NOTE: I wish to thank Professor J. Woodford Howard, Jr., for his very helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. 1 See, e.g., Theodore L. Becker, Political Behavioralism and Modern Jurisprudence: Working Theory and Study in Judicial Decision-Making (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964), and A Survey of Hawaiian Judges: Effect on Decisions of Judicial Variations, American Political Science Review, 60 (1966), 677-680; Victor E. Flango and Glendon Schubert, Two Surveys of Simulated Judicial Decision-Making: Hawaii and the Philippines, in Glendon Schubert and David J. Danelski, eds., Comparative Judicial Behavior (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 197-220; Henry R. Glick, Supreme Courts in State Politics: An Investigation of the Judicial (New York: Basic Books, 1971); Henry R. Glick and Kenneth N. Vines, Law-Making in the State Judiciary: Comparative Study of the Judicial in Four States, Polity, 2 (1969), 142-59; Joel B. Grossman, Role-Playing and the Analysis of Judicial Behavior: Case of Mr. Justice Frankfurter, Journal of Public Law, 11 (1962), 285-309; Francis M. Rich Jr., Role Perception and Precedent Orientation as Variables Influencing Appellate Judicial Decision-Making: An Analysis of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Georgia, 1967); Charles H. Sheldon, Perceptions of the Judicial Roles in Nevada, Utah Law Review (1968), 355-67; Kenneth N. Vines, The Judicial in the American States: An Exploration, in Joel B. Grossman and Joseph Tanenhaus, eds., Frontiers of Judicial Research (New York: Wiley, 1969), pp. 461-85. ' For an excellent discussion of the concept of role, see Bruce J. Biddle and Edwin J. Thomas, eds., Theory: Concepts and Research (New York: Wiley, 1966), pp. 4 ff.; Neal Gross, Ward S. Mason, and Alexander W. McEachern, Explorations in Analysis: Studies of the School Superintendency (New York: Wiley, 1968), p. 17. See also the leading studies of the legislative role: J. Wahlke et al., Legislative System: Explorations in Legislative Behavior (New York: Wiley, 1962); and Roger H. Davidson, of the Congressman (New York: Pegasus, 1969). 3 Joel Grossman and Joseph Tanenhaus have suggested that these relationships be explored. Op. cit., p. 14. These states were selected because they differ in terms of the methods of judicial selection and in terms of political and socioeconomic characteristics and size. All of the courts have seven members except the Delaware court, which consists of only three jurists. In order to honor pledges of anonymity, no names are used in this paper.