Interruption Method Research Articles

Intermittent Current Interruption Method for Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Characterization

In this article, a pioneering study is presented where the intermittent current interruption method is used to characterize the aging behavior of commercial lithium ion batteries. With a very resource-efficient implementation, this method can track the battery resistive and diffusive behaviors over the entire state of charge range and be able to determine the aging throughout the lifetime of the batteries. In addition, the incremental capacity analysis can be carried out with the same data set. This method can provide measurement results with a high repeatability and produce equivalent information as the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method. In this study, both the resistive and diffusive parameters increase with the battery capacity fading. This method does not require advanced test equipment and even with a 0.1 Hz sampling frequency, it is possible to extract usable parameters by prolonging the interruption length. Therefore, it has the potential to be easily implemented in the charging sequence in electric vehicles or stationary storage batteries for aging diagnostics.

Effect of aniline-fullerene-based stabilizer on thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose

<p indent="0mm">The influence of aniline-fullerene-based stabilizer on the thermal decomposition behavior of nitrocellulose was studied by thermal analysis, isotherm thermogravimetric test, methyl purple paper test, adiabatic accelerated calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The results of the differential thermal analysis showed that the critical temperature of the thermal explosion of nitrocellulose increased <sc>0.36–7.62 °C</sc> with the addition of aniline-fullerene-based stabilizer. The results of the isothermal thermogravimetric analysis are in good agreement with the conclusions of the methyl violet test paper. The results show that an aniline-fullerene-based stabilizer can effectively prolong the discoloration time of methyl violet test paper and the time required to achieve the same weight loss rate of nitrocellulose samples. The results of adiabatic accelerated calorimetry showed that although aniline-fullerene-based stabilizer had little effect on the pressure and temperature at the initial stage of adiabatic decomposition of nitrocellulose, it could effectively reduce the maximum temperature rise rate. The effects of thermal history on the thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose samples are investigated by DSC interruption and re-scanning method. The results showed that the aniline-fullerene-based stabilizer had obvious thermal stability effect on nitrocellulose and inhibited the autocatalytic decomposition of nitrocellulose.

Antimicrobial stewardship in high-risk febrile neutropenia patients

BackgroundThe 2011 4th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL4) guidelines recommend antibiotics de-escalation/discontinuation in selected febrile neutropenia (FN) patients. We aimed to assess the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program based on these guidelines on antibiotics use and clinical outcomes in high-risk FN patients.MethodsWe conducted an observational study in the hematology department of Cochin University Hospital in Paris, France. An ECIL4-based antibiotics de-escalation and discontinuation strategy was implemented jointly by the hematologists and the AMS team. The pre-intervention (January–October 2018) and post-intervention (January-October 2019) periods were compared. We retrospectively collected clinical and microbiological data. We compiled antibiotics consumptions via hospital pharmacy data and standardized them by calculating defined daily doses per 1000 patient-days. We analyzed the two-monthly antibiotic consumption using an interrupted time series method and built a composite endpoint for clinical outcomes based on transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) and/or hospital death.ResultsOverall, 273 hospital stays (164 patients) in the pre-intervention and 217 (148 patients) in the post-intervention periods were analyzed. Patients were mainly hospitalized for intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia or autologous stem-cell transplant for myeloma. Patients were slightly younger in the pre-intervention compared to the post-intervention period (median age 60.4 vs 65.2 years, p = 0.049), but otherwise comparable. After implementation of the AMS program, glycopeptide and carbapenem use decreased by 85% (p = 0.03) and 72% (p = 0.04), respectively. After adjustment on confounders, the risk of transfer to the ICU/death decreased significantly after implementation of the AMS program (post-intervention period: odds-ratio = 0.29, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.15–0.53, p < 0.001).ConclusionImplementation of a multidisciplinary AMS program for high-risk neutropenic patients was associated with lower carbapenem and glycopeptide use and improved clinical outcomes.

Application of Proximal Splenic Vein Embolization to Interrupt Complicated Large Splenorenal Shunts in Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Introduction: In adult living donor liver transplantation (ALDLT) for a patient who has large splenorenal shunts (SRS), their interruption is utmost important to maintain adequate portal flow by avoidance of portal steal through the preexisting SRS. We effectively managed most of the recipients with surgical ligation and/or additional radiologic embolization using by intraoperative cine-portogram (IOP). However, when complete interruption is not achieved in a few recipients having complicated large SRS, it may leave a chance of lethal portal flow steal afterwards. The aim of study is to evaluate efficacy and safety of proximal splenic vein embolization (PSVE) for recipients having complicated large SRS. Method: PSVE was performed in 13 patients between April 2014 and November 2017. We performed a retrospective analysis of preoperative images, postoperative graft and recipient outcomes, and presence of isolated portal hypertension. Results: Ten patients underwent PSVE as an additional secondary method because of for portal steal syndrome through the remaining SRS after surgical interruption and/or embolization, and 3 patients underwent PSVE only as a primary method of SRS interruption. In all 13 patients, portal steal on the final IOP completely disappeared after PSVE. All patients recovered with satisfactory regeneration of the partial liver graft without the reappearance of portosystemic collaterals, and there were no procedure-related complications. Conclusion: PSVE is an effective and safe procedure to secure adequate portal flow without portal steal for patients with complicated large SRS arising from multiple sites of the splenic vein or escaping to multiple terminal ends.

Analysis on cycle degradation of lithium-ion secondary batteries by applying current interruption methods

Analysis on cycle degradation of lithium-ion secondary batteries by applying current interruption methods

Measurements of the ohmic voltage drop by the current interruption method in the course of the electrodeposition of nickel in the pores of track membranes

Measurements of the ohmic voltage drop by the current interruption method in the course of the electrodeposition of nickel in the pores of track membranes

Interruption Method for Commutation Failure Caused Cascading Reaction of Hvdc with Wind Farm Integration Under Grid Fault

Interruption Method for Commutation Failure Caused Cascading Reaction of Hvdc with Wind Farm Integration Under Grid Fault

MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME OF ABDOMINAL WALL CLOSURE IN EMERGENCY LAPAROTOMY AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE

Objective: Abdominal wall closure of an emergency laparotomy involves a great deal of consideration. An ideal laparotomy wound closure should be efficient. provide strength and serve as a barrier to infection. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the advantages of layered closure in comparison with the mass layered closure, the types of suture materials used in the closure, absorbable/nonabsorbable and its correlation with post operative complications such as wound sepsis, burst abdomen and incisional hernia. Methods: This prospective study was carried out over a period of 18 months enrolling a total of 90 patients split into two groups with group 1 undergoing mass closure using both interrupted and continuous methods and group 2 undergoing layered closure using both interrupted and continuous methods of suturing. Results: A higher rate of wound complications was noted in the layered closure group (37.7%) than the mass closure group (17%). Wound complications were also noted to be higher in closures done with prolene suture (37.7%) than PDS (20%). As far as techniques were concerned, interrupted and continuous suturing had a similar rate of complications. Of all the comorbidities, considered in the study, the highest rate of wound related complications were seen in patients with pulmonary complications (13.3%). Conclusion: Although the ideal way to close an abdomen post laparotomy has not yet been discovered, our study shows that mass closure with PDS suture to close the abdominal wall should be advocated as there is decreased early and late post operative wound complications Keywords: PDS.

Reverberation measurement set for the interrupted noise method

This paper describes the methodology of measuring the sound absorption coefficient in a reverberation room. For its purpose, a measuring set was created combining professional with widely available hardware suitable for acoustic reverberation measurements. For the measurement itself, the interrupted noise method was chosen based on the standard ČSN EN ISO 354. Measurement and evaluation of data take place using scripts written in the Python programming language. An effective measuring set was developed both in terms of operation during measurement and in terms of subsequent data processing, accessing and graphical presentation.

Lithium plating detection using dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in lithium-ion batteries

This paper proposes a lithium plating detection method for lithium-ion batteries that can be applied in real time, during the charging procedure. It is based on the impedance analysis and it can be realized by utilizing the dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) technique. Specifically, a sinusoidal current is superimposed on the charging current, and the battery impedance is analyzed in the frequency domain without interrupting the charging procedure. In case of lithium plating during charging, the graphite interfacial impedance is significantly decreased and thus, the lithium plating can be detected by monitoring the real and imaginary parts of the battery impedance in real-time. Two battery cell types with different active materials and energy densities are examined at several temperatures and charging currents. The effectiveness of the proposed DEIS technique is validated with the voltage relaxation profile method and in comparison with the current interruption method, for different charging conditions, cell formats and chemistries. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method is capable to effectively detect the lithium plating for rates as high as 6C, at different temperatures and for different battery types. • Nondestructive method to detect the onset of lithium plating during charging • Dynamic EIS applied in real-time without interrupting the charging procedure • Lithium plating is detected by monitoring the battery interfacial impedance • Battery operating conditions are considered at the lithium plating detection • Experimental validation and correlation with existing methods

Rapid Determination of the Li-Ion Diffusion Coefficient in Intercalation Electrodes by Intermittent Current Interruption

The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) has long been regarded as the go-to method for determining the diffusion coefficient of Li-ions in the intercalation electrode materials at various states of charge (SoC). However, the GITT is a stand-alone technique and notoriously time-consuming. Here, we present an efficient alternative to GITT: the intermittent current interruption (ICI) method. From Fick’s laws, it is demonstrated that the ICI method renders the same information as GITT. Both GITT and ICI are experimentally benchmarked by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a half-cell of lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC 811). The results from the three employed methods match each other where the assumption of semi-infinite diffusion applies, thereby demonstrating the applicability of using a more efficient technique to determine the lithium diffusivity. Moreover, the nondisruptive nature and the compatibility with galvanostatic cycling make the ICI method ideal for online diagnoses and operando characterization of Li-ion batteries.Figure: Diffusion coefficient (D) of Li-ions in NMC 811 plotted against the potential (E) in measurements employing GITT and ICI methods. Figure 1

Redox Durability of Ni-Co Alloy Cermet Anodes for SOFCs

Introduction Nickel (Ni) is commonly used as the anode material of SOFCs. However, in the power generation, as the oxygen partial pressure in the downstream of the SOFC systems increases, the metallic Ni can be oxidized to nickel oxide (NiO), causing volume expansion (1) This volume expansion and shrinkage in redox cycles cause irreversible degradation, by breaking electrode microstructure. Highly durable SOFC anodes using Ni-based alloy are therefore desirable (2). Here in this study, we focus on the Ni-Co alloy, by preparing a new Ni-Co-GDC cermet anode using the Ni-Co alloy, and evaluate the effects of cobalt addition on their redox durability. Experimental The cells were fabricated by screen-printing electrode paste on the electrolyte plate, followed by heat treatment. Scandia-Stabilized Zirconia (ScSZ, 10mol% Sc2O3-1mol% CeO2-89mol% ZrO2) was used as the solid electrolyte. Ni-Co-GDC cermet anodes were prepared by mixing Ni-Co-based oxide powder by ammonia co-precipitation with Ce0.9Gd0.1O2 (GDC) in a specific ratio by weight. La1-xSrxMnO3 (LSM) powder was used as the cathode material. The electrochemical characteristics of the cells, with the Ni-Co cermet anodes, were evaluated by measuring I-V measurements coupled with the current interruption method under the condition at 800oC, where 3%-humidified hydrogen fuel was supplied to the anode. Furthermore, the redox stability was evaluated using the durability test protocol simulating the fuel interruption (3). Anode microstructure was observed by a focused-ion beam system coupled with a scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM). Results and discussion Figure 1 shows the I-V characteristics and overvoltages of the Ni-Co-GDC anode with various Co concentrations at 800oC with 3%-humidified hydrogen fuel. With increasing the Co content, the electrochemical performance decreased due to an increase in overvoltages. However, when the Co content was as low as 5 mol%, performance decrease was negligible. Figure 2 shows the redox stability of the Ni-Co-GDC anode evaluated by using the durability test protocol simulating the fuel interruption. With increasing the Co content, the redox stability was improved, associated with relatively-low ohmic losses. The microstructure of Ni-Co-GDC anodes will be reported and discussed. References Q. Fang et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 40, 1128 (2015).Y. Ishibashi et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 124517 (2020).M. Hanasaki et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 161 (9), F850-60 (2014). Figure 1

Does price deregulation increase drug price in China? An interrupted time series analysis.

The Chinese government removed the price ceiling of most drugs in June 2015 to establish a market-driven pricing system. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the elimination of drug ceiling price (EDCP) policy on drug prices. Using a national macro-level dataset, we employed an interrupted time series method to study the abrupt level and gradual trend changes of Chinese and Western medicine consumer price index (CPI) between June 2014 and June 2017. The policy exerted level change on Chinese medicine CPI, increasing 0.201% (95% CI 0.026% to 0.376%, p=0.026). And the trend in Chinese medicine CPI was still decreased nonsignificantly after the EDCP policy. However, there was no significant price change in Western medicine. The EDCP policy has different effects on the prices of Chinese and Western medicines. Therefore, we need to pay more attention to the drug pricing mechanism in the future.

Comparative study of continuous method and interrupted method of episiotomy in terms of healing of the surgical wound

Episiotomy is a most commonly performed minor procedure. There are various type of episiotomy suturing, in this study two most common types of episiotomy suturing techniques were compare in terms of healing rate. This study concluded that the continuous method of episiotomy suturing is although faster, cosmetically better and associated with less post-operative pain but it heals significantly better than interrupted method of suturing.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONTINUOUS METHOD AND INTERRUPTED METHOD OF EPISIOTOMY IN TERMS OF HEALING OF THE SURGICAL WOUND.

Episiotomy is a most commonly performed minor procedure. There are various type of episiotomy suturing, in this study two most common types of episiotomy suturing techniques were compare in terms of healing rate. This study concluded that the continuous method of episiotomy suturing is although faster, cosmetically better and associated with less post-operative pain but it heals signicantly better than interrupted method of suturing

Sildenafil and suicide in Sweden

Much theory asserts that sexual intimacy sustains mental health. Experimental tests of such theory remain rare and have not provided compelling evidence because ethical, practical, and cultural constraints bias samples and results. An epidemiologic approach would, therefore, seem indicated given the rigor the discipline brings to quasi-experimental research. For reasons that remain unclear, however, epidemiologist have largely ignored such theory despite the plausibility of the processes implicated, which engender, for example, happiness, feelings of belonging and self-worth, and protection against depression. We use an intent-to-treat design, implemented via interrupted time-series methods, to test the hypothesis that the monthly incidence of suicide, a societally important distal measure of mental health in a population, decreased among Swedish men aged 50–59 after July 2013 when patent rights to sildenafil (i.e., Viagra) ceased, prices fell, and its use increased dramatically. The test uses 102 pre, and 18 post, price-drop months. 65 fewer suicides than expected occurred among men aged 50–59 over test months following the lowering of sildenafil prices. Our findings could not arise from shared trends or seasonality, biased samples, or reverse causation. Our results would appear by chance fewer than once in 10,000 experiments. Our findings align with theory indicating that sexual intimacy reinforces mental health. Using suicide as our distal measure of mental health further implies that public health programming intended to address the drivers of self-destructive behavior should reduce barriers to intimacy in the middle-aged populations.

Modernized architecture may reduce coercion

IntroductionPrevention and treatment of aggression in psychiatric hospitals is achieved through appropriate medical treatment, professional skills, and optimized physical environment and architecture. Coercive measures are used as a last resort. In 2018 Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry moved from 19th-century asylum buildings to a newly built modern psychiatric hospital. Advances within psychiatric care have rendered the old psychiatric asylum hospitals inadequate for modern treatment of mental disorders.ObjectivesTo examine if relocating from a psychiatric hospital, dating from 19th century to a new, modern psychiatric hospital decreased the use of coercive measures.MethodsThis is a retrospective longitudinal study, with a follow-up from 2017 to 2019. We use two designs; 1) a pre-post analysis of the use of coercive measures at Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry before and after the relocation and 2) a case-control analysis of Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry and the other psychiatric hospitals in the Central Region. Data will be analyzed in STATA using an interrupted time-series analysis or similar method. Additionally case-mix and sensitivity analysis will be performed.ResultsPreliminary results show a 45% decrease in the total number of coercive measures and a 52% decrease in the use of mechanical restraint. The reduction that may reasonably be attributed to the relocation is still to be determined and will be presented at the congress.ConclusionsThe study may illuminate how future development and planning of psychiatric facilities might improve psychiatric treatment and increase the understanding of how structural changes might contribute the prevention of the use of coercive measures.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Application of Proximal Splenic Vein Embolization to Interrupt Complicated Large Splenorenal Shunts in Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate efficacy and safety of proximal splenic vein embolization (PSVE) for liver transplant recipients having complicated large splenorenal shunts (SRS). In adult living donor liver transplantation for a patient who has large splenorenal shunts (SRS), their interruption is utmost important to maintain adequate portal flow by avoidance of portal flow steal through the preexisting SRS. We effectively managed most of the recipients with surgical ligation and/or additional radiologic embolization using by intraoperative cine-portogram. However, when complete interruption is not achieved in a few recipients having complicated large SRS, it may leave a chance of lethal portal flow steal in the recipient afterward. PSVE was performed in 13 patients between April 2014 and November 2017. We performed a retrospective analysis of preoperative images, postoperative graft and recipient outcomes, and presence of isolated portal hypertension. Ten patients underwent PSVE as an additional secondary method because of portal steal syndrome through the remaining SRS after surgical interruption and/or embolization, and 3 patients underwent PSVE only as a primary method of SRS interruption. In all 13 patients, portal steal on the final intraoperative cine-portogram completely disappeared after PSVE. All patients recovered with satisfactory regeneration of the partial liver graft without the reappearance of portosystemic collaterals, and there were no procedure-related complications. PSVE is an effective and safe procedure to secure adequate portal flow without portal steal for patients with complicated large SRS arising from multiple sites of the splenic vein or escaping to multiple terminal ends.

Brief intermittent pressure off-loading on skin microclimate in healthy adults – A descriptive-correlational pilot study

AimThis study examined microclimate changes to the skin as a result of pressure over a 1 h period. The results were compared to skin parameter results following brief consecutive off-loading of pressure-prone areas. DesignA descriptive-correlational pilot study was undertaken. MethodA convenience sample of 41 healthy adults aged 18–60 years was recruited. Participants engaged in four 1 h data collection sessions. The sessions were conducted in both semi-recumbent and supine positions. Measures of erythema, melanin, stratum corneum hydration, and skin temperature were taken at pressure-prone areas at baseline and after 1 h in an uninterrupted method (continuous pressure-loading) and every 10 min in an interrupted method (brief off-loading). The Corneometer and Mexameter (Courage + Khazaka Electronics GMbH, 2013) and Exergen DermaTemp DT-1001 RS Infrared Thermographic Scanner (Exergen Corporation, 2008) provided a digital appraisal of skin parameters. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to indicate test-retest reliability and absolute agreement of results between the two methods. ResultsStrong agreement between the interrupted and uninterrupted method was observed with ICCs ranging from 0.72 to 0.99 (supine) and 0.62–0.99 (semi-recumbent). Endpoint measures tended to be higher compared to baseline measures for all skin parameters. Differences in skin parameters results by anatomical location were evident particularly for erythema and stratum corneum hydration; the elbows and heels yielded lower scores compared to the sacrum. Erythema had the most variation across methods. The supine and semi-recumbent positions had negligible effect on measured skin parameters. ConclusionsMinimal variation between skin parameter results indicates that brief off-loading in the interrupted method did not significantly change the outcomes; minor shifts in positioning do not alter changes to the skin from pressure. Skin parameters varied by anatomical location and changed over a 1 h period of pressure-loading. Relevance to clinical practiceBiophysical techniques may be able to assist accurate assessment of skin microclimate and skin colour. As brief off-loading (interruptions) to enable skin parameter measurement does not alter skin readings, researchers can proceed with some confidence regarding the use of this protocol in future studies assessing skin parameters. This study data provides a library of cutaneous changes at pressure-prone areas of healthy adults and is expected to inform innovative approaches to pressure injury risk assessment.

Design of Control Unit of Mechanical Property Test System of Tai Lake Shield

This paper focuses on the design and implementation of the detection device. This paper discusses that the control unit realizes the stepping drive by the interrupt method, realizes the force acquisition and the Modbus RTU communication by the polling method, designs the main program, the force acquisition subroutine flow, the stepping driver subroutine flow, and the Modbus slave subroutine flow, and realizes it through the Arduino IDE programming. Design the host computer interface, database association and command language programming; At last, the application effect of the test system is verified by the tensile test of water shield stem of taihu lake.