Electrospinning Method Research Articles

Coaxial Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes as Dual-Functional Biomimetic Tendon Sheath for Tendon Repair and Anti-Peritendinous Adhesion.

Tendon injuries often exhibit limited healing capacity, frequently complicated by peritendinous adhesion, posing a substantial challenge in clinical tendon repair. Although present biomaterial-based membranes offer a promising strategy for tendon treatment, their clinical application is hindered by inflammation-induced adhesion. Herein, this study presents a dual-functional biomimetic tendon sheath based on a coaxial electrospun nanofibrous membrane for enhancing tendon repair and simultaneously preventing peritendinous adhesion. This nanofibrous membrane is fabricated using a coaxial electrospinning method, encapsulating celecoxib-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) within gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) shell. Both in vitro and in vivo analysis results demonstrated that such coaxial biomimetic tendon sheath enhanced tenogenic differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) due to nanofibrous GelMA shell providing a suitable microenvironment surface. Simultaneously, the sustained release of celecoxib (CEL) from the core is able to significantly decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Notably, in vivo assessments in animal models with patellar tendon defects revealed significant reductions in peritendinous adhesion, leading to further enhancement in tendon repair. These results underscore the potential of the coaxial nanofibrous membrane as a dual-functional biomimetic tendon sheath, offering a promising avenue for the long-term management of tendon injuries.

Facile synthesis of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes with excellent thermosetting, fibrous and crystalline properties

The development of multifunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) that are more serialized than traditional POSS is essential to reduce the economic investment and expand the category of high-performance POSS. This work employed a simple one-step method to synthesize a series of different physical states of methacryloxypropyl-phenyl POSS (AcPhPOSS). The FTIR, NMR and MS results showed that the products were mainly composed of regular T8, T10 and T12 cage-like structures, and the outer periphery of the AcPhPOSS cage carried different proportions of flexible methacryloxypropyl (R1) and rigid phenyl (R2) groups. In addition, the curable, fibrous, and crystalline properties of liquid, semi-solid, and powder AcPhPOSS were studied through thermal curing, electrospinning, and crystallization methods, respectively. The results showed that AcPhPOSS in three different states, especially AcPhPOSS@1:0 (liquid), AcPhPOSS@1:3 (semi-solid) and AcPhPOSS@0:1 (powder), exhibited good thermal curing properties, fiber and crystallization, respectively. Hence, this work proposes a facile strategy for producing multifunctional materials with good curing properties, fiber-forming properties, and crystallinity, which have broad application potential in thermosetting resins, fiber materials, and single crystal materials.

Fast kinetics for lithium storage rendered by Li3VO4 nanoparticles/porous N-doped carbon nanofibers

Li3VO4 (LVO) has been recognized as an alternative anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its appropriate lithium storage potential and capacity merits. However, its practical application is seriously hindered by slow reaction kinetics stemming from poor electronic conductivity. Herein, Li3VO4/porous N-doped carbon nanofibers (LVO/PNC NFs) are firstly designed and fabricated via an electrospinning method, utilizing the thermal decomposition characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA). The porous N-doped carbon nanofibers provide efficient electrolyte diffusion paths and facilitate ion transport. In addition, LVO nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed along the nanofibers to effectively inhibit particle aggregation. The obtained LVO/PNC NFs are evaluated as anodes for LIBs and deliver high reversible capacity of 768 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, along with excellent rate capability (average capacity of 355 mAh g−1 at 8 A g−1 after 6 periodic rate testing) and long cycling life (286 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles at 4 A g−1). The special porous nanofiber represents an effective strategy for improving the electronic conductivity, inhibiting particle aggregation, and ensuring rapid ion/charge transport towards advanced energy storage technologies.

Formamidinium Lead Iodide‐Based Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication With an Electrospun‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Back Electrode: A Novel Approach

AbstractIn this work, low‐cost and simple structure perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated using formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) as the light absorber and reduced graphene oxide nanofibers (rGO NFs) as the counter electrode (CE). The FAPbI3 light absorber was prepared using a two‐step solution process, whereas the rGO NFs were synthesized through a simple electrospinning method. The as‐prepared FAPbI3 and rGO NFs were characterized by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis. The surface morphology of the as‐prepared FAPbI3 and rGO NFs showed crystalline and bead‐free fiber structures, as confirmed by HRTEM and FESEM image analysis. The AFM topographical images of FAPbI3 and rGO NFs further reveal the crystalline and fiber structures. XRD pattern analysis confirmed the cubic crystalline phase of FAPbI3 and the graphitic nature of rGO NFs. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies, the PSC assembled with the FAPbI3 light absorber and rGO NFs‐based CE demonstrated an electrical conductivity of 3.64 × 10−4 S cm−1. The fabricated PSC device achieved an efficiency of 8.78% compared to the 7.49% efficiency of the device with a sputtered gold CE. This work uniquely integrates advanced materials, cost‐effective manufacturing, and enhanced efficiency in PSCs using FAPbI3 light absorbers and rGO NFs, addressing key challenges in cost and sustainability in solar technology.

Electrospinning Aligned SF/Magnetic Nanoparticles-Blend Nanofiber Scaffolds for Inducing Skeletal Myoblast Alignment and Differentiation.

In the realm of skeletal muscle tissue engineering, anisotropic materials that emulate natural tissues show substantial promise. Electrospun scaffolds, mimicking the fibrillar structure of the extracellular matrix, are commonly employed but often fall short in achieving optimal alignment and mechanical strength. Silk fibroin has emerged as a versatile material in tissue engineering, valued for its biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, and biodegradability. However, conventional electrospinning methods of SF result in randomly oriented fibers, limiting their efficacy. In this work, we developed a straightforward method to fabricate directional tissue scaffolds using silk fibroin. By integrating a magnetic field collecting device and incorporating Fe3O4 nanoparticles into the spinning solution, we successfully produced well-aligned silk nanofiber scaffolds. These aligned fibers not only improved scaffold orientation and mechanical properties but also exhibited magnetic responsiveness. The aligned SF scaffolds effectively guided the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells along the fiber direction. Cultured on these scaffolds, myoblast C2C12 cells demonstrated oriented growth, highlighting the potential of aligned SF fibers in advancing skeletal muscle engineering for biomedical applications.

Remarkable Near-Infrared Temperature Sensing Properties of Y3Ga5O12:Cr3+ and Y3Ga5O12:Cr3+/Yb3+ Nanotubes Fabricated via a Single-Needle Electrospinning Technique.

For the first time, nanotubes of Y3Ga5O12:Cr3+ (referred to as YGO:Cr3+) and Y3Ga5O12:Cr3+/Yb3+ (referred to as YGO:Cr3+/Yb3+) were produced via a single-needle electrospinning method. The nanotubes of YGO:Cr3+ and YGO:Cr3+/Yb3+ have outer diameters between 190 and 210 nm, whereas the inner diameter ranges between 70 and 80 nm, and the wall thickness ranges from 50 to 60 nm. The temperature sensitivity of YGO:0.02Cr3+ nanotubes was examined by studying how the Cr3+ lifetime changes with temperature. In the temperature range of 303 to 723 K, the peak values of Sa and Sr were 0.274 and 0.0067 K-1, respectively. Temperature sensing properties of YGO:0.02Cr3+/yYb3+ (y = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05) nanotubes were evaluated via the FIR technique utilizing nonthermally coupled energy levels. The I970/I708 in the YGO:0.05Cr3+/0.01Yb3+ nanotubes displayed a maximal Sr value of 0.013 K-1 at 633 K, which exceeds that of other Cr3+-doped NIR phosphors previously reported and is promising for high-temperature measurements.

Novel pseudocapacitive one-dimensional copper pyrophosphate (Cu2P2O7) nanofibers for asymmetric supercapacitor

The redox activity of a supercapacitor electrode can be significantly compromised by irregular, non-uniform, and agglomerated morphologies of the material. The preparation of a one-dimensional fibrous morphology not only ensures a consistent, continuous, and well-separated network of fibers but also results in an increased surface area compared to higher-dimensional structures. In this study, the fabrication of a continuous network of one-dimensional copper pyrophosphate (Cu2P2O7) nanofibers through a straightforward polymer-based electrospinning method followed by calcination at 900 °C is reported. The resulting Cu2P2O7 monoclinic nanofibers exhibited an average diameter of 95 nm, highlighting the enhanced surface area of the material. By employing nickel foam (NF) as a current collector, the Cu2P2O7/NF electrode demonstrated a remarkable specific capacitance of 567.31 F g-1 (357.4 C g-1) at 2 A g-1 in 1 M LiOH electrolyte, surpassing performances in 1 M KOH and 1 M NaOH electrolytes. Furthermore, we designed an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device configuration by incorporating carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as the negative electrode. Cu2P2O7//CNFs asymmetric supercapacitor showcases an exceptional specific capacitance, reaching 143.73 F g-1 (244.34 C g-1) at a current density of 0.4 A g-1. This remarkable performance is complemented by a notable energy density of 57.69 Wh kg-1 and power density of 1104.7 W kg-1. Furthermore, even at an elevated power density of 5132.25 W kg-1, the device maintained a considerable energy density of 22.81 Wh kg-1. These findings underscore the viability of Cu2P2O7 nanofibers as a compelling choice for energy storage devices.

Rational design of ZnO-SnO2 Janus nanofibers for highly sensitive triethylamine detection

Herein, ZnO-SnO2 Janus nanofibers (NFs) were synthesized by a parallel electrospinning method and its sensing performances were tested. Considering the compositions of the two metal oxide semiconductors in Janus structure, different ratios of ZnO and SnO2 were designed and controlled. The optimum ratios of ZnO and SnO2 was 1:2 by analyzing their sensing performances to triethylamine (TEA) gas. Gas sensors based on ZS-12 Janus NFs exhibited a high response to TEA (45.2) and an excellent sensing response/recovery reproducibility. In order to investigate the sensing mechanism of Janus structure, ZnO NFs and SnO2 NFs were synthesized and used as controlled experiment. The results indicated that the heterostructures in Janus NFs is the key factor for the enhanced TEA sensing performances. The electrons flowed in the ZnO-SnO2 Janus structure leading to the variation of ionic oxygen species and electron depletion layer. These phenomena improved the reaction of TEA gas molecules with ionic oxygen species so that the TEA sensing performances were enhanced. Based on the Janus structures, a satisfactory gas sensor for detecting TEA gas were developed. Significantly, this work investigated the sensing mechanism of Janus structures and provided an efficient strategy for the gas sensing materials.

Flexible Hybrid Membrane with Synergistic Exciton Dynamics for Excessive 280 h of Durably Piezo-Photocatalytic H2O-to-H2 Conversion.

Solar-driven H2O-to-H2 conversion is a feasible artificial photoconversion technology for clean energy production. However, low photon utilization efficiency has become a major obstacle limiting the practical application of this technology. Herein, a metal atomic replacement (Sb→Ni) is conducted to disintegrate bulk Sb2S3 nanorods and synchronously grow the NiS nanolayers, and a flower-like Sb2S3-NiS nanocomposite with high BET specific surface area and synergistic exciton dynamics is constructed for simulated solar (SSL)-driven H2O-to-H2 conversion. The optimal Sb2S3-NiS nanocomposite is compounded with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to prepare a flexible PVDF/Sb2S3-NiS (PSN) hybrid membrane with stable structure and excellent recyclability via an electrospinning method. Due to the synergistically interacted organic-inorganic interface and high porosity, it is conducive to the exposure of effective active sites, exciton conduction and mass transfer and exchange, thereby an outstanding alkaline (Ph=13.0) H2O-to-H2 conversion activity with a 0.06% of solar-to-hydrogen efficiency and over 280 h (70 cycles) of durable recycling is achieved under the collaborative drives of SSL and weak ultrasound (40 Hz). This study raises a state-of-the-art membrane material for solar-driven panel reaction technology.

Bi‐Doped In2O3 Nanofiber for Efficient Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction

AbstractElectrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) to formic acid (HCOOH) is attracted for superfluous CO2 removal and HCOOH production under ambient conditions. Indium‐based catalysts has considered as a good candidate material for CO2RR to HCOOH due to their environmentally friendly features. However, the catalytic efficiency is limited by the poor HCOOH Faradaic efficiency (FE) and high reaction overpotential of electrocatalyst, and the activity and stability of indium‐based catalysts are unsatisfactory, especially in industrial current density that is critical for commercialization. Herein, a fiber Bi‐doped In2O3 was synthesized through electrospinning method, and it demonstrate a FEHCOOH of 88.2% at −1.5 V versus RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) with partial current density of −21.8 mA cm−2 in H type cell. Specially, the Bi‐In electrocatalyst also reach the industrial current density standard, which can work at −400 mA cm−2 current density with FEHCOOH of 92.7% (yield of HCOOH is 6.9 mmol h−1) in home‐made Flow cell. Importantly, Bi‐In shows 24 h long‐term stability test in −300 mA cm−2. The improvement catalytic activity of Bi‐In catalyst is ascribed to the optimized electronic structure of In site, and the reduced work function value of Bi‐In is beneficial for reducing the formation energy of the key *OCHO intermediates.

Co-M (M = Ru, Pd, Pt) Bimetallic Catalysts on the CeO2 Nanofiber Prepared Using the Electrospinning Method for Dry Reforming of Methane

Co-M (M = Ru, Pd, Pt) Bimetallic Catalysts on the CeO₂ Nanofiber Prepared Using the Electrospinning Method for Dry Reforming of Methane

Preparation of biocompatible Zein/Gelatin/Chitosan/PVA based nanofibers loaded with vitamin E-TPGS via dual-opposite electrospinning method

Wound management is a critical aspect of healthcare, necessitating effective and innovative wound dressing materials. Many existing wound dressings lack effectiveness and exhibit limitations, including poor antimicrobial activity, toxicity, inadequate moisture regulation, and weak mechanical performance. The aim of this study is to develop a natural-based nanofibrous structure that possesses desirable characteristics for use as a wound dressing. The chemical analysis confirmed the successful creation of Zein (Ze) (25% w/v) /gelatin (Gel) (10% w/v) /chitosan (CS) (2% w/v) /Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (10% w/v) nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Vit E). The swelling percentages of nanofiber (NF), NF + Vit E, cross-linked nanofiber (CNF), and CNF + Vit E were 49%, 110%, 410%, and 676%, respectively; and the degradation rates of NF, NF + Vit E, CNF, and CNF + Vit E were 29.57 ± 5.06%, 33.78 ± 7.8%, 14.03 ± 7.52%, 43 ± 6.27%, respectively. The antibacterial properties demonstrated that CNF impregnated with antibiotics reduced Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts by approximately 27–28% and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) counts by about 34–35% compared to negative control. In conclusion, cross-linked Ze/Gel/CS/PVA nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with Vit E have potential as suitable wound dressing materials because environmentally friendly materials contribute to sustainable wound care and controlled degradation ensures wound dressings breakdown harmlessly.

The morphology and thermo-regulating properties of electrospun PVA/PEG/Ag nanofibers of water and formic acid solvents

The solvent utilized in the electrospinning solution significantly impacts the morphology and thermal properties of PVA/PEG/Ag nanofibers. To prevent leakage of PEG, solid-liquid phase change, a suitable encapsulation method involves utilizing a combined single-phase electrospinning that incorporates PEG and supporting polymer of PVA. This study aims to investigate the production of thermal-regulating nanofibers from a solution containing PEG 6000, PVA, and AgNO3 precursor using electrospinning method. The influence of water and formic acid as a solvent on the morphology of the nanofibers was examined using SEM. The selected nanofiber characteristics and thermal performance were evaluated through FE-SEM, FT-IR, XRD, DSC, PCM leakage, and DTG tests. SEM images revealed that the formic acid-based nanofibers, consisting of two polymers and two polymer/Ag NPs, exhibited a nanoporous membrane, possibly due to enhanced cross-linking compared to water-based nanofibers. The results of the DSC indicated that fusion and solidification enthalpies of the selected water-based nanofibers were measured as 70.09 and −85.43 J/g, respectively. Unexpectedly, the DSC results indicated higher enthalpies compared to unheated samples. SEM image after thermal cycles, leakage results, and DTG of water-based nanofibers demonstrated their production with thermal stability, reliability, and the potential for creating shape-stable, thermally regulating fabricated nanofibers for various applications.

Macro-Nanoporous Film with Cauliflower-Shaped Fibers for Highly Efficient Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling.

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is a simple and effective cooling approach that does not consume any extra energy just by highly reflecting shortwave sunlight and highly radiating infrared heat through the atmospheric windows. In recent years, the application of photonic coolers and metamaterials for PDRC has been studied. However, they usually have complex processes and high precision requirements, which seriously limit large-scale fabrication. In this paper, a high-performance polyvinylidene difluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) PDRC fiber film was prepared by a simple and efficient electrospinning method combined with phase separation, and the obtained PVDF-HFP fibers have a cauliflower-shaped macro-nanoporous structure. The cauliflower-shaped structure provides more scattering sites of the fibers, and the fiber film with the macro-nanoporous morphology has a high scattering ability in the solar region, resulting in a high solar reflectivity of 99.65%. The PVDF-HFP porous film possesses an emissivity of 90.44% in the atmospheric window, and it can reach a maximum cooling temperature of 10.2 °C during the daytime. In addition, the excellent mechanical strength provides a guarantee for its large-scale practical application. This study offers an effective improvement strategy for the spectral performance of polymer fiber films, which is meaningful for green cooling management and reduction of carbon emission.

High-Speed Electrospinning of Ethyl Cellulose Nanofibers via Taylor Cone Optimization.

Ethyl cellulose (EC) is one of the most widely used cellulose derivatives. Nevertheless, challenges such as the formation of beaded fibers, low yield, and nonporous internal structure persist in electrospinning, limiting functional improvements and industrial applications. This study invented a groundbreaking high-speed electrospinning technique through sheath liquid assistance to optimize the Taylor cone, dramatically enhancing the yield, morphology, and formation of porous structures of EC nanofibers beyond what has been seen in the literature to date. Our study emphasizes the crucial role of the sheath liquid's physical and chemical properties in controlling the morphology and diameter of EC nanofibers. It was discovered that highly polar and viscous sheath liquids led to the formation of beaded structures. Most importantly, the sheath liquid-assisted method substantially increased the ejection rate of the EC solution tens and hundreds of times compared to the current low-speed electrospinning method (0.1-1 mL/h) by refining the shape of the Taylor cone and resolving low productivity challenges in conventional nanofiber production. Meanwhile, increasing the flow rate of the EC or the sheath liquid accelerated the phase separation of EC solutions, thereby promoting the formation of porous structures in EC nanofibers. A pronounced porous structure was observed when the core EC flow rate reached 25 mL/h or the sheath chloroform flow rate reached 20 mL/h. Furthermore, our sheath liquid-assisted high-speed electrospinning technique demonstrated universal applicability to ECs with varying molecular weights. This study comprehensively addressed challenges in controlling the yield, morphology, and internal structure of EC nanofibers through sheath-solution-assisted high-speed electrospinning technology. These findings provide an innovative approach to developing next-generation electrospinning technologies to enhance the yield and properties of natural polymers for sustainability.

Titanium Dioxide-Decorated and Silanized Electrospun Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Fibers for Filtration

Abstract Electrospinning methods have produced polymer-based non-woven fibers that have excellent filtration for use as air filter media, however most work have been focused on producing thinner fibers by reducing polymer loading. In this work, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic from used soda plastic bottles was electrospun and decorated with nano-TiO2 to produce nonwoven media with antimicrobial properties. Electrospinning parameters were optimized to maintain higher loading percentage of PET to as much as 30% (w/v) with resulting fibers having an average diameter of 1.8 μm. Electrospun fiber mats were then treated with a silane-based binder for surface-decoration with nano-TiO2 coating to impart antimicrobial properties to these fibers. XRF mapping showed uniform coating of the nanoparticles. Atomic ratios from XRF of Ti to Si did not significantly change before and after ultrasonication washing signifying the covalent coating of the nanoparticles onto the fiber matrix.

Co3O4/CQDs composite for selective ammonia detection in exhaled human breath analysis

Co3O4 was synthesized using electrospinning method and different amounts of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were subsequently doped into the Co3O4 matrix via grinding, resulting in Co3O4/CQDs composite materials with various ratios. Gas sensing tests revealed that the resulting composite Co3O4/CQDs sensors exhibited excellent performance at a low temperature of 50°C, with outstanding selectivity towards ammonia gas and rapid response and recovery characteristics. Specifically, response and recovery time for 50 ppm ammonia gas were 14 s and 164 s, respectively. The outcomes of the exhalation simulation test utilizing sensors composed of this material demonstrate that the sensor's response to simulated chronic kidney disease breath closely approximates that of pure biological samples (1.08), exceeding the average response value of healthy exhaled breath samples (1.0). This demonstrates the sensor's capability to differentiate between healthy individuals and chronic kidney disease patients despite significant water vapor and carbon dioxide interference. This study provides valuable insights for the development of more efficient ammonia sensors and their role in the early detection of chronic kidney disease.

Co-doped ZnO nanofibers fabricated via electrospinning for rapid and ppb-level detection of listeria biomarker 3-hydroxy-2-butanone

Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen capable of releasing biomarker 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (3H-2B), generally causes a serious threat to human health. Developing 3H-2B gas sensor with excellent performance is of great significance in the diagnosis and prevention of Listeria. Here, we have successfully fabricated Co-doped ZnO nanofibers gas sensor via an electrospinning method, which can be well used for real-time monitoring of Listeria. The results show that the Co-doped ZnO nanofibers have a wurtzite crystal structure and a nanofiber-like morphology with a diameter of 62 nm. The band gap (3.15 eV) of the Co-doped ZnO is significantly narrower than that of the pure ZnO (3.25 eV). The response (168) of the 0.5%Co-doped ZnO based sensor to 100 ppm 3H-2B at 305 °C is 5.37 times greater than that of the pure ZnO (31.3), with a high selectivity, a lower detection limit (100 ppb) and a short response time of 1 s. The enhanced gas sensing mechanism is ascribed to the depletion layer on the ZnO surface, a superposition effect of interface barrier, and the narrowed band gap of the ZnO.

Magnetoresponsive Anisotropic Fiber‐Integrating Hydrogels for Neural Tissue Regeneration

The physiological functions of specific areas of the nervous system, such as the spinal cord, are directional dependent, relying on the ordered arrangement of cells and extracellular matrix. Here, an automated electrospinning method is used to make fibers with different diameters by changing the concentrations of polycaprolactone/gelatine solutions. The impact of fiber diameter, orientation, and the inclusion of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on neural stem cell (NSC) behavior and differentiation is investigated. Fibers with an average diameter of 1189 ± 274 nm greatly improve neuronal differentiation. The highest relative expression of the neuronal marker Tuj‐1 and the formation of interconnected neuronal networks with neurites aligned along the fiber axis demonstrate this. Incorporating SPIONS into the fibers do not damage the cells, and aligned fibers do much better than random fibers at cell proliferation, migration, and neurite alignment. Further, magnetoresponsive fiber‐based hydrogels are fabricated by embedding SPIONS‐loaded fibers within a collagen matrix, which enables remote alignment of the fibers via a magnetic field. Postcrosslinking maintains this alignment and induces significant neurite orientation within the hydrogels. The potential use of automated, magnetically responsive electrospun fibers as flexible supports for NSC differentiation and neural tissue engineering guidance is demonstrated.

Cutting-Edge Hydrogel Technologies in Tissue Engineering and Biosensing: An Updated Review.

Hydrogels, known for their unique ability to retain large amounts of water, have emerged as pivotal materials in both tissue engineering and biosensing applications. This review provides an updated and comprehensive examination of cutting-edge hydrogel technologies and their multifaceted roles in these fields. Initially, the chemical composition and intrinsic properties of both natural and synthetic hydrogels are discussed, highlighting their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The manuscript then probes into innovative scaffold designs and fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, electrospinning, and self-assembly methods, emphasizing their applications in regenerating bone, cartilage, skin, and neural tissues. In the realm of biosensing, hydrogels' responsive nature is explored through their integration into optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric sensors. These sensors are instrumental in medical diagnostics for glucose monitoring, pathogen detection, and biomarker identification, as well as in environmental and industrial applications like pollution and food quality monitoring. Furthermore, the review explores cross-disciplinary innovations, including the use of hydrogels in wearable devices, and hybrid systems, and their potential in personalized medicine. By addressing current challenges and future directions, this review aims to underscore the transformative impact of hydrogel technologies in advancing healthcare and industrial practices, thereby providing a vital resource for researchers and practitioners in the field.