Induction Method Research Articles

Technology transfer as a tool for managing the regional innovation economy

Relevance. The Russian economy is moving to a new innovative level of development, and actively implemented projects in the field of digital transformation form the basis for creating a long-term and secure information and telecommunications infrastructure capable of providing high-speed transmission, processing and storage of large amounts of data, which will be available to a wide range of enterprises.The purpose of the study is to identify the role of technology transfer in the management of the regional innovation economy and current trends.Objectives: to study the indicators of Internet use by the population for ordering goods and services in urban and rural areas; to assess the dynamics of gross value added of the ICT sector and GDP; to assess the demand of economic and social sectors for digital technologies; to propose ways to solve these problems of digitalization of Russian enterprises.Methodology. The methods of system analysis, deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis are used.Results. Russian enterprises are experiencing significant difficulties in the process of technology transfer to the digital space due to the lack of deep readiness to accept and use open innovations, as well as due to restrictions on the free exchange of intellectual property results and insufficient level of asset sharing. These factors can slow down the pace of technology transfer of enterprises and create obstacles to their competitiveness in today's digital business environment. It is necessary to actively develop technology transfer mechanisms that promote the exchange of knowledge and resources in order to increase efficiency to the new challenges of the digital economy.Conclusions. Economic measures of technology transfer, including bans on access to foreign digital products and services, have not only negative consequences. Currently, consumers in Russia who are accustomed to using digital solutions from foreign manufacturers are faced with the need to switch to domestic analogues of technology as a result of the restrictions imposed.

Intelligent Systems in The Management of Regional Resources: Benefits for Sustainable Development

The purpose of our research is to analyse intelligent systems, identify their key features in general and in the context of regional resource management in particular; to provide a detailed list of the main intelligent technologies and systems used in regional resource management and the areas of their direct use. The main emphasis should be placed on the benefits of using intelligent systems in the management of regional resources in the context of sustainable development as well as on the problems that can be overcome through the use of intelligent systems. The study should also analyse the negative aspects of the use of intelligent systems in regional resource management. In order to achieve this goal, the general philosophical method, the method of system analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction, dialectical method and formal legal method were used. The findings of the study will serve as a basis for further research and a catalyst for increasing the use of smart technologies, taking into account all the benefits and potential risks.

Embodiment and the technologies of induction of labour

ObjectiveTo critically engage with the body project of induction of labour. DesignA nested, qualitative study that formed part of a feasibility Random Controlled Trial investigating different methods of outpatient induction of labour. The data reported in this article were gathered via interview with women and midwives involved in the trial. All the participants who took part in the trial presented as cisgender women. FindingsAnalysis of 27 interview transcripts suggested that the expansion in choice of when, how and where to start labour can change the way decisions about labour onset is understood. The space needed for a new body project is emerging where distinctions between medicalised labour and spontaneous labour are less clear. ConclusionThe embodiment of the new technologies of induction for those involved in this study was both a facet of increased freedom and autonomy and a gendered discourse where the normative function of routine intervention appeared more complete.

The De Bruijn graph of non-sequential pattern repetitions in DNA strings

In molecular biology, constructing a genome based on substantially many reads from multitudes of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strings has become an insurmountable task; one which has been continuously addressed by the introduction of various assembly algorithms based on three steps called the overlap-layout-consensus strategy. In the overlap step, the De Bruijn graph is one of many graphs that illustrate the data of all the assembly algorithms. In this article, by using definitions and methods of mathematical induction, some properties of the De Bruijn graph of one time and two times non-sequential repetition of patterns in a DNA string are presented. Examples of these De Bruijn graphs are also given. From there, a generalisation of said properties for m times non-sequential pattern repetition in a DNA string is acquired by means of mathematical induction, as well. The theoretical work in this research is invaluable to develop algorithms that increase the computational efficiency of assembly algorithms.

Sustainable design: Circular innovation design method under process reengineering

The theory of sustainable business process reengineering has been widely applied in various disciplines and has achieved outstanding results. The theory is used to the research of product innovation design method in this work, and the entire process of product innovation design method is reshaped, bringing new development and new direction for product innovation design. Redesign processes in line with societal trends and in a sustainable direction. Furthermore, it may effectively address the inadequacies of conventional design methodologies during the application process. Then, increase corporate efficiency in order to accomplish significant improvements in enterprise cost, quality, service, and speed. The study applies the systematic induction method, research analysis method, and other comprehensive research methods to analyze and study the existing design process and method, as well as excavate the shortcomings and limitations that exist in the process's application of the existing design method. Based on the BPR theory, the sustainable innovation design method for full chain products is divided into five design processes: scenario implantation, requirement extraction, functional determination, structural optimization, formal innovation, and material selection. In addition, the feasibility and accuracy of this method are verified through lifesaving equipment cases. Secondly, three principles for sustainable product innovation design were proposed. On the one hand, products made by designers and college students can truly meet customer needs, generate disruptive innovative designs, and improve the market competitiveness of industrial products. On the other hand, design is no longer a single stage, but a complete, systematic, and comprehensive set of design processes aimed at improving design efficiency and achieving sustainable product development.

Role of court precedents in the development of EU law and the legal systems of the candidate states: Examples of Ukraine and Moldova

The judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union play a fundamental role in shaping the EU acquis. The relevance of this study lies in their impact not only on the law enforcement practice within the Union, but also on the trends in the development and amendment of the EU regulations. Considering the above, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union in shaping the law of the European Union and the legal systems of the candidate states. The methodological framework of this study was based on general scientific and special research methods, such as analysis and synthesis, induction, interpretation, formal logical, and comparative legal methods. The study established the existence of a link between the structural and functional evolution of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the increasing weight of its judgements; the study identified the channels of influence of its judgements on the establishment and development of European Union law. The study outlined the current challenges faced by the judges of the Court of Justice of the European Union and which affect the efficiency of its work. Based on the analysis of the judicial practice of Ukraine and Moldova regarding the use of judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the study substantiated the general significance of judicial precedent in the context of European integration of the candidate states, as well as potential problems of their widespread use in the judicial practice of these states. The practical significance of the findings obtained is that they can be used in educational programmes for training specialists in the field of European law, to develop strategies and policies aimed at integrating candidate states into the EU, ensuring their compliance with the legal standards of the Union

The organization of provincial control bodies in 1920-1922: based on the materials of the Kursk region

Relevance. In modern conditions, the main directions of reforming control (supervisory) activities are to increase its efficiency and effectiveness, reduce the administrative burden on enterprises and entrepreneurs. The improvement of control (supervisory) activities remains relevant in the context of increased external sanctions pressure. At the same time, the history of the control system, which extended to all types and forms of public administration and economic activity, remains poorly understood in terms of existing regional experience. The study of the formation of control bodies in the Soviet state is of particular practical interest, since it allows accumulating achievements and mistakes of the past, thereby setting benchmarks in the present.Purpose. The study of the experience of organizing socialist control bodies in 1920-1922 on the example of the Kursk provincial branch of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection.The objectives of the article follow from the set goal and consist in investigating the conditions and methods of work of the Kursk provincial department of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection during the designated period.Methodology. During the research of the designated topic, the author used both general scientific methods of cognition, such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and special historical methods: problem-chronological, comparative historical.Results. The study of the working conditions of the Kursk provincial department of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection in the designated period allowed, in historical retrospect, to determine the specifics of the methods used by it, as well as to establish the reasons for the subsequent reforms.Conclusion. The basis for the unification of party and Soviet state control was the analysis of the provincial experience of the RKI in 1920-1922. A significant obstacle to the broader development of both organizational and auditing activities of the Kursk Provincial Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the period under study was the insufficient number and low level of their training.

Civil liability of a medical organization for personal data leakage

Relevance. When considering claims for leakage of information constituting the patient's personal data and his medical confidentiality, the courts give a different assessment of the grounds for civil liability of medical organizations. The article reveals the established approaches to assessing the guilt of a medical organization that violated the confidentiality of personal information of citizens who applied for medical help.The purpose of the study is to supplement theoretical provisions aimed at deepening scientific knowledge about the civil liability of medical organizations for the unlawful dissemination and (or) use of patient's personal data, including information related to medical confidentiality; development of proposals to eliminate the imbalance of the patient's personal data confidentiality regime and his right to legal assistance.Objectives: analyze civil legislation, legislation on personal data, the positions of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation regarding the protection of patient personal data, decisions of courts of general jurisdiction on claims of liability of medical organizations for unlawful actions with personal data that resulted in the leakage of personal information about patients; to study and update the proposals available in theory aimed at uniform law enforcement in cases of this category.Methodology. The study was carried out through methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, formal-legal, system-analytical and formal-logical methods, as well as a method for generalizing judicial practice. The results are reflected in the formulated proposals aimed at improving the judicial protection of personal data of patients of medical organizations, and the uniformity of judicial practice in terms of the responsibility of medical organizations in cases of this category.Conclusion. In cases of responsibility of medical organizations for the leakage of personal data of patients, uniform law enforcement did not work out. The right of a lawyer to access the personal data of persons who received medical assistance did not receive an unambiguous assessment by judicial practice. To eliminate the existing gaps in the protection of the intangible benefits of the patient under consideration, the need to exclude their personal data from the confidentiality regime for the administration of justice and in the provision of qualified legal assistance under the contract is argued.

Animal Models of Intracranial Aneurysms: History, Advances, and Future Perspectives.

Intracranial aneurysms (IA) are a disease process with potentially devastating outcomes, particularly when rupture occurs leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage. While some candidates exist, there is currently no established pharmacological prevention of growth and rupture. The development of prophylactic treatments is a critical area of research, and preclinical models using animals play a pivotal role. These models, which utilize various species and induction methods, each possess unique characteristics that can be leveraged depending on the specific aim of the study. A comprehensive understanding of these models, including their historical development, is crucial for appreciating the advantages and limitations of aneurysm research in animal models.We summarize the significant roles of animal models in IA research, with a particular focus on rats, mice, and large animals. We discuss the pros and cons of each model, providing insights into their unique characteristics and contributions to our understanding of IA. These models have been instrumental in elucidating the pathophysiology of IA and in the development of potential therapeutic strategies.A deep understanding of these models is essential for advancing research on preventive treatments for IA. By leveraging the unique strengths of each model and acknowledging their limitations, researchers can conduct more effective and targeted studies. This, in turn, can accelerate the development of novel therapeutic strategies, bringing us closer to the goal of establishing an effective prophylactic treatment for IA. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view of the current state of animal models in IA research.

Optimization of a protocol for fertilized egg production in Japanese eel using recombinant gonadotropins, LHRHa, pimozide, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone

Recently, two types of Japanese eel recombinant gonadotropins (rGths), recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFsh) and luteinizing hormone (rLh), have been successfully produced. However, the protocol for obtaining fertilized eggs using rGths has not yet been optimized. In this study, to establish a new protocol for obtaining fertilized eggs from Japanese eel, we decided to use rFsh as an inducer of vitellogenesis and focused on optimizing the final oocyte maturation (FOM) and ovulation induction method using rLh, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (OHP), Lh-releasing hormone analog (LHRHa), and pimozide. Our findings indicates that OHP injection is crucial for stable ovulation induction. Quality evaluations revealed that the FOM and ovulation induction methods using LHRHa, pimozide, and OHP significantly improved the egg quality (fertility, hatchability, and larval survival) better than the methods using rLh and OHP (P < 0.05). Furthermore, effects of different doses of LHRHa and pimozide on egg quality were examined. We found that 0.5 mg/kg BW LHRHa, 10 mg/kg BW pimozide, and 2.0 mg/kg BW OHP injections was an effective and economical induction method, and this method was defined as the rGths method. When comparing the quality and quantity of eggs and larvae obtained by the rGths method with those obtained by the conventional method, the former displayed superior quality. In addition, the number of eggs, fertilized eggs, and normal larvae at 6 days post hatch was significantly higher in broodstock matured by the rGths method compared to the conventional method (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the new rGths method is a promising alternative for the artificial sexual maturation Japanese eel, potentially leading to a higher yield of larvae.

The impact of post-activation potentiation on explosive vertical jump after intermittent time: a meta-analysis and systematic review

The optimal intermittent time for post-activation potentiation (PAP) training remains uncertain and contentious. This study employed a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the effect of different intermittent times on PAP in relation to explosive vertical jump height. Relevant literature was sourced from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using keywords such as “postactivation potentiation,” “activation enhancement effect,” “PAP,” “explosive vertical jump,” “explosive vertical high jump,” and “intermittent time.” The search covered publications from the inception of each database until June 2024. Studies involving athletes (regardless of sport type) undergoing PAP training were included, with no restrictions on the methods used to induce PAP. Comparative analysis focused on the heights of countermovement jumps (CMJ) and peak ground reaction force (GRF) before and after interventions. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, and data were analyzed using RevMan5.3. The study included a total of 21 papers with 327 subjects, primarily using the squat as the method of PAP induction. The meta-analysis revealed that intermittent times of 4 min [MD = − 0.03, 95% CI: − 0.04 ~ − 0.01; Z = 2.71, P = 0.007] and 5–8 min [MD = − 0.03, 95% CI: − 0.04 ~ – 0.01; Z = 3.07, P = 0.002] significantly increased the height of explosive vertical CMJs. However, intermittent times of 1–3 min [MD = –0.00, 95% CI: − 0.01 ~ 0.01; Z = 0.38, P = 0.70] and 10–24 min [MD = − 0.01, 95% CI: − 0.02 ~ 0.00; Z = 1.43, P = 0.15] did not show significant effects on CMJ height. These findings indicate that 4-min and 5–8 min intervals significantly enhance CMJ height, while intervals shorter than 4 min or longer than 8 min do not have a significant impact.

Comparative study of the effects of antitussive drugs in a canine acute cough model.

Cough is a common clinical complaint in small animal practice with limited treatment options for chronic underlying conditions. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three antitussive drugs in a novel, minimally invasive canine acute cough model. Five clinically healthy Beagles were used to create an acute cough model by administering sterile saline via a transtracheally placed central venous catheter. Single-dose antitussive effects of butorphanol, maropitant and Danpron were assessed. Cough frequency was measured before and at hourly intervals up to 3h post-administration of each drug, with a linear mixed model used for statistical analysis. Butorphanol (0.3m/kg, IM) significantly reduced cough frequency at 1 and 3h post-administration. Danpron (0.1mL/kg, IM) also significantly reduced cough frequency 1h post-administration; however, this effect was not sustained at 3h. Maropitant (1mg/kg, IM) did not significantly reduce cough frequency. The cough induction method was effective and minimally invasive, with no adverse effects. The present study demonstrated that butorphanol has a potent and prolonged antitussive effect in an acute canine cough model, whereas Danpron shows a transient effect. These findings provide valuable insights into the comparative efficacy of commonly used antitussive drugs in dogs.

The influence of concentration and size on the error of particulate matter detection using charge induction method

Particulate matters generated from waste incineration carry charge due to collision and friction. By using charge induction method, it becomes feasible to detect particulate matter concentration by capturing the electrical signals emitted by particulate matters. In this study, a new charge induction device was constructed and tested. The investigation revealed a linear relationship between the sine wave eigenvalues of the electrical signals and the concentration of particulate matters. The corresponding formulas for peak-to-peak value, root mean square, and standard deviation were calculated, with R2 values greater than 0.98. Additionally, the influence of concentration and size on detection error was studied. The results showed that as the concentration increased or the size decreased, the detection error decreased. Furthermore, the study found that the impact of particulate matter concentration on detection results mitigated that of particulate matter size. The detection device, correlation formulas and influencing factors proposed in this study are expected to provide technical support and theoretical basis for particulate matter detection, offering significant value in the field of air pollution control.

On the need to revise measures of state support for small and medium–sized businesses

The proposed study is devoted to the study of the problems of the development of state support for small business in the light of the National Project «Small and medium5sized entrepreneurship and support for individual entrepreneurial initiative» being implemented in the Russian Federation. The methods of induction and deduction, system analysis, and comparison were used as a methodological basis. The subject of the study is the subsystems of the mechanism of state support for small and medium–sized businesses, which most effectively influence the activation of such a significant sector of the economy in the period 2018–2024. The coronavirus pandemic has revolutionized the transformation of small companies, accelerated digitalization, changed business models, organizational structure and thinking of owners, and influenced the number and demographic characteristics of employees. The timely response of the Government and the measures of large–scale state support introduced have significantly offset the possible devastating consequences for the entire segment of small and medium–sized enterprises. The Government’s operational efforts have not been in vain and small businesses have mostly stayed afloat. As a result of the study, conclusions were drawn: there was no further timely «reversal» caused by the special operation; the existing «availability» of financing does not allow achieving the target indicators laid down in the National Project (32.5% of GDP in 2024).Consequently, there is a need to revise government support measures and the need for adjustments to the system and tools aimed at the qualitative transformation of SMEs.

Dual-frequency modulation based mutual inductance and load identification method for inductively coupled power transfer systems

Dual-frequency modulation based mutual inductance and load identification method for inductively coupled power transfer systems

Деякі регіональні особливості вимушеної міграції з України: столиця та інші регіони.

The forced migration of Ukrainians within the country and abroad has become a characteristic feature of the era of full-scale invasion. It saved the lives and health of many people, as a decrease in population density in the areas most affected by the hostilities leads to a decrease in human losses. Despite the great research interest in the topic of forced migration, some aspects of it still remain poorly understood, in particular, it is important to study the peculiarities of forced migration at the localities level, at least in large cities. The purpose of this article is to single out the category of forced migrants who lived in Kyiv before the full-scale invasion by the aggressor country and to identify the peculiarities of staying abroad and the attitudes of this group. To achieve this goal, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and induction were used. Empirical data were collected using the method of sample surveys. The method of grouping was used to distinguish Kyiv residents from the general population of respondents, and the method of comparison was used to identify the peculiarities of their forced migration abroad. The study found that Kyiv residents are more likely to settle abroad in the capitals of their destination countries. Among them, there are more unmarried and childless individuals, which creates prerequisites for socio-economic integration outside the country. Also, people from the capital were less likely to have relatives abroad at the time of the full-scale invasion, which is likely due to their low level of participation in external labor migration in the previous period. Migrants from the capital proved to be better integrated in the countries of settlement, which is reflected in their proficiency in the local language, employment in the local labor market, and higher levels of financial well-being. At the same time, they retain stronger ties to Ukraine. Residents of Kyiv region are similar to Kyiv residents in some respects, while in others they are similar to residents of other regions. The study also revealed cases where the population of Kyiv region exhibited characteristics intermediate between Kyiv and other regions. The development of effective strategies for migration management, socio-economic development of the country during the war and post-war revival needs to take into account regional specifics.

WAYS OF IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF MASSIVE EVALUATION OF REAL ESTATE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

This article focuses on researching the methodological development of real estate assessment in the Republic of Moldova, addressing the significant financial losses incurred by local public administrations due to the absence of an updated, appropriate, and transparent assessment system for taxation purposes. The fundamental hypothesis posits that enhancing the methodological and institutional framework of mass appraisal will lead to a progressive evolution of the real estate market relations and the stable development of efficient and equitable tax systems in Moldova. The study aims to identify and propose solutions to current issues in the national mass appraisal system, primarily related to the unavailability of market data and the use of outdated methodologies. Employing scientific techniques such as analysis, deduction, induction, grouping, comparison, analogy, scientific abstraction, synthesis, and statistical methods, the author assess the effectiveness of proposed methodological developments by comparing quality indicators of old assessment models with those developed based on the proposed methodologies. The results obtained support the idea of creating, implementing, and sustaining a mass appraisal system as a foundational element for a fair real estate taxation system, fostering regional development, and supporting economic activities related to the real estate market in the Republic of Moldova.

Standardizing the skin tape stripping method for sensitization and using it to create a mouse model of peanut allergy

BackgroundAnimal models for food allergies serve as crucial tools in understanding allergy mechanisms and assessing the efficacy of potential desensitization methods. The effectiveness of inducing allergies in mice through intragastric lavage sensitization varies. The intraperitoneal method can trigger systemic anaphylaxis, however it lacks anatomical relevance. Hence, a uniform and reliable allergy induction method in mice is required. Tape -stripping can mimic atopic dermatitis (AD), a precursor to lifelong peanut allergies in humans. Furthermore, skin damage triggers the upregulation of skin alarmins and the expansion of small-intestinal mast cells, both implicated in allergy development. MethodsWe standardized a skin-based sensitization method in a mouse model of peanut allergy using skin tape-stripping followed by allergen application. We compared this method with intragastric sensitization. ResultsSkin-based sensitization led to increased mast cells, goblet cells, and eosinophils in the small intestine, elevated systemic IgE levels, murine mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1), histamine, and eosinophilic activity in peripheral blood. Moreover, it resulted in a significant hypothermic response, with nearly 30% mortality following an oral challenge one-month post-sensitization. ConclusionOur research offers a standardized and readily reproducible method for inducing peanut allergy in mice, which could also be adapted for other food allergens.

HYPNOINDUCTORS OF THE EFFECTIVE FORMULA OF POSITIVATION IN SOCIAL ADVERTISING DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to influential elements of social advertising discourse, where Milton-model inductions are arranged, which is proposed to be nominated as hypnoinducers. The purpose of the study was to identify actual hypnoinducers of the influential formula of positivity in social advertising discourse. The object of intelligence research is Ukrainian advertising megadiscourse, the subject is suggestive markers of Ukrainian social advertising discourse. General scientific methods contributed to the delineation of specific features of social advertising discourse, various types of hypnoinducers (descriptive method); identification of the components of a communicative suggestion and combining them into a whole (methods of analysis and synthesis); concretization of general conclusions (method of induction); construction of formula models of advertising influence (modeling method). Special linguistic — the study of the semantic load and functional features of linguistic components of social advertising discourse (contextualinterpretive and component analysis) and the communicative nature of advertising suggestogens (elements of discursive analysis). The methodological base of the latest scientific directions (suggestive linguistics and neurolinguistic programming) made it possible to differentiate and systematize relevant markers (hypnoinducers) of advertising suggestion (methods of meta- and Milton-model identification and suggestive qualification, which are distinguished by R. Bandler, J. Grinder, M. Erikson, T. Yu. Kovalevska. The formulas of vectors of emotional orientation of influence are presented: positivity, negation and change of vector (in commercial, political and social advertising discourses), where special attention is paid to the formula of positivity realized in social advertising discourse. Relevant hypnoinducers, which are fixed in the above formula. In particular, hypnoinducers of complex syntactic structure + lexical-semantic hypnoinductors ("point" markers) and actually lexical-semantic hypnoinducers are singled out. Truisms can act as hypnoinducers of complex syntactic structure; pattern break; "reading thoughts" complicated by other hypnoinducers, and quotations, or "quotes" of an established and transformed structure, which, in turn, often act as separate hypnoinducers without the support of lexical and semantic markers. Elements of the inverse metamodel of the processes of omission (nominalization, nonspecific vocabulary) and generalization (universal quantifiers, modal operators of necessity) act as lexical-semantic hypnoinducers. The characteristic feature is the presence of affectives as super (powerful) hypnoinducers, the presence of ergonomics varies, and predicates are not clearly represented. Prospects for research development: in-depth analysis and systematization of current hypnoinducers in various genres of advertising discourse, which will expand the spectrum of the most effective influential dominants.

Polyploidy in maize: from evolution to breeding.

Polyploidy played an important role in the evolution of the three most important crops: wheat, maize and rice, each of them providing a unique model for studying allopolyploidy, segmental alloploidy or paleopolyploidy. However, its genetic and evolutionary role is still vague. The undelying mechanisms and consequences of polyploidy remain fundamental objectives in the study of eukaryotes. Maize is one of the underutilized crops at the polyploid level. This species has no stable natural polyploids, the existing ones being artificially obtained. From the experimental polyploid series of maize, only the tetraploid forms (4n = 40) are of interest. They are characterized by some valuable morphological, physiological and biochemical features, superior to the diploid forms from which they originated, but also by some drawbacks such as: reduced fertility, slower development, longer vegetation period, low productivity and adaptedness. Due to these barriers to using tetraploids in field production, maize tetraploids primarily found utility in scientific studies regarding genetic variability, inbreeding, heterosis and gene dosage effect. Since the first mention of a triploid maize plant to present, many scientists and schools, devoted their efforts to capitalize on the use of polyploidy in maize. Despite its common disadvantages as a crop, significant progress in developing tetraploid maize with good agronomic performance was achieved leading to registered tetraploid maize varieties. In this review we summarize and discuss the different aspects of polyploidy in maize, such as evolutionary context, methods of induction, morphology, fertility issue, inheritance patterns, gene expression and potential use.