Sociological Methods Research Articles

Factors of Moscow Youth’s Separation from Their Parental Families

The process of separation from the parental family is an integral part of the socialization process, during which the individual learns to process and reproduce previously learned social practices. Moreover, the result of such a socio-psychological process directly affects the degree of maturity and independence of the individual. The article analyzes the process of separation of Moscow youth from their parental families. The purpose of the study is, on the one hand, to reveal the concept of “separation” in a sociological manner, and on the other, to discover factors influencing the process of separation of the younger generation. The work also formulates the division of separation factors from the parental family into macro and micro levels. As part of the theoretical review, sociological works studying the socialization of youth and family socialization are analyzed; psychological works that reveal the essence of the process of separation from the parental family. Key aspects of the external and intrafamily environment that determine the acquisition of autonomy and adulthood are highlighted. A hypothesis is put forward about the influence of the family, its financial situation, living conditions and the nature of relationships, as well as the gender and age of young people on the acquisition of autonomy. Internal separation is studied separately as a process of acquiring emotional autonomy, and external, the essence of which is a change in role set and the formation of behavioral independence. To test the proposed relationships, the authors conduct an empirical study of Moscow youth using an online survey with a sample of 324 people, as a result of which factors of internal separation are identified: family composition (presence of a mother), warmth of family relationships. The latter aspect especially influences the development of personality, but at the same time prevents young people from developing their own life goals. External separation is determined by the financial situation of the family, gender, age of the respondent, and whether he or she has a job. In general, both internal and external separation are somewhat more pronounced among men aged 26 to 30 years: they are more often employed, have independence of judgment and are more adapted to everyday self-care. At the same time, women experience difficulties in acquiring emotional autonomy: they are less likely to feel confident in the decisions they make, more often they are afraid of disappointing their parents and consult with them. The results obtained during the study can be used by scientists studying the process of growing up, psychologists for private and family therapy, and government officials as part of planning youth and demographic policy. The research topic has the prospect of additional study using qualitative sociological methods, allowing us to reveal in more detail the essence of the relationship between the parent family and their growing children.

CRIMINOLOGICAL FEATURES ORGANIZED COUNTERFEITING IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Relevance. In recent years, in the field of counterfeiting, organized groups have been using the possibilities of digital technologies, which contributes to changing the structure of crime in this category, associated with erasing the criminal relationship and personal interaction of accomplices.
 In the digital age, as at any historical stage, legal means fulfill the most important task of social regulation – the protection of the monetary sphere from criminal encroachments. In the context of the development of new technologies, legal means are doubling their importance in the system of countering organized counterfeiting.
 Purpose and methods. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legal foundations of state policy in the field of countering organized counterfeiting in the digital age. To achieve this goal, dialectical and historical methods, sociological methods, and the method of expert assessments were used in the framework of the study.
 Conclusion. The study of organizational and criminological aspects of organized counterfeiting in the digital age has shown that a significant part of the acts of this category is committed in a virtual environment. Block-network transnational organized crime in the field of counterfeiting is spreading in the digital space.
 Digital systems and computer programs have become a tool and a means of making counterfeit money and counterfeit securities. In the digital world, non-cash money has become the subject of organized counterfeiting. Significant changes in the structure of organized counterfeiting dictate certain requirements for its prevention system. The paper proposes some organizational and criminological measures to counter organized digital counterfeiting.

ISSUES OF DIVISION OF POWERS BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ITS SUBJECTS IN THE FIELD OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the establishment of the level and degree of regulatory support for the delimitation of powers between the Russian Federation and its subjects in the sphere of physical culture and sport, which is due to a number of prerequisites that characterize the relevance of the stated topic. Among them there are changes in the conditions for the development of physical culture and sport, as well as the restructuring of executive bodies in the regions in the context of the reform of public authority. The subject of the research is regulatory legal acts that establish and disclose the powers of authorities and other subjects in the context of the analyzed relations at the federal level and at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as the activities of authorized public authorities in this sphere.
 Methodology. The research is based on general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, comparison, modeling) in combination with special legal and sociological methods (private legal methods – formal legal and comparative methods, method of state and legal modeling, method of interpretation of law; methods of sociological analysis – sociological observation and survey).
 Results. The results of the research consist in the established prospects for the permissibility of revision and conditions for the distribution of powers of public authorities between the federal center and the regions in the analyzed sphere.
 Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the field of public administration on the issues of organization of activities in the sphere of physical culture and sport.

The Opinion of Dental Technology Students about the Harmful Effects of the Materials Used During Practical Training and Means of Prevention

In the process of training in the special academic disciplines dental technology students are exposed to the harmful effects of various materials, volatile substances and dust particles. All of above can cause allergies, diseases of the respiratory system, neurological diseases, etc. The purpose of the present article is to study whether the students of the “Dental Technician” Educational Sector are familiar with the fact that some of the materials used in their practical training have a harmful effect on the body as well as to give information about means of prevention students can use. A sociological method using a specially designed for the purpose questionnaire was used to achieve the goal of this scientific study. The survey was conducted using Google forms in June 2023 and was distributed among first, second and third year (62.39 % in the study stage) Dental Technology students at the Medical College subordinate to the Medical University of Varna. For the presentation of the results a graphical analysis was used. It was found that a very large number of students know about the harmful effects of some of the materials they work with and more than half of them are worried about their health; not all of the students use protective equipment and there are some who do not use protective equipment at all ( 12.20 %). The following recommendations have been made to the educational institution and to the respondents based on the results, the conclusions and the students’ suggestions: it is recommended that the aducational laboratories are equipped with a central and individual aspiration system (for each working space), aspiration above worktops and fireplaces, hoppers for crushing the packaging mass when releasing the cast dental structure; students are also adviced to use personal protective equipment – uniforms, protective gloves, glasses, masks, helmets.

Transformation of the image of a mother woman in the visual culture of independent Ukraine

The relevance of the article lies in the analysis of the transformation of the image of a mother woman in the visual culture of independent Ukraine. The patriarchal stereotypical perception of femininity is being transformed in Ukrainian visual culture. Since Ukraine has gained its independence, the perception of the traditional role of women in society began to change under the influence of socio-cultural processes.
 The purpose of the article is to carry out a cultural reception of the image of a mother woman in visual culture as a reflection of socio-cultural dynamics in independent Ukraine. To define the peculiarities of female images in interpretive models of visual studios, to investigate the dynamics of the image of a mother woman during the years of independence, as well as to explain the culturally significant meanings of the variable spectrum of the image of a mother woman in the visual space of independent Ukraine.
 The methodology of scientific research is determined by the use of methods of cultural studies, history and sociology. The method of culturology allows us to reveal the specifics of the representation of female images in visual culture. The sociocultural method involves the analysis of the visual component of the Ukrainian Internet environment, as well as establishing the interdependence of visual culture and social changes. Historical method allows to trace the context of visual transformations.
 The results. It was proved that the image of a mother woman, peculiar to the traditional Ukrainian culture, during the first years of independence was transformed into the mythologem of Berehynia and personified the national idea. Throughout the 1990s, the image embodied the idea of state sovereignty. The period of the 2000s for mass culture was characterized by the depiction of gender-stereotypical images of motherhood and women in the role of a housewife with the emergence of the domestic violence problem. The Revolution of Dignity conditioned the narrative of struggle, which filled the image of a woman-mother with the concept of militancy. As a result of the political and historical processes taking place until today, the concept of motherhood was filled with motives of protection of one’s own land, sacrifice for the protection of one’s own child.
 The scientific novelty of the research. For the first time, the transformation of the image of a mother woman, represented in the visual culture of Ukraine during the period of independence, is considered.
 The practical significance. The results of the research can be used to study the modern visual culture of Ukraine, in further investigations of mass media and research of feminine images represented in the visual culture of Ukraine.

The Impact of Cancel Culture on Politics and International Relations

The article aims to reveal particularities of cancel culture in politics and international relations using methods of sociology and conflict theory. Deriving from previous research of cancel culture, authors define cancel culture as non-institutionalized form of social control that is implemented through mass mobilization in social media. After informal pressure the formal punishment could follow against those who break norms or behavior expectations. As a kind of social control cancel culture could contribute to overcoming gap between manifested values and social practices, preserving social order and fighting elitism and inequality. At the same time cancel culture could be used as instrument of unfair competition, political struggle and suppression of opinions. Comparison of cancel culture cases in the USA, United Kingdom and Russia allows to conclude that the scale and effectiveness of collective actions depend on national context, different systems of norms and values and cultural practices to react on violation of values and norms.In politics and international relations cancel culture manifests as an addition to actions of formal political institutions, and it aims to undermine authority and reputation of a politician. It is important that in politics and international relations cancel culture is an instrument of informal control, which follows formal sanctions. Conclusions about the nature of cancel culture as an instrument of politics helps to understand better its functions in regard to attempts to “cancel” Russia. Cancel culture adds to formal sanctions and aims to isolate the country, to undermine its legitimacy as international actor. In regard to Russia the efforts are made to “cancel” it on two levels: formal – by sanctions and informal – via rejection to cooperate coming from various professional communities. In both cases countries and respective communities have their own understanding of norms and acceptable means and tools, and thus cancel culture becomes a toll of collective punishment. International relations lack universal understanding of norms and single center of political power, so that causes selective usage of instruments to impact, and thus cancel culture becomes an instrument of political struggle.

ПРОБЛЕМА «ЛИЧНОСТЬ И ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЦЕСС» В ТЕОРЕТИКО-ФИЛОСОФСКОМ НАСЛЕДИИ ИДЕОЛОГОВ ПАРТИИ СОЦИАЛИСТОВ- РЕВОЛЮЦИОНЕРОВ (ЭСЕРОВ)

Одним из «белых пятен» в теоретическом наследии прошлого является конструктивное освещение философских воззрений идеологов партии социалистов-революционеров, одной из крупнейших партий дореволюционной России, которая имела свои организации во всех регионах российской империи, включая Туркестан. Обращение к истории взаимоотношений политических партий в России до и после Октябрьской революции, анализ их политической программы и философских воззрений помогает глубже понять атмосферу того времени во всей ее сложности и противоречивости, способствует развитию нашего политического мышления. Проблема «Личность и исторический процесс» в теоретико-философском наследии идеологов партии эсеров связана с пониманием ими роли личности в истории, а также с обоснованием террористической деятельности. Специфика истолкования идеологами партии эсеров данного вопроса, по мнению авторов, связана с пониманием ими сущности человека. Как показано в статье, для эсеров было характерно натуралистическое истолкование человека, которое опиралось на биопсихическое понимание личности. Как считают авторы, социалисты-революционеры придерживались позитивистской установки, так как стремление познать объективные законы общественного развития рассматривалось ими как ненаучная попытка, поскольку их истинность не может быть проверена опытным эмпирическим путем. Социологические законы, по мнению эсеров, неизбежно преломляются в человеческой психологии, находят в ней свое подлинное выражение. Социалисты-революционеры исходили из принципов субъективного метода в социологии, разработанного П.Л.Лавровым и Н.К.Михайловским, дополнив их идеями, взятыми из западноевропейских субъективно-идеалистических течений. Обосновывая террор, социалисты-революционеры, исходили из биопсихического понимания личности. Рассматривая террор как возбуждающее и революционизирующее средство, они считали, что с помощью террора можно воздействовать на психику индивида. Абсолютизация биологических и психологических моментов в человеке способствовала неправильному анализу политической обстановки в стране, что делало, в какой-то степени, утопичной и саму политическую программу эсеров.

Development of Innovative Approaches to the Popularization of Science and Technology for the Development of Interaction Between Science and Society

The purpose of the study is to develop a concept of a virtual space for the promotion and popularization of science and technologies for communication between scientists, society and state; promoting the inclusive development of science and technology in Ukraine; the formation of a scientific worldview and the innovative culture of society. Research methods: methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison; hermeneutic, contextual, sociological methods; systematic, transdisciplinary, prognostic-analytical, historical approaches. Results. Among benefits of the study there is the expected outcome of the research: to formulate proposals for the development of scientific communications in society, dialogue and cooperation of scientists and all age and professional strata of population; the formation of an innovative culture, critical thinking and a scientific worldview; increasing the attractiveness of the profession of a scientist, the social status of a scientist. Conclusions. The authors of the article propose the measures which should be implemented that in order to contribute to the high-quality modern training of future specialists, oriented to participate in the innovative reconstruction of Ukraine based on the latest achievements of science and high technologies, and will ensure a worthy replenishment of the personnel potential of Ukrainian science.

THE REAL READINESS TO DEAL WITH CITIZENS TEMPORARILY RESIDING IN THE CITY OF PLEVEN WITH CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR (CBRN) TERRORISM

Urbanization and population density in the city of Pleven create the conditions for anthropogenic disasters involving modern hazards such as disease-causing microorganisms, toxins, dangerous chemicals, hazardous weapon substances, radiation, and nuclear explosions. The study was conducted under project No. 13/2022 at MU - Pleven, involving 240 foreign citizens from 31 countries. The participants were divided into two age groups: 18 to 25 years (64%) and 26 to 35 years (36%). Their duration of stay in Pleven was categorized into up to 5 years (54%) and over 5 years (46%). Interestingly, more than 50% of the participants had experienced more than one distress situation before. The study used a sociological method to examine the readiness to protect themselves during disasters. The results revealed alarmingly low levels of awareness regarding anthropogenic disasters or terrorist acts in the city of Pleven, with only 15% and 5% of respondents being aware of them, respectively. Furthermore, over 60% of the respondents did not know who organizes aid for the population during disasters. Both age groups demonstrated inadequate knowledge and preparedness in dealing with a biological weapon infection outbreak. About 53% of participants did not know what to do in case of danger, 75% were unaware of the emergency phone number during disasters, 56% could not provide first aid to victims, and 64% lacked knowledge of appropriate actions in the event of a terrorist act.

OPTIMIZATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION SYSTEM IN GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article presents the results of a sociological survey of physical education teachers and primary school teachers regarding satisfaction with the content of educational reforms. The following methods were used during the research: analysis of scientific and methodical literature; pedagogical experiment; sociological methods, methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 92 physical education teachers and 66 primary school teachers from Dnipropetrovsk region, who are highly qualified specialists with extensive experience. The respondents’ answers show that the majority of teachers are familiar with the content of the State Standard of Primary Education, Basic Secondary Education, and the educational programs they teach. Satisfaction with the content of programs for primary school was revealed. Some difficulties with the implementation of the model program for grades 5-6 have been identified. They are associated with an excessive number of modules that cannot be studied due to lack of time, the lack of an appropriate material and technical base, and organizational deficiencies. The results show that teachers use a large list of modern forms, methods and technologies of physical education to increase the motor activity of students, but the introduction of distance learning causes difficulties in their application. The obtained data were the basis for determining the prospects for optimizing the organizational and pedagogical conditions of physical education system in institutions of general secondary education in modern conditions. They consist of a comprehensive approach, which include certain actions at the state level (improvement of the material and technical base, increase in funding, improvement of the management system in the field of physical education), local level (expansion of forms of physical culture and health work, expansion of forms of work for the formation of social and mental students’ health, improvement of educational and methodological support of the educational process) and personal (improvement of qualifications, formation of professional competences in mastering modern methods and technologies) levels.

Max Weber and Harriet Martineau in physical education: Nuances of historical parallelism and gender bias in the sociological method

Physical education has been constituted in a complex scenario, and despite this epistemological debate, we can find the existence of a “sociology of sport,” a relatively recent field of study dominated by names such as Karl Marx, Norbert Elias, Pierre Bourdieu, and Michel Foucault, while the name of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, the first woman sociologist, is absent of research in the “sociology of sport.” This article aims to explore two possible phenomena to explain this failure: Historical parallelism and gender bias. This research applies the bibliographic method with a descriptive approach, based on the works of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, including supporting theoretical references. As the main result, Weber considered sociology as a science that seeks to interpretively understand social action and explain it causally in its course and effects. According to Weber, scientists must be skilled in separating judgments of reality (what is) and judgments of value (what ought to be) in scientific analysis, to pursue genuine knowledge, and he organized his sociological analysis method based on two main tools: (1) Ideal types and (2) types of social action. Temporarily before Weber, Martineau (1802 – 1876) pointed to aspects related to the observation process, and provided examples related to the different classifications of what Weber referred to as “social action.” She emphasized the need to engage with the people and groups from which one seeks to gather information, and two elements stand out: (1) The recommendation to study things, using people’s discourse as if it was a commentary on them and (2) the occasional need to distance oneself a little to have a more accurate view of the phenomenon. Martineau provided relevant indications regarding the recording of facts, previously to Weber. In conclusion, it is expected that researchers from different areas, including physical education, who employ research methods from the social sciences, field diary observations, and interviews, can appropriate what was previously produced before Max Weber, in this case, by Harriet Martineau.

Labor mobility in the system of employment strategies of the region’s population

The issue consideration of labor mobility as an employment strategy is relevant, because it is based on a growing understanding of the importance of labor mobility for the economic development of the country and its regions. The study purpose is to examine the place of labor mobility in the employment strategy of the population. The objectives are to study approaches to the labor mobility definition as an employment strategy, to analyze regional specifics in the labor mobility of the population, to determine the place of labor mobility in the employment strategy of the Tyumen region. General scientific, statistical and sociological methods were used in the research. The main study results are the identification of an increasing trend in the transformation of the population employment strategy and its reflection on the processes of labor mobility, grouped around changes in production and economic conditions. This provision defines not only the basis for the development of scientific discussion, but also the directions for further study of such issue.

Study of the image characteristics of school uniforms in the educational environment

The article is devoted to the study of the school uniform image characteristics. The relevance of the work is related to the discussion that has resumed in Russian society in connection with the possibility of introducing a standard for school uniforms by 2024. This study analyzes the attitude towards the problem of students, parents and employees of educational institutions. The sociological method (survey in the form of a questionnaire) was used in the work. The respondents were residents of the Primorsky Territory, 452 people took part in the survey. It has been established that students deny the need for uniform, while parents and teachers support the idea of a school uniform in education institutions. Positive and negative image characteristics of a school suit are revealed. Respondents consider the absence of a problem in the everyday choice of clothes and the maintenance of school discipline as positive characteristics of wearing a uniform. The negative characteristics of the school suit, according to students, are the lack of opportunities for self-expression and individuality, while most parents and teachers believe that there are no negative image characteristics of the school uniform. In terms of visual image characteristics, students would prefer to wear a preppy school uniform, parents and teachers would like to see a business style school uniform (classic with casual elements). When choosing a color solution for school uniforms, students would like to wear black clothes, arguing that black is a versatile and elegant color. Parents and teachers would prefer to see school uniforms predominantly blue.

The choice of a technical specialty by students of Russian universities: generational analysis

The article deals with the inheritance of technical professions for three generations of the family. The relevance of the study is due to the need of studying the influence of the family on the educational, professional, and cultural capital of students. The main issues of the project are the educational and professional paths of several generations of the family, family capital, motives for choosing a technical profession by students of Russian universities, dynasties of technical specialists, the collection of biographical works as a method of empirical sociology. The autobiographies written by the students of technical specialties of Russian higher educational institutions were analyzed. The educational experience of parents, grandparents of informants was studied. The author presents the classification of professions of the older generations of the family. The texts were processed using specialized computer programs. It is established that the technical profession is leading in the list of occupations of the older generations of the students' family. The second place is occupied by workers in the field of economics. In the dynasties of technical specialists, the main factor in choosing a profession is the inheritance of family professional, educational, cultural and social capital. In other families, the main motives for choosing a technical education and profession are the abilities and interests of the student, as well as the prospects of a high income. Inheritance of a profession closes the ranking of reasons for admission to technical faculties. A methodological analysis of the collection of biographical works was carried out. The approach minimizes the presence of the researcher at the field stage of the project implementation, allows the use of computer text processing, is relevant to the study of generational issues in sociology. Among the disadvantages of the method is the incompleteness of the primary information received. The results of the project can be used to solve the tasks of social policy in the fields of labor, education and family. The experience of generational analysis of biographical materials is important to sociology.

On the issue of consumers’ rights protection in Ukraine during the period of military situation

In this article, the authors analyzes the current practical condition of consumer rights protection in Ukraine during the period of military situation, вecause one of the peculiarities of consumer relations is that they are inherent in any period of society’s existence, despite the influence of external factors of its development. The purpose of the article proposed for scientific comprehension is to analyze the current practical status of consumer rights protection during military situation in Ukraine. In order to obtain reliable results reflecting the real status of affairs regarding the peculiarities of consumer protection in Ukraine during military situation, it is advisable to use a number of methods, namely: specific sociological method to reflect the practical situation of consumer rights protection, statistical method to analyze the available practical data, formal legal method to clarify the legislative provisions on the issue in question, and synthesis method, which provided a comprehensive view of the specifics of the current legal status of consumer rights protection in Ukraine. It is emphasized that despite the special period, consumers have the same rights and obligations as in peacetime. Due to the introduction of restrictive legislation after February 24, 2022, the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection is partially deprived of its direct functional responsibilities, but provides advice on alternative ways to protect consumer rights, where the main actors are the courts, the National Bank of Ukraine, the State Tax Service, and the Commissioner for the Protection of the State Language. It is also emphasized that, given the actual circumstances, the use of alternative ways to resolve the issue of protection and compensation is not always possible due to various obstacles (lack of communication with the business entity, inability to establish its actual address, improper examination, etc.). It also provides statistical data (850 requests have been processed) on the number of requests for public information in the area of consumer protection. The largest number of requests for public information were relate to ecology and environmental pollution, food safety and veterinary medicine, and providing copies of documents on food safety and veterinary medicine. At the end of the scientific article, the authors presented the relevant conclusions about practical condition of consumer rights protection in Ukraine during the period of military situation. Key words: consumer, protection of consumer rights, military situation, state supervision, control, alternative ways of issues solving, State Production and Consumer Service, statistical data, factors of complexity of protection.

Контуры факторов экономической безопасности региона

Dynamic changes in the external and internal environment of modern Russian regions increasingly require the reflection of the correct fragments of economic security in the structure of the development strategy of these regions and, ultimately, the formation of such an independent subsystem as the strategy of economic security becomes relevant. The development of a regional development strategy is traditionally based on the results of a comprehensive analysis, in which the identification of factors influencing development is associated with the use of a significant number of research methods, among which one can also find methods of correlation and regression analysis of secondary information (based on the analysis of a wide range of documents), and sociological methods of collecting and processing primary information (observations, surveys), and methods of structuring and ranking (expert assessments, building graphs and morphological matrices), and methods of organizing group work (nominal groups and other brainstorming options). The paper shows that in the process of strategic analysis it is advisable to single out three contours for determining the factors of economic security, the implementation of which ultimately allows reaching the most significant decisions regarding the economic security of the region.

Character development of youth generation in facing global competition, Indonesia’s experience in the Jokowi era

Purpose: to reveal the phenomenon of the younger generation as the capital of a developing nation.
 Method: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, specifically sociological method.
 Findings: it has been proven that without strong nationalism and patriotism of the young generation, the country will be easily shaken by problems arising from both inside and outside, which will make it difficult to achieve the goals of national development.
 Paper type: theoretical.

Банки и иные кредитные организации в Российской Федерации как объект общественного контроля: конституционно-правовой анализ

The paper analyzes the system of objects of public control in Russia, studies some points of view in the scien-tific legal literature as to whether banks and other credit organizations belong to them. Constitutional and legal analysis of the activities of the latter in the designated status is presented in the article. It substantiates the ne-cessity to organize and conduct public control activities in relation to this category of objects. Besides, the article studies the main problems hindering this, develops and justifies the system of measures to resolve these prob-lems, including by making appropriate amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Russian Federa-tion and legislation. In addition, the constitutional-legal analysis of the system of objects of public control in Russia is carried out using formal-logical, comparative-legal, historical-legal, statistical, sociological methods of research.

Network Analysis in Literature and the Arts: Rethinking Agency and Creativity

AbstractThe essay proposes to think of the creative subject as an actor in a network, that is, following Bruno Latour, as a »moving target of a vast array of entities swarming toward it« (Latour 2005, 46). It explores what it means to bring a network analysis to lectures on poetics by employing both a structuralist visualization informed by a computational method and a sociological method according to Latour’s Actor-Network-Theory (ANT). ANT is used to make traceable what with Hugh Kenner is called »elsewhere communities« consisting of spirits and minds along with objects and spaces. This serves to defend a method of criticism that is not oriented towards unearthing deep textual meanings, but which foregrounds the arts’ relatability and potential for provoking association and attachments. Network analysis in the arts and humanities, so goes the argument, has the potential to be much more than a formalist description of connections made. It offers means for detecting the implicit and explicit presences of a variety of different actors in or relating to works of art and challenges us to move beyond established analytical categories such as intertextuality and intermediality by opening the inquiry to a wider diversity of actors and to redefine our understanding of creativity.The article focuses on networks that emerge in lectures in which renowned artists from around the world share with general audiences their views on work processes, motivations to create, and artistic self-understandings. These are known asPoetikvorlesungenin Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, but do not have a distinct label outside of the German-speaking literary scene. The article departs from the observation that making connections and forming artistic associations are key components of these lectures as this feature can be found frequently. It first outlines genre characteristics of lectures on the arts with particular focus on networks that such lectures participate in. Emblematic examples are the Frankfurt Lectures on Poetics by the German novelist Daniel Kehlmann (given in 2014) and the Tanner Lectures by the Canadian writer and critic Hugh Kenner (given in 1999). Kehlmann depicts his artistic influences, sources of inspiration, and references to existing contexts by pretending to summon spirits, a rhetorical gesture akin to a necromancy. Kenner calls networks that evolve from making such connections »elsewhere communities«.The essay explores what a network-oriented analysis of this genre could look like by turning to the Norton Lectures by the German filmmaker Wim Wenders (given in 2018). These serve to test two different analytical approaches. The article relies both on network visualization and on tracing of networks according to Actor-Network-Theory (ANT). The article thus offers both a graphic representation of references from Wenders’ lectures and a textual tracing of associations according to the methodology outlined by Latour.An important finding is that network analysis, no matter its method, offers exciting opportunities in revealing the significance of relations and associations. Network analysis challenges literary scholars to revisit and rethink intertextuality, intermediality, or intersubjectivity and invites them to unearth a new diversity of actors. The article argues that graphic visualizations done with computational methods can be instrumental in the immediacy with which they communicate findings, especially when it comes to findings from a large corpus. The article then moves on to explore the nuances and theoretical implications that ANT offers in addition to the network visualization. A major appeal of ANT is, so the argument, that it offers insight into processes that are central to literary criticism: translation, mediation, and the evolving dynamics that stem from them. Since lectures on poetics are located at the intersection of artistic creation, authorial self-presentation, and criticism, they offer a particularly good window into the interactions ofpoiesisandaesthesis, of creative work and its dependency on the reception of other artworks. The argument concludes by suggesting that network analysis invites theorists to reconceptualize reader-response theory toward what scholars call comparative media studies.Finally, the article briefly considers lectures on the arts not as objects of criticism, but as a blueprint for scholarship that looks to re-envision literary criticism and its engagement of the reading public.

Tracking Persons With Vehicles

In order to carry out an exhaustive investigation of the theme, the analysis of the problems was resorted to by referring to certain doctrinal points of view, evaluating and synthesizing some aspects in the field of technique and tactics of the tracking bodies. I used the inductive method as the main method because science uses experience as a means of confirming its conclusions and hypotheses. For the study of the theme, its complexity was taken into account, for which a combination of some classic research methods with some new method,s was preferred. Thus, direct observation was used to underline the importance of the methods/tactics/rules that must be followed so that the mission of tracking people can be a success. Indirect observation was used by appealing to some clear and well-written previous findings in the studied subject. Other methods used throughout the elaboration of the paper include: - the sociological method necessary for the collection, analysis and interpretation of information; - the documentary research undertaken at some police headquarters in order to fully understand the techniques and tactics of the investigative bodies; - the documentary research undertaken at the headquarters of the local police units to reveal the number of files, which were solved with the help of tracking techniques; - indirect research.