238, p<0.001). Binary logistic regression results determined that current smoking (OR = 2.227, p<0.001) and previous smoking (OR = 2.337, p<0.001) were the risk factors for suicide. Each unit of PHQ-9 score increased the suicide risk by 8.2%.Smoking is the risk factor for suicidal behavior. In the treatment of AMDD, strengthen the education on smoking prohibition is essential.

A comprehensive study of medically serious suicide attempts in France: incidence and associated factors.

People who make medically serious suicide attempts (MSSAs) share a number of features with those who die by suicide, and are at a high risk of suicide themselves. Studies to date have mostly focused on clinical samples of MSSAs. An epidemiological examination at a national level can help to identify risk profiles and pathways of care in this population. We explored the French nationwide hospital discharge database (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information, PMSI) to identify any MSSA taking place between 2012 and 2019. Relevant demographic and medical information was collected about the first MSSA of each attempter. Data from 2010 and 2011 were used to verify the absence of prior attempts. First occurrences of MSSAs amounted to 81 959 cases over 8 years, with a mean age of 45.8 years, and 53.6% women. Incidence was higher in women (18.1 v. 17.3 per 1 00 000). The most common suicide method was deliberate self-poisoning (64.9% of cases). In comparison, violent methods associated higher mortality and comorbidity and were more frequent in men. The most common mental disorders were mood disorders (55.6%) and substance use disorders (46.2%). A minority of MSSA survivors were hospitalised in psychiatry (32.5%), mostly women. MSSAs are frequent and easy to identify. There is a need to reinforce the continuity of psychiatric care for this population given the high risk of subsequent suicide, and the low rates of psychiatric hospitalisation after an MSSA even if violent methods are used. Specific care targeting this population could reduce treatment gaps.

Crime Scene Examination of Murder and Suicide Case

Information was received in the control room of Forensic Science Laboratory, Delhi, for crime scene examinations of two dead bodies found in the room. A team of Forensic Experts visited the scene of crime and found various clue materials to establish the nature of the case. The crime was took place in the room of ahouse situated at the ground floor of the building. There was one female dead body found lying on the floor in front of the entry door and one male body was found hanging on the ceiling fan. There are many methods for committing suicide like poisoning, hanging, drowning etc. Hanging is a frequent suicide method because it anticipated a certain, rapid and painless death. Cut throats can be homicidal, suicidal or accidental. Homicidal cut-throats are a well-recognized method of killing while suicidal cut throats are less commonly reported and accidental cut throats are rare. The present study was carried out to ascertain whether it was a case of suicide or a murder by examining the scene of crime. Various evidences of forensic interested were collected and were thoroughly examined information from the investigation officer was also gathered. From the study it was concluded that female was murdered by a sharp edge weapon by her husband and then he has attempted suicide by hanging himself.

PATTERN OF SUICIDE DEATHS: A RETROSPECTIVE 5-YEAR AUTOPSY SAMPLE ANALYSIS IN PAKISTAN

Objective: Suicide is a global public and mental health problem. In this study, we evaluated autopsy reports of suicidal deaths for 5 years to study the demographic distribution of the suicide victims, and methods of suicides. Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study of suicide autopsies conducted at the mortuaries of two large Forensic departments in Punjab and Sindh (King Edward Medical University/Mayo hospital, Lahore, and Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi) for 5 years, between January 2017-December 2021. Data was collected on pre-designed proformas and was statistically analysed using SPSS 26. Results: Between 2017 and 2021, 98 cases of suicide were examined in the two study centres (67 males ,68.4% and 31 females, 31.6 %). Fifty-six suicides (57%) were in age group under 30 years old. The most frequently used methods for suicide were hanging (41,41.8%) , use of firearms (23, 23.5%), Self-poisoning (11,11.2%), and jumping from heights (6, 6.1%). Significant differences were noted regarding method of suicide among gender and different age groups as well as different study centres (P value&lt;.05). Firearms were used solely by males, and all deaths due to jumping from heights were in Karachi. Conclusion: Due to local cultural and religious beliefs, the autopsy rate in suicide seems too low. There was a male preponderance amongst suicidal death autopsies in our study sample. Hanging Firearms and self-poisoning were the most frequent suicidal methods. Provision of psychological and social supports along with restriction to easy access to firearms and poisons should be considered by policy making and healthcare authorities to tackle this preventable public health problem.

Epidemiology of suicide in the Tri-City metropolitan area in Poland in 2010–2019

The paper, which is a continuation of our previous epidemiological studies on the phenomenon of suicide in the Tri-City metropolitan area, presents the results of statistical analyses of suicides in the autopsy material of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Gdańsk in the years 2010–2019. The purpose of the study was to analyse in detail demographic data of suicides (age, sex, place of death), as well as to assess suicide methods and the impact of alcohol on suicides in the study area. During the 10-year study period, 8495 autopsies were performed, of which 1261 were suicides (14.8%). Statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical data analysis software system STATISTICA, version 13 (StatSoft, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA). The results of the study indicate a continuing downward trend in the number of suicides since the beginning of the 21th century, with the number of suicides in rural areas increasing over the same period. In the analysed cohort, suicides were committed in particular by middle-aged men and the number of suicides among older people (65 +) increased at the same time. The increase in suicide occurred in late autumn and early spring. The most common method of suicide was hanging. There was a high percentage of inebriated victims (45%), and a comparison of the present studies with previous ones indicates the increasing impact of alcohol on suicide.

2018-2019 Yılları Arasında Yazılı Basında Yayınlanan İntihar Haberlerinin İncelenmesi

This study aimed to evaluate the presentation of suicide news published in 2018-2019 in the print media. The research was designed quantitatively and retrospectively. Data were collected by scanning newspaper archives in the National Library. For ethical reasons, newspaper names were not included in this article. A total of 212 different news contents were examined. Descriptive statistical methods were used in the analysis of the data. It was determined that most of the suicide news was published in 2019. It was determined that there were ethical violations in the presentation of the news, and the most common ethical violation was to publish photographs and express suicide methods. It was found that suicide news was published more frequently in December and August, more than half of the suicides were carried out by guns and there were ethical violations in the way the newspapers presented the news.

Pattern of Mortality among Adolescent Suicides in Victoria Hospital Mortuary

Background: Each year approximately 8 lakh people die by suicides worldwide.(1) Suicideamong adolescentswarrants special concern for several reasons. Early adolescence and young adulthood display increase indeaths from suicides.(2) It is the second leading cause of death in adolescents in comparison to other age groups.Adolescence and youth are predominant ages during which suicide is attempted.(3) Hence, studies on adolescentsuicides potentially presents opportunities to prevent the same, thus saving many lives.Objectives: To determine pattern of adolescent suicides in terms of socio-demographic parameters, methods, andcauses.Materials &amp; Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted at the Victoria Hospital Mortuary for 18 monthsbetween November 2017 to May 2019. Medicolegal autopsies were performed on the victims of suicidal deathsbetween the age group of 13-18 years during that period. The cases were then analysed with the informationgleaned from the police, family, and the autopsy procedure.Results: 192 cases belonged to the study age group and 48% (92 cases) of the cases were suicides. Majority of thevictims were between 17-18 years of age and belonged to lower middle socio-economic status.Family history ofsuicide was seen in 1%. Hanging was the commonest method of suicide followed by poisoning and burns. Familyconflicts,Love failure, psychiatric disorder, financial problems, exam failure werefew reasonscompelling suicide.Conclusion: Adolescence is a vulnerable age. Adequate addressal of increasing suicide rates among teenagers isthe need of the hour by increasing psycho-social awareness and implementing necessary regulations.