Inventory Method Research Articles

An Analysis Of The Recording And Assessment Methods Of Inventory At Carnova Variasi Kota Bengkulu

A better inventory system can increase profit, while a less efficient system can erode profit and make a business less competitive. The main benefit of inventory formation is to protect the company from unforeseen events and disruptions in business. The aim of this research is to analyze the recording and assessment methods of inventory at Carnova Variasi Kota Bengkulu. The recording and assessment methods of inventory, specifically for car seat covers, rice noodle carpets, and android head units at Carnova Variasi Kota Bengkulu over a 12-month period from May 2023 to April 2024, will be compared with the Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small, and Medium Entities (SAK EMKM) no.9 of 2018. Data collection was done through documentation and research analysis using comparative descriptive analysis. The results were in line with the recording method recommended by SAK EMKM regarding inventory. This is because Carnova Variasi Kota Bengkulu recorded inventory at the time of purchase and sale into detailed purchase and sales reports leading to a perpetual recording method system. Additionally, Carnova Variasi Kota Bengkulu used stock cards as a means of controlling its inventory. However, there are still some discrepancies such as not journalizing at the time of purchase and sale. The inventory assessment system implemented by Carnova Variasi Kota Bengkulu is the weighted average valuation method, which complies with SAK EMKM regarding inventory. This can be seen in the determination of the cost of goods sold taken from the average inventory price by dividing the total purchase price by the existing inventory. However, the inconsistency lies in the fact that Carnova Variasi Kota Bengkulu did not prepare financial statements, resulting in the absence of inventory presentation in the balance sheet.

Atmospheric observation and emission estimation of HFC-125 and HFC-32 in China from four representative cities

HFC-125 and HFC-32 are fluorinated greenhouse gases of great concern due to their high GWPs and increasing background atmospheric concentrations. Long-term atmospheric observations of HFC-125 and HFC-32 were carried out in four representative cities of China (Beijing, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Lanzhou) from January 2012 to October 2019. Overall, the annual mean atmospheric concentrations of HFC-125 and HFC-32 both showed increasing trends, with average rates of 4.8 ppt yr−1 and 7.9 ppt yr−1. The average concentrations of HFC-125 and HFC-32 in urban areas were significantly higher than those in suburban areas. Significant differences in atmospheric concentrations of the two HFCs were observed among the four cities. HFC-125 and HFC-32 emissions were estimated accordingly, averaging 6.2 Gg yr−1 (23.6 Mt. CO2-eq) and 5.7 Gg yr−1 (4.3 Mt. CO2-eq) during 2012 and 2019 and growing at rates of 0.8 Gg yr−1 (3.1 Mt. CO2-eq) and 0.8 Gg yr−1 (0.6 Mt. CO2-eq), respectively, with an increasing contribution to global radiative forcing. The bottom-up inventories of HFC-125 and HFC-32 in the four cities increased annually from 2012 to 2019, with the highest emissions in Beijing, while the top-down emissions fluctuated during the research period. SynopsisThe atmospheric concentrations of HFC-125 and HFC-32 were measured from 2012 to 2019 in four representative cities of China. Both HFC emissions at national and city levels were estimated using observation-based and inventory methods.

Innovative Solutions for High School Inventory Management: An Information System Approach

This paper explores the development and implementation of an innovative information system designed to enhance inventory management in high schools. Traditional inventory methods, often reliant on manual tracking, are prone to errors and inefficiencies, which can hinder resource allocation and decision-making. By adopting an information system approach, schools can automate processes, improve data accuracy, and provide real-time access to inventory information. The study outlines key features such as real-time tracking, automated alerts, and role-based access controls, which are critical to the system's effectiveness. The results demonstrate significant improvements in workflow efficiency, data accuracy, and overall resource management. Despite the challenges associated with system implementation, including cost and training requirements, the benefits make this approach a compelling solution for modernizing high school inventory practices. The paper concludes with recommendations for broader adoption and further research to optimize these systems for educational settings.

Computer vision-based model for detecting turning lane features on Florida’s public roadways from aerial images

ABSTRACT Efficient collection of roadway geometry data is crucial for effective transportation planning, maintenance, and design. Current methods involve land-based techniques like field inventory and aerial-based methods such as satellite imagery. However, land-based approaches are labor-intensive and costly, prompting the need for more efficient methodologies. Consequently, there exists a pressing need to develop more efficient methodologies for acquiring this data promptly, safely, and economically. This study proposes a computer vision-based approach to detect turning lane markings from aerial images in Florida. The method aims to identify aged or faded markings, compare lane locations with other features, and analyze intersection crashes. Validation in Leon County achieved 80.4% accuracy, detecting over 13,800 turning lane features in Duval County, Florida. This data integration offers valuable insights for policymakers and road users, highlighting the significance of automated extraction methods in transportation planning and safety.

Hospital Pharmaceutical Inventory Control in In-Vitro Fertilization Services Using Minimum-Maximum Stock Level

Type C "X" Specialized Hospital in Semarang experienced in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryology laboratory consumable medical supplies (CMS) stockouts in early 2023, delaying medical care. Minimum-maximum stock level (MMSL) is an alternative pharmaceutical inventory procurement method. Compared to the conventional method, this study examined how well the MMSL method controls IVF medications and embryology laboratory CMS at Hospital “X” Department of Pharmacy. This study is a quantitative, secondary data-based, quasi-experimental, non-equivalent study without a control group. The study sampled all IVF medications and embryology laboratory CMS data from October to December 2023 at Hospital “X” with consistent supply. MMSL was implemented prospectively in January – March 2024. Twelve (12) IVF medications and fifty-six (56) embryology laboratory CMS were studied. Efficiency analysis included inventory value, inventory turnover ratio (ITOR), and stockout value; effectiveness analysis included stockout incidences. Statistics were tested using Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar tests. MMSL implementation led to increased inventory value of IVF medications (from IDR21,514,537.00 to IDR49,635,116.00, p=0.040, p<0.05), decreased inventory value of embryology laboratory CMS (from IDR117,421,582.00 to IDR105,318,804.00, p=0.005, p<0.05), and increased ITOR of embryology laboratory CMS (from 0.82 to 0.84 times, p=0.040, p<0.05). MMSL significantly improved IVF medications and embryology laboratory CMS inventory management efficiency.

New tree height allometries derived from terrestrial laser scanning reveal substantial discrepancies with forest inventory methods in tropical rainforests.

Tree allometric models, essential for monitoring and predicting terrestrial carbon stocks, are traditionally built on global databases with forest inventory measurements of stem diameter (D) and tree height (H). However, these databases often combine H measurements obtained through various measurement methods, each with distinct error patterns, affecting the resulting H:D allometries. In recent decades, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has emerged as a widely accepted method for accurate, non-destructive tree structural measurements. This study used TLS data to evaluate the prediction accuracy of forest inventory-based H:D allometries and to develop more accurate pantropical allometries. We considered 19 tropical rainforest plots across four continents. Eleven plots had forest inventory and RIEGL VZ-400(i) TLS-based D and H data, allowing accuracy assessment of local forest inventory-based H:D allometries. Additionally, TLS-based data from 1951 trees from all 19 plots were used to create new pantropical H:D allometries for tropical rainforests. Our findings reveal that in most plots, forest inventory-based H:D allometries underestimated H compared with TLS-based allometries. For 30-metre-tall trees, these underestimations varied from -1.6 m (-5.3%) to -7.5 m (-25.4%). In the Malaysian plot with trees reaching up to 77 m in height, the underestimation was as much as -31.7 m (-41.3%). We propose a TLS-based pantropical H:D allometry, incorporating maximum climatological water deficit for site effects, with a mean uncertainty of 19.1% and a mean bias of -4.8%. While the mean uncertainty is roughly 2.3% greater than that of the Chave2014 model, this model demonstrates more consistent uncertainties across tree size and delivers less biased estimates of H (with a reduction of 8.23%). In summary, recognizing the errors in H measurements from forest inventory methods is vital, as they can propagate into the allometries they inform. This study underscores the potential of TLS for accurate H and D measurements in tropical rainforests, essential for refining tree allometries.

Investigation of inventory management practices at m. products bakery and confectionary limited

Managing stock effectively is important for any organization, running a bakery firm is no exception because without enough stock, services to the customers will come to an abrupt stop. M. Products Bakery and Confectionary Limited provides services for 24 hours and accordingly, needs to keep stock of certain materials and other supplies in order to fulfill its duties effectively. It is generally held opinion that where stock management is poor, it greatly affects the company’s operations as well. Hence this study investigated the Inventory management Practices, M. Products Bakery and Confectionary Limited taken as a case study. A sample of 50 respondents was selected for the study. Questionnaires, interviews and observation were used in attaining data from respondents. The study revealed that the company ensured lean inventory management systems and strategic supplier optimization and most importantly the use of inventory recording technique (stock valuation using FIFO, inventory and issue methods) to manage its inventory. The study also revealed that the company had a computerized system as an inventory management practice but it had no existing inventory model. The study revealed that Inventory Management Practices have impacted on the company’s operations, profitability and the ability of the company to meet customer demand. However, among the gaps within the inventory management practices at M. Products Bakery and Confectionary Limited was limited space, delayed orders from suppliers leading to insufficient inventories, poor quality products from suppliers, bureaucratic process in procurement, purchase of raw materials with early expiration date, increased damages due to poor handling during production, overstocking/under stocking, weak management system , lack of training of the employees and un qualified employees, use of manual inventory management system in some departments, scattered storage facilities and poor transportation mechanism (resulting into spoilage of materials), theft and attacks from rats which reduces the amount of inventory available for sale, reduced demand from some customers especially during the covid19 outbreak and heavy taxes from the government. It was therefore recommended that there is need to expand on its production facility and also adopt advanced warehouse techniques, management to emphasize the importance of inventory management, company should improve its relationship with its suppliers, adopt accurate forecasting techniques, should train more executives and employees and also adopt an advanced information system such as Electronic Data Interchange.

The Crises Facing Sports Federations in Libya

The study aimed to identify the crises facing sports federations in Libya, and the study community consisted of the heads of the committees of sports federations in Libya, whose number (150) members, where the study was conducted by a comprehensive inventory method, as their number reached (150) members, and the researcher built a questionnaire as a study tool, and included (37) paragraphs, distributed on four axes, namely the administrative axis, the technical axis, the potential axis, and the legislative axis, and the validity and stability of the study tool was verified using statistical methods. The results of the study showed the crises facing sports federations in Libya, the legislative axis ranked first with relative importance (78.4%), followed by the possibilities axis on the second place with relative importance (77.79%), followed by the third-place administrative axis with relative importance (69.48%), while the last place came the technical axis with relative importance (36.60%). In light of these results, the study made a set of recommendations, including working to provide appropriate capabilities for sports federations adequately and within international standards and levels, benefiting from the experiences of other countries in crises in sports federations and bodies, and taking preventive measures to face some of the expected crises.

Tackling inventory losses of small accessories in engineering manufacturing: a case study of Euro Manufacturing

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, the students will be able to understand ABC analysis and develop a systematic approach using PDCA, analyze processes, technology, employee training and supplier relationships when analyzing shrink and developing solutions, evaluate how technology improves production inventory control and visibility and recognize the importance of fostering a culture of employee accountability and ownership to minimize inventory loss and improve overall operational efficiency. Case overview/synopsis On June 2, 2023, sitting in his office in Karachi, Pakistan, Khan Aamir, the manager of store and inventory at Euro Manufacturing, found himself immersed in a cloud of confusion. The incessant loss of inventory items, particularly the nut bolts and small accessories, had become a perplexing challenge. To address these losses and provide a cycle count report to the director of supply chain, Aamir, manager of store and inventory, was given the responsibility to take action. He was looking for a comprehensive approach to address the current problems and prevent further losses in the future. This case study examines the various reasons for the losses, including theft, inadequate inventory control methods, human error and problems with suppliers. It highlights the importance of established procedures, the use of technology (such as barcode scanning, radio-frequency identification tagging and inventory management software) and the cultivation of a culture of accountability among employees. Complexity academic level This case study is developed for class discussion in the course of operations management or supply chain management. This case study is suitable for use with undergrad students. This case study can be taught in a module on operations management or supply chain management, as part of a broader course in business management or industrial engineering. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 9: Operations and logistics.

أثر المرونة الاستراتيجية في تحقيق المــيزة التنافسية: دراسة ميدانية على شركات صناعة الأسمنت الخاصة في الجمهوريـة اليمنيــة

The study aimed to determine the impact of strategic flexibility in achieving competitive advantage in private cement manufacturing companies in the Republic of Yemen. The study used the descriptive analytical approach, and the questionnaire was relied upon as a tool for collecting data. The study population was formed through the method of comprehensive inventory of the occupants of management and specialist positions in the companies under study of (561) individuals, (452) valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. The Statistical Package for the Sciences (SPSS) version 20, the statistical program(STATA) (14) and the most important of which is the presence of a high level of practicing strategic flexibility and achieving competitive advantage in private cement manufacturing companies, and the presence of a statistically significant effect of dimensions of strategic flexibility (market flexibility, production flexibility, and human capital flexibility) affect the achievement of competitive advantage in private cement manufacturing companies Among its most important recommendations: adopting strategic flexibility at various levels of decision-making in the companies under study, paying attention to and encouraging new ideas for employees and adopting them, stimulating the creation of a culture of creativity among them.

STUDYING THE IMPACT OF THE VOLUME OF WORK AT THE RAILCAR TRANSFER POINT ON THE NEED FOR TRACK STORAGE CAPACITY FOR BOGIES

Purpose. In the context of military aggression by moscow, export cargo flows, which were largely transported by sea from Ukraine's Black Sea ports, were directed towards western land crossings. At the same time, exporters were trying not only to find new logistics routes but also to increase exports to European countries. This resulted in longer queues at land borders, both road and rail, and the turnover of railcars and their individual components became uncontrollable and unpredictable. The reason for the downtime of cargo in railroad cars at the borders was the limited processing capacity of railcar interchange points and the transshipment capacity of cargo terminals at border stations. One of the elements of the cargo border crossing system, the increase of which will increase the volume of export cargo flow, is the points of change of wagons from 1435 mm gauge to 1520 mm gauge. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the required track capacity for storing 1520 mm and 1435 mm gauge bogies under conditions of daily uneven transportation and the stochastic nature of the turnover of cars on the territory of European railways. Methodology. Simulation modeling, mathematical statistics, and inventory management methods were used to study the impact of the workload of a railcar transfer point on track capacity. Results. As a result of the research, the numerical characteristics of a random variable of the number of cars transferred to the transfer point during the day, as well as the value of car turnover in Europe, were obtained. A methodology for determining the required track capacity for storing bogies based on simulation modeling of the operation of the railcar interchange points was developed. The dependence of the guaranteed stock of bogies of 1435 mm gauge at the station on the daily number of cars serviced at the railroad car transfer point was obtained. Practical significance. The obtained dependences of the required capacity of the tracks for storing bogies on the daily number of cars arriving at the transfer point will allow us to check and, if necessary, bring the existing track development of border stations into line with the calculated volumes of work.

CONDITIONS OF THE OAK FORESTS GROWTH AND CULTIVATION ON THE TOP SURFACES AND SLOPES OF THE NEAR-VOLGA AND ERGENI UPLANDS AND THE PLAINS OF THE SAL-MANYCH INTERFLUVE

Planted oak forests in the south of European Russia are of great conservation and economic importance. The widespread practice of their creation in dry steppes and semideserts dates back to the 1950-1970s and allows to form oak (Quercus robur L.) plantations with longevity up to 40-60 years. The aim of the study is to investigate the growth features of oak trees under different soil-climatic and biocenotic conditions and to suggest methods to increase their longevity.The research was carried out in 2011-2016 in the south of the Near-Volga Upland, the northern part of the Ergeni Upland and lowland plains of the Sal-Manych interfluve at 28 temporary sample plots using common methods of forest inventory and regression data analysis.It has been established that the viability of oak is limited by unfavorable topographic position of plantations, increased climate dryness (HC 0,4-0,6), high content of soil carbonates and shallow-lying horizon of their accumulation, as well as the presence of shrub layer and other competitors for moisture. Under these conditions, afforestation of depressions on the plains and shady slopes with pure plantations of oak and other species without shrubs should gain advantage. The methods of their creation should be modified depending on the topographic position of particular forest area and the climate dryness.So, the main soil cultivation in depressions could last 1-2 years, applying the system of black fallow with plantation plowing. It is advisable to keep 3,5-4,0-meter row spacing, frequent tending, and intensive clearing of young tree stands. Maturer plantations need careful sanitary-selective cuttings, mainly the low-type ones, and preservation of high canopy density. Poor water availability and deterioration of plantations should be prevented by construction of dams.Reclamation plantations of low marketability are created on flat areas after 2-3 years of deeper basic tillage. The carbonate horizon should be loosened and a large moisture reserve is needed. Row spacing of 2,5-3,0 meters is reasonable, accelerating the canopy closure. The area of tree nutrition is expanded by low-intensive uniformly selective cuttings, forming more open stands. The longevity of oak in already existing plantations could be increased by eliminating its competitors, such as living ground cover, shrubs and associated species.

Models for estimating the diameter at breast height as a function of the diameter of the stump Pinus taeda L.

The study addressed the use of models to estimate dendrometric variables in a commercial plantation of Pinus taeda L. Allometric relationships were applied to estimate diameter at breast height (DBH) based on stump diameter (SD), providing a mathematical approach to relate these two variables. Additionally, a "conventional" measurement exclusively of DBH was conducted to compare the values obtained with traditional approach to the results of the proposed modeling. The study also explored hypsometric relationships to estimate tree height as a function of DBH, enabling an efficient and economical assessment of tree characteristics in the forest stand. Furthermore, a forest census was conducted in the area, allowing a comprehensive comparison between the methods used and the actual data from the forest stand, reinforcing the importance of these approaches for effective forest resource management. The results showed that the models were effective in estimating volume, basal area, and the number of trees per hectare, with consistent results compared to the forest census. Therefore, the study concludes that stump inventory methods are effective in estimating dendrometric data in Pinus taeda L. plantations, even after forest cutting events, thereby supporting forestry experts in conducting precise assessments in areas with completed timber harvesting and in making informed decisions. This contributes to the effective and sustainable management of forest resources and the enforcement of laws in cases of environmental or economic damage.

Pricing the missing intangible capital: Evidence from the China A‐share market

AbstractThis study develops novel proxies for firm‐level intangible capital in China's A‐share market and assesses its pricing implications. We compile intangible capital from relevant expenditure entries detailed in the notes of financial statements and assess them using perpetual inventory methods, accounting for industry‐specific variations. Our findings reveal a significant positive intangible capital premium. Additionally, the intangible capital factor substantially improves the performance of the Fama–French three‐ and five‐factor models, and other widely accepted pricing models. This research contributes to the broader understanding of modern production paradigms that increasingly rely on intangible assets and investigates their valuation implications in financial markets.

Carbon peaking prediction scenarios based on different neural network models: A case study of Guizhou Province.

Global warming, caused by greenhouse gas emissions, is a major challenge for all human societies. To ensure that ambitious carbon neutrality and sustainable economic development goals are met, regional human activities and their impacts on carbon emissions must be studied. Guizhou Province is a typical karst area in China that predominantly uses fossil fuels. In this study, a backpropagation (BP) neural network and extreme learning machine (ELM) model, which is advantageous due to its nonlinear processing, were used to predict carbon emissions from 2020 to 2040 in Guizhou Province. The carbon emissions were calculated using conversion and inventory compilation methods with energy consumption data and the results showed an "S" growth trend. Twelve influencing factors were selected, however, five with larger correlations were screened out using a grey correlation analysis method. A prediction model for carbon emissions from Guizhou Province was established. The prediction performance of a whale optimization algorithm (WOA)-ELM model was found to be higher than the BP neural network and ELM models. Baseline, high-speed, and low-carbon scenarios were analyzed and the size and time of peak carbon emissions in Liaoning Province from 2020 to 2040 were predicted using the WOA-ELM model.

The Role of Ethical Leadership in Enhancing Employees’ Job Immersion / Case Study (Ministry of Construction, Housing and Public Municipalities)

The research aims to shed light on ethical leadership as an independent variable represented by its dimensions (justice, participation in power, role clarity, concern for employees, integrity, and moral guidance) and its role in enhancing job Immersion among the employees of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and public municipalities in Iraq as a dependent variable represented by Its dimensions (activity, dedication, and involvement). The research used the descriptive analytical method, and the survey was used as a research tool. The surveys were distributed to all members of the sample through the use of a comprehensive inventory method, totaling (118) individuals at different administrative levels of the above-mentioned ministry. Statistical packages (spss.v26) and statistical methods, including (descriptive statistics scale, Pearson correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression analysis) were used to analyze the data with the aim of answering the research questions. The most important of which is the main research question (Is there an awareness among the management of the sample studied when it follows the ethical leadership style and the level of its influence on the job Immersion of its employees). Through the results of data analysis, the research concluded that ethical leadership has a positive relationship and impact on job Immersion in the Iraqi Ministry of Construction and Housing and public municipalities, as the two main hypotheses of the research were achieved

Analysis of Raw Material Inventory Control with A Tabular Approach and Formula Approach Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) to Optimize The Cost of Soybean Raw Material Inventory At The Rizqy Putra Fried Tofu Factory

Inventory management is a crucial aspect in the operations of the manufacturing industry, including in fried tofu factories such as the Rizqy Putra Fried Tofu Factory. The main raw material, namely soybeans, must be managed efficiently to ensure smooth production and minimize the costs incurred. This research aims to determine the inventory control of soybean raw materials applied by Rizqy Putra Fried Tofu Factory, the total inventory cost, and the optimal quantity of soybean raw material orders. This research is quantitative research with a comparative descriptive analysis. The data processed are the inventory purchase and usage reports of soybean raw materials at Rizqy Putra Fried Tofu Factory in 2023. The data analysis method used in this research includes two approaches: the tabular approach and the formula approach with the calculation technique of Economic Order Quantity (EOQ). Based on the results of the research, the inventory control method applied by Rizqy Putra Fried Tofu Factory is the traditional or conventional method, where the total inventory cost of soybean raw materials is Rp. 18,720,000 with details of storage costs amounting to Rp. 18,000,000 and ordering costs of Rp. 720,000 per year, and an ordering frequency of 48 times with an average order quantity of 5,875 kg. Meanwhile, according to the calculation of the formula approach EOQ, the optimal order quantity is 2,880 kg, with an ordering frequency of 24 times and the total inventory cost incurred is Rp. 734,387. The conclusion of this research indicates that based on the calculation of the EOQ formula approach, the total inventory cost of soybean raw materials is more optimal compared to the conventional method applied by Rizqy Putra Fried Tofu Factory.

Decreasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Municipal Solid Waste Sector in Chinese Cites.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems play a crucial role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China. Although the government has implemented many policies to improve the MSW management system, the impact of these improvements on city-level GHG emission reduction remains largely unexplored. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of both direct and downstream GHG emissions from the MSW sector, encompassing sanitary landfill, dump, incineration, and biological treatment, across 352 Chinese cities from 2001 to 2021 by adopting inventory methods recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results reveal that (1) GHG emissions from the MSW sector in China peaked at 70.6 Tg of CO2 equiv in 2018, followed by a significant decline to 47.6 Tg of CO2 equiv in 2021, (2) cities with the highest GHG emission reduction benefits in the MSW sector were historical emission hotspots over the past 2 decades, and (3) with the potential achievement of zero-landfilling policy by 2030, an additional reduction of 203.7 Tg of CO2 equiv is projected, with the emission reduction focus toward cities in South China (21.9%), Northeast China (17.8%), and Southwest China (17.3%). This study highlights that, even without explicit emission reduction targets for the MSW sector, the improvements of this sector have significantly reduced GHG emissions in China.

Investigating the Potential of Hyper-Temporal Terrestrial Laser Point Clouds for Monitoring Deciduous Tree Growth

Abstract. Monitoring tree growth processes is relevant for ecological research and understanding the intricate relationship between vegetation and the environment. Time series analyses have revealed a correlation between leaf emergence timing and climate change, with earlier leaf emergence attributed to global warming. While traditional forest inventory methods struggle to quantify growth processes on small scales, terrestrial laser scanning provides a powerful alternative for providing high-resolution 3D information. This study explores the use of high-frequency hyper-temporal terrestrial laser scanning data to quantitatively describe deciduous tree growth, tested on a pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). The research aims to address key questions about detecting leaf growth in hypertemporal terrestrial laser scanning data. Additionally, it explores how 3D tree parameters and point cloud comparisons capture leaf and tree growth throughout the year. Results from M3C2 point cloud analyses indicate that the temporary branch movements correlate with precipitation. Over the year, branch movements were detected to increase with growing distance from the trunk.

Alih Aksara dan Alih Bahasa Manuskrip Hikayat Raja Handak

The objectives of this study are to provide a physical description of the Hikayat Raja Handak manuscript, to present the transliteration of the Hikayat Raja Handak manuscript, and to present the translation of the Hikayat Raja Handak manuscript. This research belongs to the field of philological research. The research method used is the philological method, which involves several stages. The data collection stage utilizes the data inventory method, the manuscript description stage employs the descriptive method, the transliteration stage utilizes the script transfer method, and the translation stage employs the language transfer method. The results of this study include: a description of the Hikayat Raja Handak manuscript, which has been described based on the necessary considerations for manuscript identification and description; the presentation of the transliteration in the Hikayat Raja Handak manuscript. The transcription is carried out following the researcher's transcription guidelines without altering the content or word order of the manuscript; (c) the presentation of the translation of the Hikayat Raja Handak manuscript, which is transliterated from Malay into Indonesian. The translation is done to facilitate readers' comprehension of the Malay language, enabling them to understand and comprehend the contents of the manuscript. The Hikayat Raja Handak manuscript narrates a war between Prophet Muhammad and King Handak, the grandson of Prophet Solomon. King Handak was killed in battle by Ali's sword, known as Zulfikar. Ultimately, King Handak's people were conquered by the Islamic army, thanks to Ali's prowess.