Electrical Resistivity Tomography Method Research Articles

Cool deltas: Sedimentological, geomorphological and geophysical characterization of ice‐contact deltas and implications for their reservoir properties (Salpausselkä, Finland)

AbstractSediments deposited by glacial meltwaters (for example, ice‐contact delta deposits) form permeable packages in the subsurface that can act as reservoirs for both water and hydrocarbons. They are also an important source of aggregate for the construction industry. As reservoirs they are challenging to characterize in terms of their structure, flow and storage properties due to their complex depositional history. In this study, ice‐contact deltas of Salpausselkä I and II end moraines in Southern Finland are studied using a combination of geomorphological mapping, sedimentological studies and near surface geophysical methods. Sedimentary logs from isolated outcrops were correlated to ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles to unravel the internal structure and depositional history of these ice‐contact deltas. Subsequently, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and gravity data were analysed to estimate the depth to bedrock and to model porosity distribution within the sediments. Results of the study suggest that the delta deposits have a broad range of porosities (10 to 42%) with lowest values found in the bottomset beds. The most variable porosities are in the subaqueous ice‐contact–fan zone, and consistently high porosities occur in delta foreset/topset facies. Detailed sedimentary logging linked to the GPR data shows heterogeneities such as mud drapes on foresets and kettle holes which are below the resolution of ERT and gravity methods but significantly affect reservoir properties of the deltas. Moreover, oscillation of the ice‐margin may have introduced larger heterogeneities (for example, buried ice marginal ridges, or eskers) into the sedimentary sequence which are atypical for other Gilbert‐type deltas. Finally, subglacially sculpted, highly variable bedrock topography exerts a major control on sediment distribution within the delta making reservoir volume and quality less predictable. This work has implications for present‐day freshwater aquifers and low enthalpy geothermal energy in southern Finland and other deglaciated regions, as well as hydrocarbon exploration of analogous deposits in the subsurface from Pleistocene and pre‐Pleistocene glaciogenic sequences.

Application of MASW and ERT methods for geotechnical site characterization: A case study for roads construction and infrastructure assessment in Abu Dhabi, UAE

In this study, the active multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were applied in Abu Dhabi City for road site characterization. The objectives were to detect the bedrock topography, to identify the weakness zones and to evaluate the nature of the soil. Forty-eight lines of MASW and three profiles of ERT were conducted in the study area. The shear waves velocity (Vs) values show that surface and very near-surface materials having very low Vs values (<180 m/s) and encountered as a thin continuous layer and in others as isolated lenses at 4.0 m to 5.0 m in depth. In general, the surface sediment materials in the studied area related to earth and infill material (loose to a very loose sediments) material except the top soil layer in some places. The cone penetration test (CPT) and standard penetration test (SPT) values confirmed the variations in rigidity suggested by the velocity models (N-value 5 and 8). Low shear wave velocities (180–360 m/s) and low CPT/SPT value encountered from the surface to 6.0 m depth were found to be related to less-consolidated soil. Below the top layer, the soil becomes stiffer with shear wave velocities between (360–750 m/s) and SPT value greater than 50. The highest shear wave velocity (Vs >750 m/s) was encountered at depth of 17 m and extends to the penetration depth of about 20 m. This deepest layer correlated to denser bedrock. Furthermore, the inverted resistivity models generally show that the resistivity values in the study site are low. However, three main distinguished resistivity zones were revealed across all profiles in the study area. The results of both MASW and ERT were compared and integrated, providing a good image of the soil properties and bedrock, and their reliabilities were verified with borehole data.

An integrated geotechnical and geophysical investigation of a catastrophic landslide in the Northeast Himalayas of Pakistan

Landslides are a complex geohazard, and the key parameters that have a prominent effect on their nature are variations in slope angle and fluctuations in groundwater. The focus of this research was to analyse the prevailing conditions of the Danna‐Sahotar landslide in the south of Muzaffarabad district, Sub‐Himalayas, Pakistan, and evaluating how different conditions effect the stability of the landslide with the integration of geotechnical, geophysical, and slope stability analysis. The geotechnical investigations revealed that the surface layer is mainly sandy with clayey and silty content. The two‐dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) demarcated the presence of a possible slip surface situated in the portion where the resistivity values clearly change. The ERT of the crown is characterized by low resistivity due to the presence of water seepages, which increase the degree of saturation and pore water pressure hence, leading to the slope failure. It was proved that the presence of high moisture content has played an influential role in triggering the landslide. Thorough analysis of integrated research yielded reliable and accurate information on the geotechnical and geological aspects of the landslide. The outcomes were used in slope stability limit equilibrium method (LEM) analysis using GeoStudio software. The slip surface predicted from the LEM was almost circular, which was confirmed by the geotechnical and ERT method. The factor of safety Fs (0.830) along the longitudinal profile of the landslide was calculated, indicating that the slopes along the profile are unstable. The geotechnical survey in combination with ERT and slope stability analysis helped to understand the failure mechanism of the landslide and to improve the layout of the future monitoring experiment, which may be used as a key for the observation of similar slope investigation.

Electrical resistivity tomography at the “roll along” profile in comparison with geochemical testing of the tailing dump (Salair, Kemerovo region)

Mining tailings are the source of a wide range of chemical elements in the environment. One of the main mechanisms of substance migration is the filtration of solutions into groundwater and the river network. In this paper, we consider the results of geophysical studies along the side of the tailings mine production (Salair, Kemerovo region) by the method of Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The aim of the research was to identify the leakage of industrial water from a hydraulic structure, as well as to compare the geoelectric parameters of the environment with the geochemical testing of solutions near the tailings. It was found that the direction of the underground fluid flow from the tailings can be traced using geophysical methods, as well as to show the exact anomalous drainage zone on the profile of ERT.

Development of an algorithm for selecting the required frequency of injected current for multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography for tasksrelated to preoperative monitoring of human lung function

This paper proposes an algorithm for selecting the required frequency of injected current for problems of personalized multi-frequency electricalimpedance tomography. The essence of the algorithm is to calculate the rate of change in the recorded difference of potentials for the assigned range of frequencies of injected current, followed by determining the frequency after which the rate of a change in potentials is minimal. Subsequently, the injection parameters are readjusted to the chosen frequency and the complete process of electricalimpedance tomography is started. The proposed solutions were studied on four subjects with different fat mass, defined by bioimpedance analysis. Thus, it seems possible to track the dynamics of a change in the lungs of a certain patient by visualizing the reconstructed conductivity field, taking into consideration its internal features. It was established that in the course of studying lungsby using the method of electricalimpedance tomography, it is necessary to take into account the frequency of injected current at an increase in percentage of fat mass. The results of the studies showing a change in the quality of imaging the breathing process at different frequencies of injected current (from 50 kHz to 400 kHz, with a pitch of 50 kHz) are presented. For the test participants with a fat weight of 7.6 kg, 23.3 kg, 15.2 kg and 37.3 kg, the injection frequency was determined as 150 kHz, 200 kHz, 200 kHz, and 350 kHz, respectively. The proposed algorithm enables visual monitoring of lung function and can be used in the problems of pre- and postoperative monitoring of respiratory function of patients. Its use is particularly relevant for patients connected to an apparatus of artificial lung ventilation.

Determination of the just‐suspended speed, Njs, in stirred tanks using electrical resistance tomography (ERT)

AbstractNjs, the minimum agitation speed to just‐suspend dispersed solids in liquids in stirred tanks, is a critical parameter to operate industrial processes. The focus of this work was to develop a novel observer‐independent method to experimentally obtain Njs in tanks that cannot be visually inspected internally using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). The mean bulk resistivity was measured across electrodes mounted on an ERT linear sensing probe placed inside a stirred tank containing water and glass beads. As the agitation speed increased, more solids became suspended and the resistivity measured by the probe changed. Plots of resistivity variation vs. agitation speed resulted in an S‐shaped curve that could be analyzed to determine Njs. The Njs values obtained with this novel approach compared very favorably with those obtained using other methods requiring transparent tanks. It is expected that the ERT method proposed here could find applications in many industrial solid–liquid mixing processes.

Application of electrical resistivity tomography method for the assessment of olive mill wastewater infiltration in storage basin site (southeastern Tunisia)

Application of electrical resistivity tomography method for the assessment of olive mill wastewater infiltration in storage basin site (southeastern Tunisia)

АНАЛИЗ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ СКОЛЬЖЕНИЯ В ВОДОРАЗДЕЛЕ АЛО, РАЙОН ГОРОНТАЛО, ИНДОНЕЗИЯ

Alo watershed is the sub-watershed within the system of Limboto watershed which directly disembogues to Limboto Lake. Land degradation happened in the Alo watershed is caused by the agricultural system that does not apply land conservation techniques such as terracing and mounds and it triggers erosion and landslide. The method used in this research is geoelectric method with Wenner Alpha configuration; while the data analysis utilizes resistivity imaging method which produces two-dimensional cross-sectional images. In total, there are seven trajectories with a length of 170-180 meters each. The result of the research presents the slip surfaces of 7 locations are located in 3-17 meters depth with the inclination of 11o -79o trending dominantly northwest and one location trending southeast.

Detection of land degradation caused by historical Zn‐Pb mining using electrical resistivity tomography

AbstractSoil contamination with trace elements in mining areas still remains an urgent research problem due to their negative environmental impact that needs to be assessed. Despite the wide application of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to different environmental problems, it continually remains methodologically challenging in soil contamination near waste dumps of post‐metal historical mining. The aims of our study were: (1) to validate ERT measurements for detecting soil contamination by trace elements in the vicinity of a waste dump containing post‐processing spoil from Zn‐Pb ore smelting, (2) to determine the extent of soil contamination, and (3) to analyze the mineralogical, physical, and chemical properties of the soils affected. ERT enabled us to study the variability of electrical properties of soils, to locate the area of contamination, and to evaluate its spatial diversity in both. The impact of soil pollution is reflected on ERT cross‐sections in the form of electrical resistivities that decrease with increasing depth and distance from the waste dump. The respective maximum contents of Zn, Pb and Cd in the soils were 28,903, 12,407, and 136 mg kg−1. The total concentration of trace elements in soils was the highest down to a depth of 0.25 m and decreased in the order: Zn &gt; Pb &gt; Cu &gt; Cd &gt; Tl &gt; As &gt; Cr &gt; Ni. The electrical resistivities of the soil samples were negatively correlated with the silty and clayey fraction content (−0.78), specific electrical conductivity (−0.75), total trace element content (−0.67), organic matter content (−0.57), and gravimetric water content (−0.53). The results also indicate that the electrical properties of the topsoil depend directly on the type of mineral components. Hydrated iron sulphates, lead sulphates, water‐bound in aluminosilicates, Fe oxides/hydroxides, and hydrated Fe, Zn, and Pb sulphates present in the soil all decrease its electrical resistivity. Our results show the impact of the mineralogical, physical, and chemical properties of the soils on the measured electrical resistivity and that including this information in the interpretation of ERT results enables non‐invasive detailed determination of soil contamination by trace elements.

Noise analysis of a driven chain with an improved Howland current source for electrical impedance tomography

Driven chains, also called current injection blocks, are one of the main sub-blocks of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) systems. In most applications, the noise performance of a driven chain is a critical figure of merit, which limits the signal-to-noise ratio of an EIT system. Accurate noise analysis of driven chains with improved Howland circuits is still missing in the EIT literature. In this paper, an accurate noise model of a driven chain with an improved Howland current source for an EIT system is presented. Both simulated and lab-built driven-chain circuits are employed to validate our model. It is shown that the simulation and test results closely match. This work provides both an accurate noise model and a noise budget method for EIT driven chains with an improved Howland current source.

Mid-to Late Holocene landscape reconstruction of the Maye Estuary (Picardy, Northern France) and its implications for human occupation

The town of Rue was one of the most important coastal harbours of Picardy, Northern France, from the beginning of the 12th century to the end of the 15th century CE. Document sources and ancient maps confirm the existence of this vibrant harbour. Until now, however, no palaeoenvironmental studies have attempted to reconstruct the configuration of the region's coastline during medieval times. Here we employ a geoarchaeological approach to reconstruct the Mid-to Late Holocene shoreline and landscape changes in the Rue area. Our approach includes a geophysical survey (Electric Resistivity Tomography method) and a series of eight sediment cores that reveal the region's chronostratigraphy. Document sources were also used to shed light on the landscape configuration during the Late Middle Ages (ca. 1300 CE). Our coring results, based on sedimentological analyses, are combined with 2D geophysical profiles down to 21.50 m. This reveals, firstly, that a calm marine environment prevailed at the beginning of the 4th millennium BCE, particularly in depressions bordered by Pleistocene coastal spits (foraines). Secondly, from ca. 3500 BCE to ca. 1000 BCE, coastal swamps predominated. Then, thirdly, at around 1000–1250 CE, an estuarine depositional environment prevailed, prior to a final period of land reclamation of the former Maye Estuary from the 13th century CE onwards. These results agree well with recent work on sea level changes along the Atlantic and English Channel coasts of France, where continuous post-glacial sea level rise has been observed. Our study also proposes a location of the medieval harbour of Rue to the west of the town at the upstream boundary of the upper part of the Maye Estuary, near ‘Le Moulin de Saint-Jean’, although archaeological evidence of the exact site of this tidal harbour is still lacking.

Investigating Peat Soil Stratigraphy and Marine Clay Formation Using the Geophysical Method in Padas Valley, Northern Borneo

A geophysical survey including electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP), and seismic refraction (SR) was carried out to estimate peatland thickness in Beaufort District, Eastern Malaysia. Peatlands are important natural carbon storage and play a key role in the global carbon cycle. The ERT and IP studies were performed along three profiles over different peat thicknesses using Schlumberger configuration. The SR survey was carried out using vertical geophones along the same profiles. The peat soil material was characterized by low seismic velocity and high resistivity. Our results show that ERT and IP methods were able to clearly detect the interface between the peat soil and marine clay underneath. These layers differ greatly in geoelectrical characteristics showing clear contrast, thus enabling the delineation of peat soil stratigraphy, while the SR image obtained was not able to determine the base of the peat soil layer as the stiffness difference on the transition layer was very small. Overall, it was concluded that the ERT and IP method offer a useful alternative in delineating the peat soil stratigraphy. The combined application of ERT and IP method with the conventional boring method meets the demand for large volume peat stratigraphy mapping, which, moreover, has various ecological conditions and undulating strata.

Detection of Preferential Water Flow by Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Self-Potential Method

This study explores the hydrogeological conditions of a landslide-prone hillslope in the Upper Mosel valley, Luxembourg. The investigation program included the monitoring of piezometer wells, hydrogeological field tests, analysis of drillcore records, and geophysical surveys. Monitoring and field testing in some of the observation wells indicated very pronounced preferential flow. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and self-potential geophysical methods were employed in the study area for exploration of the morphology of preferential flowpaths. Possible signals associated with flowing groundwater in the subsurface were detected; however, they were diffusively spread over a relatively large zone, which did not allow for the determination of an exact morphology of the conduit. Analysis of drillcore records indicated that flowpaths are caused by the dissolution of thin gypsum interlayers in marls. For better understanding of the site’s hydrogeological settings, a 3D hydrogeological model was compiled. By applying different subsurface flow mechanisms, a hydrogeological model with thin, laterally extending flowpaths embedded in a porous media matrix showed the best correspondence with field observations. Simulated groundwater heads in a preferential flow conduit exactly corresponded with the observed heads in the piezometer wells. This study illustrates how hydrogeological monitoring and geophysical surveys in conjunction with the newest hydrogeological models allow for better conceptualization and parametrization of preferential flow.

Technology specification of bedside hypertonic saline-contrast electrical impedance tomography of lung perfusion and clinical application

Bedside hypertonic saline-contrast electrical impedance tomography (EIT) method for lung perfusion evaluation has several advantages of bedside, simple, noninvasive and radiation-free. For a long time, EIT perfusion image of hypertonic saline was mostly limited to animal experiments, and related clinical research is in the ascendant. This technical specification for clinical application is reached based on our previous researches, review of literatures in this field. The purpose of this technical specification is to facilitate the unified and standardized use of hypertonic saline-contrast EIT technology for regional lung perfusion, to evaluate the safety and quality control of the technology, and to unify the results.

Shallow Offshore Geophysical Prospection of Archaeological Sites in Eastern Mediterranean

Geophysical prospecting methods have been extensively used to outline buried antiquities in terrestrial sites. Despite the frequent application of these mapping and imaging approaches for the detection of archaeological relics in deep-water marine environments (e.g., shipwrecks), the aforementioned processes have minimal contribution when it comes to understanding the dynamics of the past in coastal and shallow aquatic archaeological sites. This work explores the possibilities of multicomponent geophysical techniques in revealing antiquities that have been submerged in diverse shallow coastal marine environments in the eastern Mediterranean. A group of four sites in Greece (Agioi Theodoroi, Olous, Lambayanna) and Cyprus (Pafos) spanning from prehistory to Roman times were chosen as test sites to validate the efficiency of electrical resistivity tomography, magnetic gradiometry, and ground penetrating radar methods. The comprehensive analysis of the geophysical data completed the picture for the hidden archeological elements in all the sites. The results manifest the significance and the potential of these methods for documenting and understanding the complex archaeological sites encountered in the Mediterranean. In view of climate change and the risks related to future sea level rise and erosion of low-level coastal areas, the results of this work could be integrated in a strategic framework to develop an effective interdisciplinary research model that can be applied to similar shallow water archaeological surveys, thus substantially contributing towards cultural resources management.

Kariz (Ancient Aqueduct) system: a review on geoengineering and environmental studies

Kariz (Qanat or Roman Aqueduct) is an old knowledge that has been used in more than 35 countries. Kariz, previously recognized as a water management technology, involves horizontal subsurface galleries and vertical monitoring shafts, which works based on natural gravity force. This paper reviews various geoengineering and environmental impacts studies that have been carried out on Kariz networks during recent decades. Geoengineering studies aim to figure out the location, geometrical structure, depth and path of Kariz galleries, which characterize a major hazard particularly in sites located in cities. Among the geoengineering studies, geophysical methods such as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic (EM) methods are very common methods in exploring underground tunnels and other structural parameters related to Karizes. Defining the location and size of un-mapped Karizes also help to estimate the risk of subsidence and to develop plans for restoration and safety. Further, remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, which have been recently applied in a number of fields, are discussed. These new techniques help to map the positioning of networks in regions. Other emerging impacts of Kariz systems as an environmentally-friendly technology, its impacts on tourism attraction, land subsidence, and water management have been explored here. Due to modern lifestyle and demand for clean water as a result of population growth, especially in semi-arid or arid climates, this review study aims to explore the important role of Kariz system as a sustainable way of underground water management.

Quantitative relationship between the resistivity distribution of the by-product plume and the hydrocarbon degradation in an aged hydrocarbon contaminated site

During the investigation of aged hydrocarbon contaminated sites using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), the low-resistivity anomalies in the detection profile have been widely considered to be caused by the hydrocarbon degradation by-products. However, these low-resistivity anomalies are a comprehensive reflection of the formation’s electrical characteristics. In this study, we used ERT and geochemical methods to investigate a hydrocarbon-contaminated site that has been abandoned for more than 30 years. There are several obvious low resistivity anomalies in the site, which are related to hydrocarbon mineralization. Based on the law of Waxman and Smits, a petrophysical relationship formula suitable for this specific site was fitted, and the true resistivity after inversion was input into the formula to calculate the pore water resistivity. The electrolytic conduction contribution of the pore water was isolated, and the distribution of the by-product plume was determined based on the electrolytic conduction contribution of the pore water. Based on mineralogical identification and geochemical data analysis, the biogeochemical model of hydrocarbon mineralization was clarified. The degradation by-products (Fe2+ and H+) are the controlling factors that lead to changes in the groundwater resistivity. Based on electrochemical experiments and titration analysis experiments, the quantitative relationship between the low resistivity anomalies of the pore water and the degradation by-products (Fe2+ and H+) was established, and the biodegradation model was used to calculate the hydrocarbon degradation corresponding to the by-product plume. The results show that the hydrocarbon degradation corresponding to the by-product plume determined from the ERT detection results in the selected study area is approximately 2.8% of the total hydrocarbon content. Although this is a rough estimate based on a small amount of discrete geochemical data and ERT detection results, it improves our understanding of the natural attenuation state of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites and provides convincing data to support future estimations of the site's natural attenuation time.

Assessing the impact made by groundwater processes and undermining on coal pit wall stability

Introduction. The reliability of geomechanical prediction depends on the level of detail of databases covering geological structure, geometry and physical properties of the rock mass under investigation. In order to improve the accuracy of coal pit wall stability prediction, following the generalization of databases containing geological survey, groundwater monitoring, geophysical sounding and mine surveying, it is advisable to construct three-dimensional geological-geophysical models accounting for the main adverse factors, and thereafter search for the most hazardous section. Research aim is to predict wall stability according to the developed algorithm based on the threedimensional geological-geophysical model. Research methodology includes a search for the most hazardous rock mass site section by the ratio between shear and retaining forces within the established zones with anomalous physical characteristics. Results. By generalizing databases containing geological studies, groundwater monitoring, geophysical sounding by the method of electrical resistivity tomography, and mine surveying, a three-dimensional geological- geophysical model has been constructed of a wall loaded with “heap of dry rock atop of the hydraulic dump” man-made structure and undermined by underground works. The trial site stability has been predicted for the true state of mining. Comparative analysis of the obtained data has been carried out. Summary. The combination of natural and man-made factors, including hydrogeological conditions of the territory, seasonal and climatic behavior, tectonic faulting of the deposit and shear zones connected with undermining result in the development of a rather complex geological structure of the wall which includes local deconsolidated and waterlogged zones significantly reducing the stability of the pit slope. At the trial site of Kedrovsky pit due to spatial and temporal alternation of properties and state of rock within the landslide hazardous zone, the variation range of the factor of safety in six typical sections amounts n = 1.06–2.39. For that reason the objective prediction of slope stability in similar conditions (in addition to geological survey and hydrogeological observations data analysis) should include geophysical monitoring of anomalous zones origination and development, hereupon creation of a treedimensional geological-physical model, and the automated calculation of the factor of safety including repeated selection of the most hazardous section.

Electrical resistivity tomography and digital aerial photogrammetry in the research of the “Bachledzki Hill” active landslide – in Podhale (Poland)

Podhale is a region in Poland at high risk of landslide. Sudden activation of landslides is the greatest threat to the local infrastructure. This work describes the joint use of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and aerial photogrammetry in the study of the active “Bachledzki Hill” landslide. In order to determine landslide dynamics, a digital version of stereo-pairs of aerial images from 1972 and 2004, as well as the airborne laser scanning (ALS) results from 2014 were used. Based on the data, first, three photogrammetric digital elevation models were generated. Then, in the ArcGIS software two differential models were generated (2004–1970 and 2014–1970) ground surface displacements in the landslide area and two other models illustrating the volume of the displaced material. Our research has shown that the landslide has been active to varying degrees since 1970. The landslide geometry, as well as the structure and lithology of the flysch bedrock were characterized using the ERT method. The resistivity images allowed the interpretation of the faults and lithology of the bedrock, as well as the determination of the depth and geometry of the landslide slip surface. Areas with water-logged rocks or rocks containing clay in the structure of the landslide are located. In this areas further movements may be generated. In addition, a voxel 3D ERT model of landslide and a model of rupture surface were generated. Both models allowed the spatial interpretation and visualization of the landslide structure and the geological structure of flysch rocks, as well as the spatial imaging of the surface rupture. The results of geophysical surveying made it possible to understand the cause of the activity of the landslide. The proposed comprehensive application of geophysical researches, geological modeling and digital aerial photogrammetry methods may become a common research methodology in the detailed study of landslides. • The aim of the photogrammetric research was to describe and understand the kinematics of landslides. • Geoelectrical methods, such as Electrical Resistivity Tomography, can be successfully used in landslide studies. • The 3D ERT voxel model facilitated geological interpretation. • Based on geophysical data and archival wells the surface of rupture model was developed using geostatistical methods.

Using variational regularization method of electrical impedance tomography to reduce the position error of human arm

This paper investigates how to reconstruct human arm images using electrical impedance tomography. A simplified arm model is first established. The comparison between the Tikhonov regularized reconstruction algorithm and the Variation regularized reconstruction algorithm is then made. The results show that the Variation regularized reconstruction algorithm has the lesser position error on the organizational junction edges and is basically overlap with the target area of the model. How to eliminate the artefact of the reconstructed image needs to be further investigated.