Implementation Of Method Research Articles

Validation of MLC leaf open time calculation methods for PSQA in adaptive radiotherapy with tomotherapy units.

Treatment delivery safety and accuracy are essential to control the disease and protect healthy tissues in radiation therapy. For usual treatment, a phantom-based patient specific quality assurance (PSQA) is performed to verify the delivery prior to the treatment. The emergence of adaptive radiation therapy (ART) adds new complexities to PSQA. In fact, organ at risks and target volume re-contouring as well as plan re-optimization and treatment delivery are performed with the patient immobilized on the treatment couch, making phantom-based pretreatment PSQA impractical. In this case, phantomless PSQA tools based on multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf open times (LOTs) verifications provide alternative approaches for the Radixact® treatment units. However, their validity is compromised by the lack of independent and reliable methods for calculating the LOT performed by the MLC during deliveries. To provide independent and reliable methods of LOT calculation for the Radixact® treatment units. Two methods for calculating the LOTs performed by the MLC during deliveries have been implemented. The first method uses the signal recorded by the build-in detector and the second method uses the signal recorded by optical sensors mounted on the MLC. To calibrate the methods to the ground truth, in-phantom ionization chamber LOT measurements have been conducted on a Radixact® treatment unit. The methods were validated by comparing LOT calculations with in-phantom ionization chamber LOT measurements performed on two Radixact® treatment units. The study shows a good agreement between the two LOT calculation methods and the in-phantom ionization chamber measurements. There are no notable differences between the two methods and the same results were observed on the different treatment units. The two implemented methods have the potential to be part of a PSQA solution for ART in tomotherapy.

Application of 3D Geological Modeling Technology for Single Sand Body in Block S

Abstract The P oil layer is generally in a medium to high water cut period, with scattered macroscopic residual oil distribution. The reserves are mainly distributed in the microfacies of river sand bodies, and the main layer is severely flooded with water, resulting in ineffective circulation in some areas. Therefore, it is necessary to tackle the modeling technology within the layer and describe the remaining oil within the layer to meet the needs of tapping the potential of remaining oil during the high water cut period. This article takes the establishment of a three-dimensional geological model of a single sand body within the S block layer as an example. Based on the establishment of a fine structural model, the “plane and vertical dual control” modeling method is used. The implementation method is: controlling the range of sedimentary facies maps → using the top surface of the sand body as the top depth of the river channel → controlling the vertical shape of the river channel through the facies controlled sandstone contour map, thereby achieving the vertical shape of the river channel through the facies controlled sandstone contour map, and establishing a three-dimensional sedimentary facies model of a single sand body. Optimize the method for characterizing interlayers, achieve modeling of single sand body interlayers, and perform random simulation interpolation in phases to obtain attribute models. The use of a single sand body model within a layer can visually display the three-dimensional channel morphology and classify the identified connected bodies within the study area. The upscaling method of sedimentary facies models with irregular boundaries greatly reduces the number of model grids and provides a relatively refined geological model for numerical simulation.

Creative and accurate method for optimal hardware implementation of neurons and biological cells: Application in FPGA-based implementation of cardiac pacemaker cell

The sinoatrial (SA) node cells play a vital role as the principal pacemaker in mammalian hearts, generating regular and spontaneous action potentials to regulate the heart’s rhythm. Comprehending the intricate activity of the SA node’s operation necessitates a collection of differential formulas that tackle non-linear functions. The study presents a new technique to improve the digital representation of the SA node cell model, offering benefits such as decreased hardware needs, enhanced processing speed and accuracy, and reduced implementation expenses by transforming the original model’s differential equations into a unified trigonometric function. This transformation significantly simplifies the computational complexity by eliminating the need for multipliers, resulting in a streamlined set of mathematical expressions. The digital implementation of this novel method can be efficiently realized using the Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm, which circumvents the necessity for cumbersome mathematical operations. To demonstrate the viability of this approach, the proposed model is successfully synthesized and implemented on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The results of the implementation demonstrate a significant rise in the operating frequency, which is approximately 6.14 times greater than that of the original model. Furthermore, there is a notable 45 percent decrease in power usage. The lowered hardware needs make significant scalability possible, thus allowing for the inclusion of approximately 12 times as many SA node cells on a sole FPGA board in comparison to the original design.

METODE PELAKSANAAN PEKERJAAN DAK SHELTER PINTU AIR BCPL. 158 PADA PROYEK RENTANG IRRIGATION MODERNIZATION PROJECT

Building a dam sluice certainly requires a long time and process. The process starts from the dewatering stage to the construction of the sluice gate building and then the maintenance stage. In the shelter or door house there are building components, one of which is the dak. The method of implementation of the work of making dak shelter sluice gate is in the form of preparatory work which includes the planning stage, cleaning work, measurement work, mobilization of tools and materials and scaffolding installation work, formwork work, drilling work, casting work, maintenance and finishing work in the form of formwork dismantling work. The materials used in the implementation of the sluice gate shelter dak work are concrete type K175 or f'c 14.5 Mpa, by using D13 and D16 fin reinforcement iron with each reinforcement distance of 200 mm. In the implementation of practical work, the maintenance of concrete after casting is carried out by direct watering which is carried out in 2 ways, namely direct watering with a water pump assisted by a hose / pipe and direct watering with a bucket.

Metode Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Struktur Balok dan Pelat Lantai 2 Pembangunan Gelanggang Generasi Muda Majalengka

Beams and Floor Plates are a very important construction structure in a building. In carrying out work on floor slabs and beams, a method is needed to complete the work in the field. Especially when facing obstacles caused by field conditions that do not match previous expectations. For this reason, applying construction implementation methods that are appropriate to field conditions will be very helpful in the process of completing construction projects. Research on the construction method for the beam and floor slab construction was carried out at the Majalengka Young Generation Center construction. The casting method for the beams and floor slabs is conventional using ready mix concrete with a slump test value of 12 ± 2. From the results of the research on the construction implementation method for the Majalengka Young Generation Arena, it was found that: beam and floor plate work includes, preparatory work includes measuring work, scaffolding installation and formwork installation, then there is reinforcement/reinforcing work, namely steel fabrication in the project area, then there is work Casting the beams and floor plates using a tower crane. Next, maintenance work is carried out on the concrete mixture during the drying process, namely by watering according to regulations.

Automated Sample Annotation for Diabetes Mellitus in Healthcare Integrated Biobanking

Healthcare integrated biobanking describes the annotation and collection of residual samples from hospitalized patients for research purposes. The central idea of the current work is to establish an automated workflow for sample annotation, selection and storage for diabetes mellitus.This is challenging due to incomplete data at the time of sample selection. The study evaluates a machine learning (ML) and natural language processing (NLP) based two-step procedure for timely and precise sample annotation for diabetes mellitus.Electronic health record data of 785 persons were extracted from the hospital information system. In the first step, a conditional inference forest (CIF) model was trained and tested based on laboratory values from the first 72hours of the hospital stay using test- (n=550) and training data sets (n=235). Performance was compared with a simple laboratory cut-off classifier (LCC) and a logistic regression (LR) model. Algorithms based on laboratory values, ICD-10 codes or information from discharge summaries extracted by a natural language processing software (NLP-DS) were evaluated as a second (review) step designed to increase the precision of annotations.For the first step, recall/precision/F1-score/accuracy were 71%/86%/0.78/0.82 for CIF and 77%/70%/0.74/0.75 for LR compared to 73%/68%/0.70/0.72 for LCC. NLP-DS was the best performing second (review) step (93%/100%/0.97/0.97). Combining first-step models with NLP-DS increased precision to 100% for all procedures (66%/100%/0.80/0.85 for CIF&NLP-DS 72%/100%/0.84/87.2 for LR&NLP-DS and 66%/100%/0.80/0.85 for LCC&NLP-DS). The number of samples removed by the NLP-DS analysis was higher for LR&NLP-DS and LCC&NLP-DS(removal rate 35% and 38% of initially selected samples) compared to CIF&NLP-DS (removal rate of 20%).The developed two-step procedure is an efficient implementable method for timely and precise annotation of samples from diabetic hospitalized patients.

Normalising sequence lengths using the relative duration of episodes: an application to doctoral trajectories in Germany.

To address significant variation of sequence lengths of doctoral trajectories, we propose sequence normalisation using the relative duration of episodes. We employ episode data from a panel study of doctorate holders in Germany where doctoral trajectories are measured in single months and differ in length up to several years. Utilising normalised sequences instead of absolute sequences, we are better able to identify typical trajectories. The graphical presentation of the cluster solutions more accurately depicts the underlying processes. Furthermore, it offers the possibility to define reference sequences without a fixed length. Normalising sequences instead of distances thus proves an easily implementable method to compare sequences of different lengths when the identification of patterns is a priority.

Integration of Ideological and Political Education into the Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics Course: A Teaching Design Based on Estimation and Hypothesis Testing

With the rapid development of higher education in China, colleges and universities are facing new challenges and impacts in talent training. Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics is one of the important courses in higher education for science and engineering majors and economics and management majors. Its critical role in cultivating students’ thinking skills and improving their problem-solving skills is self-evident. Course ideological and political education construction is an important link in college talent training work. Combining ideological and political education with course teaching can help students establish correct value concepts and play a certain role in improving their comprehensive ability and quality. At present, the construction of ideological and political education in the Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics course still faces some problems, mainly manifested in the lack of attention paid by teachers to course ideological and political education, insufficient exploitation of ideological and political elements, and the simplification of ideological and political education implementation methods. In order to comprehensively deepen the construction of course ideological and political education in line with the actual needs of Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics course teaching, we should strengthen the construction of teacher teams, improve teachers’ ability to carry out course ideological and political education, integrate educational resources, develop educational resources for ideological and political education, and innovate teaching methods to improve the overall effect of ideological and political education integration.

Polarized and Directional Electroluminescence from Organic Light‐Emitting Devices by Using a Bifunctional Meta‐Electrode

AbstractOrganic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) with polarized and directional emission are highly desired for their promising applications in optical imaging, optical communication, and immersive visual technologies. Existing implementation methods based on free space bulk optical elements suffer from significant power loss, limiting their practical applications. Here, a bifunctional meta‐electrode is proposed by integrating a metasurface consisting of Ag periodic corrugations onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) anode to simultaneously realize the functions of charge carrier injection and photon management in the OLEDs. Highly polarized and directional light emission is demonstrated while maintaining a high device efficiency using the meta‐electrode. The electroluminescence with a polarization extinction ratio of 5 is achieved by judiciously engineering the polarization‐dependent Purcell factor of the resonant cavity constructed by the meta‐electrode. Meanwhile, the directional light emission with a divergence angle of 10° can be obtained by the efficient out‐coupling of surface plasmon‐polariton mode. The light beam can be collimated in one direction by using 1D nanogratings and in two directions by using 2D nanopillars, respectively.

Evaluating ASD in children through automatic analysis of paintings

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder affecting individuals, families, and societies worldwide. Screening for ASD relies on specialized medical resources, and current machine learning-based screening methods depend on expensive professional devices and algorithms. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop accessible and easily implementable methods for ASD assessment. In this study, we are committed to finding such an ASD screening and rehabilitation assessment solution based on children’s drawings. From an ASD painting database, 375 drawings from children with ASD and 160 drawings from typically developing children were selected, and a series of image signal processing algorithms based on typical characteristics of children with ASD were designed to extract features from images. The effectiveness of extracted features was evaluated through statistical methods, and they were then classified using a support vector machine (SVM) and XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting). In 5-fold cross-validation, the SVM achieved a recall of 94.93%, a precision of 86.40%, an accuracy of 85.98%, and an AUC of 90.90%, while the XGBoost achieved a recall of 96.27%, a precision of 93.78%, an accuracy of 92.90%, and an AUC of 98.00%. This efficacy persists at a high level even during additional validation on a set of newly collected paintings. Not only did the performance surpass that of participated human experts, but the high recall rate, as well as its affordability, manageability, and ease of implementation, indicates potentiality in wide screening and rehabilitation assessment. All analysis code is public at GitHub: dishangti/ASD-Painting-Pub.

Feasibility of LoRa‐based Infrastructure‐to‐Vehicle (I2V) communication for road weather information systems

SummaryA road‐weather information system (RWIS) is an attractive application in the context of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which is used where climatic conditions and meteorological events worsen traffic safety. The primary goal is to significantly reduce potential accidents by sending early warning messages to prompt immediate action. For this purpose, road weather information stations are placed at critical points on the highways. In addition to responsible transportation agencies, enabling direct warning message transfer from roadside infrastructure to vehicles can significantly improve the effectiveness of a typical RWIS application. Dedicated short range communication (DSRC) and cellular vehicle to everything (C‐V2X) technologies are extensively used for data exchange between vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and road infrastructure (V2I or I2V) under the umbrella term of vehicle‐to‐everything (V2X) communications. Latency and coverage are key performance indicators of the vehicular network that determine how drivers react to risks in adverse road and weather conditions. V2X‐based connectivity mainly aims to offer low latency in message delivery, but it is not possible to obtain a wide‐range coverage due to significant propagation loss in the dedicated 5.9 GHz ITS frequency band. In this study, we presented a long range (LoRa)‐based RWIS application that uses I2 V communication at sub‐GHz bands. Our main contribution is proposing a novel method for RWIS implementations, where the LoRa gateways run in a half‐duplex way to collect information from road weather information stations in the uplink channel and then broadcast warning messages to vehicles in the downlink channel. To validate the applicability of the proposed method, we presented a feasibility study that includes transmission range and latency analysis. Our theoretical calculations' results validate the more extended transmission range and applicability of LoRa connectivity on RWIS applications, especially for common scenarios like black ice where the climate risks do not occur suddenly. We also showed that our methodology would be beneficial due to the ability to offer wide coverage, especially in the areas where cellular base stations have not yet existed or V2X road infrastructure has not yet been established.

Analysis of authentication methods for full-stack applications and implementation of a web application with an integrated authentication system

The subject of research is methods and techniques for secure user authentication in web applications. The goal of the work is to analyse authentication methods and implement a web application with an authentication system integrating JWT tokens and the OAuth v2.0 standard. The article solves the tasks of analysis of the main protocols and methods of user authentication in web applications, implementation of authentication based on the OAuth 2.0 standard and JWT access/refresh token, and analysis of the risks of vulnerabilities and attacks for the implemented web applications. Methods used: comparison, empirical analysis, calculation methods. The next results have been obtained: analysed the protocols and methods of user authentication in web applications; selected authentication methods of JWT token and OAuth v2.0 standard for building modern web applications; created a web application based on the selected authentication methods in web applications; analysed the risks of vulnerabilities and attacks in web applications. Conclusions: The most well-known authentication methods for web applications are analyzed. It is established that most modern authentication methods have many disadvantages, which leads to increased risks when using these authentication methods. It is shown that one of the most reliable methods of web application user data security is the use of a combination of JWT Access/Refresh token and browser fingerprints. The implementation, configuration, and analysis of this methodology have shown that this combination provides the most reliable prevention of token theft and use from another computer. OAuth 2.0 authentication was also implemented. The study found that delegating authentication to services such as Facebook or Google can provide a low risk of attacks and vulnerabilities for a web application. It is noted that authentication using OAuth 2.0 can be compromised only at the beginning of the connection between the client and the server, or rather when the client first sends initial information from the browser fingerprints. This information is sent over the secure HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) protocol, so the risk of compromising OAuth 2.0 authentication is low.

텍스트 분할을 적용한 KoBART 기반의 실시간 장문 뉴스 요약 시스템 구현

In this study, a real-timelong-news summarization system is implemented based on the model. Owing to its characteristics, the KoBART model cannot summarize news with a token length of 1024 or more. Hence, we implemented a method of dividing long news into paragraphs, summarizing the divided paragraphs, and then resummarizing the summarized sentences. First, we evaluated the performance using an AI Hub dataset to validate the implemented two-stage summarization method. However, because the token length of most of the news provided in the AI Hub dataset is 1024 or less, we analyzed the performance for long news by applying the dataset provided by Hugging Face with a token length of 1024 or more. When summarizing long news with a token length of 1024 or more by dividing it into 512 paragraphs, the average Luge score is 33.99% and the runtime required for summarization is 0.8492 s. Therefore, we confirmed that the implemented long-news summarization system can provide real-time services, even for long news with a token length of 1024 or more.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE POWERS OF THE HEAD OF STATE

In the article, the author examines the typology of powers of heads of state, the basis for the classification of powers, citing the opinions of foreign scientists. The analysis of scientific works shows the variety of types of grouping of powers of the head of state. The purpose of the scientific work is to identify problems in classifying the powers of the head of state on certain grounds and to develop proposals aimed at solving the identified problems. When writing the article, the author used a complex of general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition. The author notes that most scientists adhere to the so-called classical approach when classifying powers, the basis of which is the sphere of activity of the head of state. At the same time, some note some features in the typology of the powers of the head of state. For example, it is proposed to distinguish one’s own powers (some suggest calling them traditional), powers according to branches of government, internal and external, according to the method of implementation. Most powers have overlap, which leads to some confusion when classifying them. In his work, the author draws attention to such a category as the so-called “hidden” and other powers. The threat of both hidden and other powers lies in the possible unconstitutional expansion of their scope, including through judicial practice (Resolutions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan). The author draws attention in detail to the author's classifications of the powers of the head of state. Some of them use bases that do not have a formal logical connection and have multiple intersections. Some classifications of non-CIS authors for the Republic of Kazakhstan are, in all likelihood, not relevant for systematizing the powers of the President. In conclusion, an assessment of the studied classifications of powers of heads of state is given and recommendations are given on the typology of powers of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

МОЖЛИВОСТІ АДВОКАЦІЇ ТА ЛОБІЮВАННЯ НЕУРЯДОВИМИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯМИ ІНТЕРЕСІВ СУБ’ЄКТІВ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ

The article explores the possibilities of advocacy and lobbying of the interests of business entities by non-governmental organizations, in particular public organizations, public unions whose activities are aimed at supporting the development of entrepreneurship, employers' organizations and their associations, chambers of commerce and industry. The functions of non-governmental business support organizations were considered: protection and representation of business interests in relations with authorities in order to improve the conditions for conducting business, legislation, and the elimination of regulatory barriers; legal support; informational support and training; establishment of relationships and communication support; resource support. The advocacy function of non-governmental organizations and the tools for its implementation, including participation in public councils at executive bodies, public examination of regulatory acts, and others, are analyzed in detail. The concepts of "advocacy" and "lobbying" have been thoroughly researched and delineated, in accordance with the legal definition, the subjects of implementation, and the difference in the purpose and content of the activity. The main methods of implementation of advocacy and lobbying of the interests of business entities by non-governmental organizations were analyzed, a problematic aspect was established, which consists in the fact that the methods of implementation of such activities have a lot in common, which in the future, with the introduction of the law from 2025, will lead to controversial issues in the process of detection by controlling bodies of manifestations of lobbying by non-governmental organizations, as well as the process of identification of commercial interest in the activities of non-commercial organizations when establishing the fact of lobbying is assumed to be debatable. An analysis of the legal regulation of the implementation of advocacy and lobbying in Ukraine, including by non-governmental organizations in accordance with the regulatory and legal framework of Ukraine, was carried out. The absence of the concept of "advocacy" and related concepts in the Law of Ukraine "On Lobbying" was established, which is positive, and it was clarified that the law does not apply to the activities of non-profit organizations and institutions, in particular public associations, except in cases when such activities relate to commercial interests. The possibility of implementing lobbying by non-governmental organizations was considered, provided they received the appropriate status.

Training to Develop Science Process Skills of Students of SMA 6 Padang Pelawi, Seluma Regency Through Physics Ethnoscience Learning

This community service project focuses on enhancing students' Science Process Skills (SPS) through the implementation of ethnoscience-based physics learning. The activity was conducted on August 1, 2024, at SMA Negeri 6 Padang Pelawi, Seluma Regency. The method of implementation included presentations, discussions, and hands-on practice with students. After applying the ethnoscience-based learning concept, there was a noticeable improvement in students' science process skills, both in observation and experimentation. Additionally, the effectiveness of the Discovery Learning and Problem-Based Learning (PBL) models was evident in improving students' science process skills through collaboration and problem-solving. Ethnoscience-based learning not only enhanced science process skills but also deepened students' appreciation of local culture. Through ethnoscience learning training at SMA Negeri 6 Padang Pelawi, Seluma Regency, it is hoped that the learning process can leverage local cultural diversity. This approach not only develops students' scientific skills but also strengthens the connection between physics concepts and local wisdom. This culturally-based learning provides relevant context, deepens students' understanding, and makes the learning process more meaningful.

Improving Asthma Management through Iot-Based Telemedicine Spirometry in The Post-COVID-19 Era in Sidoarjo Tofu Making Community, Indonesia

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing. The partners in this study face the problem that tofu factories in their area use plastic waste as fuel, which can aggravate respiratory conditions. In addition, the partners need more knowledge about the clear signs of asthma attacks, asthma symptom control and risk factors for asthma patients. The solution provided through the Community Service Programme with the PKM (Student Creativity Programme) scheme is to measure lung volumes using an IoT-based telemedicine device, specifically a spirometry tool that can be used with an Android mobile phone. In addition, partners will receive support to improve their knowledge, skills and attitudes in the management of asthma exacerbations. The implementation method includes providing health education on asthma, clear signs of asthma attacks, asthma symptom control and risk factors for asthma patients, as well as self-management skills for asthma patients and efforts to monitor asthma signs and symptoms. Lung capacity is measured using a spirometry device connected to an Android mobile phone for direct measurement by health workers. The results of the community service show an increase in respondents' knowledge about asthma after a lecture intervention. This was tested using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, which showed a statistically significant increase in scores from pre-test to post-test. All changes were positive, indicating the effectiveness of the learning methods used. Spirometry measurements showed that the respondents' lungs were functioning well without significant airway obstruction, indicating that the intervention was successful in increasing knowledge about asthma and asthma control

Analytical Insights into Methods for Measuring Ischemia-Modified Albumin.

Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) has emerged as a pivotal biomarker for the early detection of ischemic conditions, particularly myocardial ischemia, where timely diagnosis is crucial for effective intervention. This review provides an overview of the analytical methods for assessment of IMA, including Albumin Cobalt Binding (ACB), Albumin Copper Binding (ACuB), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), new techniques such as liquid crystal biosensors (LCB), quantum dot coupled X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (Q-XRF), mass spectrometry (MS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Each method was thoroughly examined for its analytical performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and feasibility. The ACB assay is the most readily implementable method in clinical laboratories for its cost-effectiveness and operational simplicity. On the other hand, the ACuB assay exhibits enhanced sensitivity and specificity, driven by the superior binding affinity of copper to IMA. Furthermore, nanoparticle-enhanced immunoassays and liquid crystal biosensors, while more resource-intensive, significantly improve the analytical sensitivity and specificity of IMA detection, enabling earlier and more accurate identification of ischemic events. Additionally, different biological matrices, such as serum, saliva, and urine, were reviewed to identify the most suitable for accurate measurements in clinical application. Although serum was considered the gold standard, non-invasive matrices such as saliva and urine are becoming increasingly feasible due to advances in technology. This review underscores the role of IMA in clinical diagnostics and suggests how advanced analytical techniques have the potential to significantly enhance patient outcomes in ischemic disease management.

Mechanism based four-linear cohesive zone model for mode I fracture of different stacking sequence CFRP laminates

Delamination, a prevalent failure mode observed in laminated composites, exerts a significant impact on structural integrity and performance. The occurrence of fiber bridging during the fracture process adds complexity and elevates the research challenges associated with this phenomenon. Existing models exhibit limitations in accurately capturing bridging behavior and discerning its underlying mechanical mechanisms. This study addresses these limitations by analyzing experimental results, employing the J-integral, and analyzing R-curve behavior, proposing a mechanism-based four-linear cohesive zone model along with a new finite element implementation method. Comprising three overlapping bi-linear CZMs, this model effectively simulates mode I fracture behavior in laminates with different stacking sequences. Moreover, it intuitively illustrates the mechanical mechanisms during crack propagation and offers simplicity in implementation. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of composite fracture mechanics and provides a practical model for predicting delamination behavior in laminated structures.

PRODUK OLAHAN IKAN (PROKAN) UPAYA MENINGKATKAN INOVASI PRODUK PERIKANAN DI DESA SISARAHILI TELUK SIABANG, KECAMATAN SAWO, KABUPATEN NIAS UTARA

Sisarahili Village is one of the underdeveloped villages that has a lot of potential in the fisheries sector. Based on survey information in the village, the income and economy of the people of Sisarahili Teluk Siabang Village have decreased since the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. The problem faced by the community in Sisarahili Teluk Siabang Village is the lack of knowledge and skills possessed by the community to process fishery products into processed fish products that are highly nutritious and have high selling value. In order to solve this problem, this service activity aims to provide knowledge and skills to the community in Sisarahili Teluk Siabang Village about the technology of processing fishery products into processed fish products (PROKAN) which are highly nutritious and can increase the income and economy of the community. The implementation method used to achieve the target of service activities is by conducting counseling, training on the technology of processing fishery products into Processed Fish Products (PROKAN): nuggets and meatballs and mentoring. The community group that is the special target of this service activity is fisherwomen. Through the Student Organization Capacity Strengthening Program (PPK ORMAWA), it becomes a student movement in providing knowledge about the technology of processing fishery products into Processed Fish Products (PROKAN). This community service activity was welcomed enthusiastically by the community by attending the counseling and training of Processed Fish Products (PROKAN). The community stated that they got additional insights and skills in processing fish into various products, namely nuggets and meatballs.