Step Method Research Articles

Double-shell lignin microcapsules were prepared by one - step method for fabric coatings with UV resistance and durable antibacterial activity

The design and application of intelligent biomass microcapsules have gradually attracted widespread attention. In this study, double shell lignin microcapsules (DSLM) were prepared in one step by combining interfacial polymerization with free radical copolymerization. The biomass material lignin was grafted into the polyurethane shell at the interfacial polymerization stage to endow the microcapsule with a certain ultraviolet (UV) protection function. Lemon essential oil (LEO) with fragrance and antibacterial properties was further located at the core of the microcapsule and released by the thermal response. In the study, the morphological structure of the microcapsules and the release of the core material as well as the core-shell framework were characterized. Furthermore, these microcapsules were applied to the fabric coatings to give it UV protection and antibacterial properties. The whole preparation and functionalization process is facile and environmentally friendly. Due to the double-shell design, the encapsulated lemon essential oil is not easy to leak, which extends the antibacterial time and service life of the fabric coatings, and the release of the core material was controlled. At the same time, the outer shell of microcapsule plays a double protective role. These smart microcapsules are expected to be applied in outdoor fabric coatings and daily necessities in the future.

Key therapeutic targets implicated at the early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma identified through machine-learning approaches

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of primary liver cancer. Early-stage detection plays an essential role in making treatment decisions and identifying dominant molecular mechanisms. We utilized machine learning algorithms to find significant mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) at the early and late stages of HCC. First, pre-processing approaches, including organization, nested cross-validation, cleaning, and normalization were applied. Next, the t-test/ANOVA methods and binary particle swarm optimization were used as a filter and wrapper method in the feature selection step, respectively. Then, classifiers, based on machine learning and deep learning algorithms were utilized to evaluate the discrimination power of selected features (mRNAs and miRNAs) in the classification step. Finally, the association rule mining algorithm was applied to selected features for identifying key mRNAs and miRNAs that can help decode dominant molecular mechanisms in HCC stages. The applied methods could identify key genes associated with the early (e.g., Vitronectin, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, lactate dehydrogenase D (LDHD), miR-590) and late-stage (e.g., SPRY domain containing 4, regucalcin, miR-3199-1, miR-194-2, miR-4999) of HCC. This research could establish a clear picture of putative candidate genes, which could be the main actors at the early and late stages of HCC.

Effects of fitting methods, high b-values and image quality on diffusion and perfusion quantification and reproducibility in the calf

PurposesThe study aimed to optimize diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) image acquisition and analysis protocols in calf muscles by investigating the effects of different model-fitting methods, image quality, and use of high b-value and constraints on parameters of interest (POIs). The optimized modeling methods were used to select the optimal combinations of b-values, which will allow shorter acquisition time while achieving the same reliability as that obtained using 16 b-values. MethodsTest-retest baseline and high-quality DWI images of ten healthy volunteers were acquired on a 3T MR scanner, using 16 b-values, including a high b-value of 1200 s/mm2, and structural T1-weighted images for calf muscle delineation. Three and six different fitting methods were used to derive ADC from monoexponential (ME) model and Dd, fp, and Dp from intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model, with or without the high b-value. The optimized ME and IVIM models were then used to determine the optimal combinations of b-values, obtainable with the least number of b-values, using the selection criteria of coefficient of variance (CV) ≤10% for all POIs. ResultsThe find minimum multivariate algorithm was more flexible and yielded smaller fitting errors. The 2-steps fitting method, with fixed Dd, performed the best for IVIM model. The inclusion of high b-value reduced outliers, while constraints improved 2-steps fitting only. ConclusionsThe optimal numbers of b-values for ME and IVIM models were nine and six b-values respectively. Test-retest reliability analyses showed that only ADC and Dd were reliable for calf diffusion evaluation, with CVs of 7.22% and 4.09%.

Biogenic AgNPs Synthesized using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. fruit for antimicrobial & dye degradation efficiencies

Enduring demand of sustainable environment encourages the novel green approach of fruit waste utilization to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Herein, aqueous extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (NAT) fruit, was used as reducing agent to formulate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), synthesized silver NPs were observed spectrophotometrically at 460 nm reflecting sharp peak. The average crystalline size of the X-ray diffraction was assessed to be 29.39 nm. Reduction in the FTIR peaks revealed substantial role of phytoconstituents (alcohol, polyphenol, amides etc.) in single step method to produce AgNPs. About 20–60 nm, spherical shaped NPs were observed under TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) and SEM (Scanning electron microscopy). Moreover, the EDX (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) evaluation revealed the distinct peak of Ag with 27.5% weight. Negative value i.e. −31.5 mv of zeta potential confirmed virtuous stability & dispersion of produced NPs. Nyc. Nyctanthes based AgNPs exhibited efficient catalytic activity in NaBH4 mediated reduction of mordant orange- 1 (MO-1) and methylene blue (MB). The results showed that Nyc.-AgNPs degraded more than 80% to both dyes. In addition, Nyc.-AgNPs unveiled significant antimicrobial role against different bacterial & fungal strains. The attained outcomes proposed that the NAT mediated AgNPs would be an efficient source to approach various environmental and biomedical applications.

An experimental study to develop a new correlation of the heat conductivity of CeO2 nanofluid

An experimental study to develop a new correlation for predicting the heat conductivity of cerium oxide–water nanofluids based on temperature and volume concentration. The objective of this experimental study is to find the effect of cerium oxide nano particle concentration and temperature on heat conductivity of the nanofluids. Nanofluids samples were prepared by dispersion of cerium oxide nano particles of size 30 nm to 50 nm in water. The samples were made by two step method with a volume concentration range of 0.5 % to 3 %. Zeta potential and visual observations for sedimentation has shown acceptable stability of samples. KD 2 probe were used for measuring heat conductivity of all samples at different temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 50 °C. The maximum enhancement of heat conductivity observed around 19.45 % for a sample with 3 vol% cerium oxide compare to base fluid distilled water. A curve fitting method was used to develop a mathematical correlation to predict the heat conductivity ratio of cerium oxide–water nanofluid.

Effect of Synthetic Ettringite on the Hydration of Sulfoaluminate Cement-Based Grouting Materials

Ultrafine ettringite (UE) can accelerate the hydration of sulfoaluminate cement-based grouting materials (SCGMs). However, the mechanism of UE on the hydration of SCGM is not clear. Many researchers believe that ultrafine materials can serve as crystal nuclei for hydration products. How to prove that UE can supply crystal nuclei for hydrated products remains an open question. It is still unclear for which SCGM hydration products UE can supply a crystal nuclei. In this article, UE was synthesized in different solvent compositions by a separate nucleation and growth step method. Synthetic UE was enclosed in a dialysis bag with a molecular weight cutoff of 7 kDa, which allowed the diffusion of water and ions, and the mechanism of UE’s effect on the hydration of SCGM was investigated. The results indicated that with the increase of the amount of ethanol in the water–alcohol mixed solvent, the particle size of the prepared UE gradually became smaller. UE only provided a nucleation site for ettringite, which was one of hydration products, and thus promoted a cement hydration reaction. The smaller the size of the UE, the higher the cement hydration rate and the greater the amount of hydration products produced.

Fast Modeling of Vegetated Flow and Sediment Transport Over Mobile Beds Using Shallow Water Equations With Anisotropic Porosity

AbstractA two‐dimensional shallow water model based on the anisotropic porosity method is developed for predictions of water flows, sediment transport and bed morphological changes through rigid vegetation. Effects of the vegetation resistance and the spatial occupation are accounted for by adding an extra vegetation drag force and introducing porosity parameters. By defining a cell‐based porosity for the volumetric occupation and an edge‐based porosity for the flux exchange, the anisotropic property of the preferential flow can be well captured. Based on the finite volume method, the model is solved explicitly with a hybrid local time step/global maximum time step method and is parallelized using the Open MP techniques. The numerical grid convergence and quantitative accuracy of the model have been tested against a series of flume experiments for various configurations of rigid emergent vegetation over fixed or mobile beds. It is shown that using shallow water equations with anisotropic porosity, a constant drag coefficient can lead to numerical solutions of comparable accuracy as those complex empirical relations. Moreover, appropriate quantification of the stem‐scale turbulence effects brings significant improvement in modeling of the vegetation‐affected sediment transport.

The Tracking of Derivative Discontinuities for Delay Fractional Equations Based on Fitted L1 Method

Abstract In this paper, the analytic solution of the delay fractional model is derived by the method of steps. The theoretical result implies that the regularity of the solution at s + {s^{+}} is better than that at 0 + {0^{+}} , where s is a constant time delay. The behavior of derivative discontinuity is also discussed. Then, improved regularity solution is obtained by the decomposition technique and a fitted L ⁢ 1 {L1} numerical scheme is designed for it. For the case of initial singularity, the optimal convergence order is reached on uniform meshes when α ∈ [ 2 3 , 1 ) {\alpha\in[\frac{2}{3},1)} , α is the order of fractional derivative. Furthermore, an improved fitted L ⁢ 1 {L1} method is proposed and the region of optimal convergence order is larger. For the case t > s {t>s} , stability and min ⁡ { 2 ⁢ α , 1 } {\min\{2\alpha,1\}} order convergence of the fitted L ⁢ 1 {L1} scheme are deduced. At last, the numerical tests are carried out and confirm the theoretical result.

Short aramid fiber reinforced thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester composites: Fabrication, thermal, and mechanical properties

We conducted a study to analyze the impact of short aramid fibers (AFs) on the melt-rheological behavior, thermal transition, thermal stability, and mechanical durability of thermotropic liquid crystal polyesters (TLCPs). By using different AF loading contents ranging from 3–15 wt%, we produced TLCP matrix composites through masterbatch-based melt-compounding and injection-molding. The SEM images and FT-IR spectra demonstrate that the AFs are dispersed in the TLCP matrix with a microfibrillar structure through good interfacial adhesion caused by specific intermolecular interactions between the TLCP and AFs. As a result, the complex viscosity, shear storage/loss moduli, and thermal transition (melt-crystallization, glass transition, and melting) temperatures of the composites increase with increasing AF filler content. However, the melt-crystallization and melting enthalpies increase only at low AF loading contents of 3–5 wt%. At high AF contents of 7–15wt%, the enthalpies decrease owing to the partial aggregation of AF fillers. The thermogravimetric analysis proves that the thermal stability of TLCP/AF composites improves when the AF filler is introduced. The dynamic mechanical analysis using the stepped isothermal method shows that the addition of 5 wt% AF to the TLCP leads to an approximately 150% improvement in elastic moduli and long-term mechanical durability at elevated temperatures.

Does herding effect help forecast market volatility?—Evidence from the Chinese stock market

AbstractThis paper aims to study the predictive power of market herding effect for market volatility. We extend the widely used four types of linear HAR models by incorporating the market herding index and further introduce a nonlinear forecasting mechanism by using two machine learning algorithms—support vector regression (SVR) and random forest (RF). All the methods are applied to the Chinese stock market. We evaluate their in‐sample and out‐of‐sample performances for various prediction step lengths. The results show that according to the RMSE and MAE, for the daily volatility prediction, the extra herding factor makes no significant contribution, and the linear model has no significant difference with the algorithms as well, whereas with the increase of step length, the herding factor shows a significant power in the weekly, monthly, and quarterly prediction, and meanwhile, the RF algorithm outperforms the other methods. However, for the QLIKE, the herding factor always significantly improves the predictions for all kinds of step lengths and methods, and the SVR algorithm with the herding factor is dominant. Overall, the herding factor helps forecast the volatility, and the extent to which the precision is improved takes on an inverted “U” shape with the increase in step length. The two algorithms are superior to the linear model, especially for the longer‐term prediction, and the herding factor can help enlarge this advantage, which implies a nonlinear relationship between the herding and volatility. Besides, the extra liquidity factor plays no significant role in the volatility prediction, but the continuous variation (CV), jump variation (JV), and leverage effect are helpful in most cases.

Adsorptive Features of Magnetic Activated Carbons Prepared by a One-Step Process towards Brilliant Blue Dye

Water pollution by dyes has been a major environmental problem to be tackled, and magnetic adsorbents appear as promising alternatives to solve it. Herein, magnetic activated carbons were prepared by the single-step method from Sapelli wood sawdust, properly characterized, and applied as adsorbents for brilliant blue dye removal. In particular, two magnetic activated carbons, MAC1105 and MAC111, were prepared using the proportion of biomass KOH of 1:1 and varying the proportion of NiCl2 of 0.5 and 1. The characterization results demonstrated that the different proportions of NiCl2 mainly influenced the textural characteristics of the adsorbents. An increase in the surface area from 260.0 to 331.5 m2 g-1 and in the total pore volume from 0.075 to 0.095 cm3 g-1 was observed with the weight ratio of NiCl2. Both adsorbents exhibit ferromagnetic properties and the presence of nanostructured Ni particles. The different properties of the materials influenced the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of brilliant blue dye. MAC111 showed faster kinetics, reaching the equilibrium in around 10 min, while for MAC1105, it took 60 min for the equilibrium to be reached. In addition, based on the Sips isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacity was 98.12 mg g-1 for MAC111, while for MAC1105, it was 60.73 mg g-1. Furthermore, MAC111 presented the potential to be reused in more adsorption cycles than MAC1105, and the use of the adsorbents in the treatment of a simulated effluent exhibited high effectiveness, with removal efficiencies of up to 90%.

A generic balanced-force algorithm for finite volume method on polyhedral unstructured grids with non-orthogonality

A generic balanced-force algorithm is proposed to solve incompressible multiphase flows with complex interfaces and large density ratios on the polyhedral unstructured grids of large non-orthogonality, skewness and non-uniformity. This algorithm combines the finite volume method based on the volume of fluid (VOF) approach with the fractional step method in a collocated framework, which retains a complete balance between the gravity, surface tension with exact curvature, and the resulting pressure gradients. In the original scheme, the gravity and surface tension terms are represented as gradients of the volume fraction and then discretized in the identical fashion as the pressure gradient, which results in a balanced formulation on the structured grids. However, this scheme cannot be readily applied to unstructured grids, despite that it has been misused for more than one decade. As demonstrated in the paper, it is insufficient to achieve force balance merely by the identical discretization of scalar gradients due to the non-orthogonality of unstructured grids, which will generate severe spurious currents that intensify with larger non-orthogonality angle and higher fluid density ratio. Therefore, we present a novel balanced-force algorithm to treat the non-orthogonal term in a different manner, which significantly suppresses, or even eliminates, the spurious velocity for two-phase flows with large density ratio on arbitrary mesh topology. Various numerical examples have demonstrated that the present algorithm and computational framework offer a promising platform to provide high-fidelity and robust predictions for practical multiphase flow simulations involving highly complex geometry.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is causally associated with hypothyroidism, but not hyperthyroidism: A Mendelian randomization study.

The relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and thyroid diseases is still controversial. Due to confounders and reverse causation, previous studies were not convincing. We aimed to investigate the relationship between SLE and hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. We performed a two-step analysis using bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable MR (MVMR) to explore the causality of SLE and hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism in three genome-wide association studies (GWAS) datasets, including 402,195 samples and 39,831,813 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In the first step analysis, with SLE as exposure and thyroid diseases as outcomes, 38 and 37 independent SNPs strongly (P < 5*10-8) associated with SLE on hyperthyroidism or SLE on hypothyroidism were extracted as valid instrumental variables (IVs). In the second step analysis, with thyroid diseases as exposures and SLE as outcome, 5 and 37 independent SNPs strongly associated with hyperthyroidism on SLE or hypothyroidism on SLE were extracted as valid IVs. In addition, MVMR analysis was performed in the second step analysis to eliminate the interference of SNPs that were strongly associated with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. 2 and 35 valid IVs for hyperthyroidism on SLE and hypothyroidism on SLE were obtained in MVMR analysis. MR results of two steps analysis were estimated respectively by multiplicative random effects-inverse variance weighted (MRE-IVW), simple mode (SM), weighted median (WME) and MR-Egger regression methods. Sensitivity analysis and visualization of MR results were performed by heterogeneity test, pleiotropy test, leave-one-out test, scatter plots, forest plots and funnel plots. The MRE-IVW method in the first step of MR analysis revealed that SLE was causally associated with hypothyroidism (OR = 1.049, 95% CI = 1.020-1.079, P < 0.001), but not causally associated with hyperthyroidism (OR = 1.045, 95% CI = 0.987-1.107, P = 0.130). In the inverse MR analysis, the MRE-IVW method revealed that both hyperthyroidism (OR = 1.920, 95% CI = 1.310-2.814, P < 0.001) and hypothyroidism (OR = 1.630, 95% CI = 1.125-2.362, P = 0.010) were causally associated with SLE. Results from other MR methods were consistent with MRE-IVW. However, when MVMR analysis was performed, there was no longer a causal relationship of hyperthyroidism on SLE (OR = 1.395, 95% CI = 0.984-1.978, P = 0.061), nor was there a causal relationship of hypothyroidism on SLE (OR = 1.290, 95% CI = 0.823-2.022, P = 0.266). The stability and reliability of the results were confirmed by sensitivity analysis and visualization. Our univariable and multivariable MR analysis revealed that systemic lupus erythematosus was causally associated with hypothyroidism, but did not provided evidence to support a causal relationship of hypothyroidism on SLE or between SLE and hyperthyroidism.

On the dynamics of the singularly perturbed of the difference equation with continuous arguments corresponding to the Hénon map

The Hénon map was introduced by Hénon. It is a very rich dynamical model as Hénon himself proved and compared the dynamical properties of his map with those of other dynamical systems such as the Ro¨ssler model. Here, we study the dynamics of the difference equation with continuous arguments corresponding to the Hénon map and its singularly perturbed counterpart. The local stability of fixed points is studied. The system exhibits various types of bifurcation, such as saddle-node and Hopf bifurcations. By letting the perturbation parameter ∊⟶0, we show that the singularly perturbed equation exhibits the same qualitative behavior as its corresponding difference equation. The singularly perturbed equation exhibits the same qualitative behavior as its corresponding delay differential equation when ∊⟶1. The method of steps is used to discretize the original system to simulate the behavior of the original system. Numerical simulations are performed to confirm the theoretical analysis obtained and to illustrate the complex dynamics of the system. Moreover, the numerical simulations illustrate the effect of the perturbation parameter. In particular, the occurrence of halving-period bifurcation due to small change in the perturbation parameter.

Improved spectral deferred correction methods for fractional differential equations

In this study, we improved the spectral deferred correction method for nonlinear fractional differential equations. First, problems were transformed into equivalent nonlinear Volterra integral equations with weakly singular kernels. We then employed the fractional Adams–Bashforth method in the prediction step and used the Gauss quadrature formula and fractional Adams–Moulton scheme in the correction step. Moreover, a vigorous error analysis for the numerical scheme was conducted. Finally, computational results for some experiments were reported to demonstrate the accuracy and ease of implementation of the improved numerical scheme.

Improvement of the 3D MOC/DD neutron transport method with thin axial meshes

Significant accuracy loss has been observed in the MOC/DD method using thin axial meshes. A theoretical analysis indicates that the accuracy loss results from the deviation in the transverse leakage. For this reason, the MOC/DD with the correction (MOC/DDC) method is proposed. To obtain the reasonable axial leakage, three variants of the MOC/DDC method are discussed in theory. The results show that the MOC/DD with one correction step and zero-value parameters (MOC/DDC100) method is effective. Then, the MOC/DDC100 method is verified against a 2D C5G7 UO2 assembly benchmark problem, the C5G7-3D extension benchmark problems, and mini pebble-bed benchmark problems. Although more computing time is needed in the MOC/DDC100 method, it can be further improved by delaying the switching time from the MOC/DD method to the MOC/DDC100 method. The numerical results indicate that the MOC/DDC100 method can effectively improve the accuracy as well as maintain high computational efficiency and numerical stability.

A Minimal Round-Trip Strategy Based on Graph Matching for Parallel DGTD Method With Local Time-Stepping

The load distribution in the local time stepping (LTS) method significantly impacts its computing efficiency. This letter proposes a minimal round-trip (MRT) strategy of the LTS method to balance the communication load of the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method. By discovering the matching of the connected graph of computing nodes, independent communication with a similar load can be done in the same round trip to minimize waiting between nodes in nonblocking communication, thereby decreasing the communication time of the DGTD-LTS technique. The numerical results indicate that the MRT strategy reduces the communication time between processors by 50% and improves the parallel performance when the LTS method is implemented in the DGTD method. The parallel scale of the MRT approach may be increased to 16 000 nodes (1 040 000 cores) on the supercomputer, and the parallel efficiency is greater than 73.8%.

Facile green synthesized C-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]Resorcinarene (CHMPCR) for photometric sensing of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions

Adverse effect of iron and copper on aquatic life, motivates us to developed an easy, cost-effective and simple method for sensing Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions. Herein, we represent green, simple and one step method to synthesis C-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]Resorcinarene (CHMPCR) probe. The CHMPCR owns large number of coordinating groups (-OH and –OCH3), makes it as good candidate for metal ion sensing. The probe exhibited selective and sensitive ratiometric UV absorption/ fluorescence sensor for Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions, over the wide range of other metal ions in DMSO: water (7: 3 v/v) solution. The CHMPCR displays LOD of Fe3+ (1.47 µM) and Cu2+ (1.99 µM) by UV-absorption, however Fe3+ (12.14 µM) and Cu2+ (16.98 µM) through fluorescence approach. CHMPCR possessed 1:1 stoichiometry with Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions proved from Benesi-Hildebrand plot, 1H NMR and HRMS. The developed probe was well employed for ratiometric detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions.

De-doping buried interface in p-i-n perovskite solar cells by utilizing compositional heterogeneity in depth

Compositional heterogeneity in halide perovskite materials often leads to undesired physiochemical properties of the materials that hampers device efficiency and stability. In a perovskite film prepared via conventional 2-step method, we find excess PbI2 are prone to locate at surface and buried interfaces, resulting in negative-type self-doping. To tailor this band alignment unfavored for p-i-n devices, we pre-deposited pyrrolidinium hydroiodide to react with residual PbI2 at buried interface. It not only de-dopes the perovskite to obtain the desired band alignment, but also passivates negative-type defects, which improves the device efficiency and stability. Consequently, the target planar p-i-n PSCs achieve an efficiency of 24.5 % (certified 23.2 %) and a remarkable photostability with 13 % efficiency decline for 2800 h under 1-Sun white LED illumination. It is so far among the highest-efficiency p-i-n PSCs via 2-step fabrication. Therefore, we suggest an interface de-doping strategy to fabricate highly efficient and stable PSCs.

KONSEP KEAGAMAAN MUHAMMADIYAH DALAM ISLAM BERKEMAJUAN: TINJAUAN MANHAJ TAJDID , TARJIH DAN PENDIDIKAN MUHAMMADIYAH

The existence of Muhammadiyah as a modern Islamic organization and carrying out Islamic da'wah rahmatan lil alamin and carrying out progressive Islam, as well as the amar ma'ruf and nahi munkar movements. Muhammadiyah also carries out its Islamic vision with inclusive moderate Islam. Indonesia, with a diverse population that has unique personal characteristics, makes Muhammadiyah a moderate form of Islam that can mingle with various other religions in Indonesia. This research is a library research and the nature of this research is descriptive-analytical related to the religious concept of Muhammadiyah. The step method used in collecting data is to find and collect reference sources through books, journals and websites related to the author's research title. Muhammadiyah uses two strategies to spread progressive Islam: namely the enlightenment strategy and the transformational strategy. Enlightenment strategies try to reach people with advanced Islamic ideas through education and transformation strategies try to change people's way of thinking through preaching and activism. Tajdid has two meanings, namely: 1) In the field of faith and worship, 2) Tajdid muamalatduniayah. The position of Tarjih is at a low level of Ijtihad, based on the level of Ijtihad which includes 4 types, namely: a) absolute ijtihad in clauses and branches; b) ijtihad at the branch; c) ijtihad on sects; d) Ijtihad in Tarjih. the concept of progressive education is a reflection of holistic Islamic education that enlightens.