Method For Isolation Of Cells Research Articles

Developing a workflow for the isolation of hybridoma cells producing fully human antigen-specific antibodies using a surface IgG detection method

The antigen-mediated B cell isolation method, based on the detection of surface IgG (sIgG), has increased the efficiency of therapeutic antibody (Ab) discovery. However, the reduction in sIgG expression on B cells during plasma cell differentiation presents challenges as it enables Ab production from only a small subset of B cells (e.g., memory B cells). The present study aimed to addressed this problem by developing a workflow to isolate human-IgG-secreting hybridoma cells produced by cell fusion, the majority of which express sIgG. We showed that our sIgG-based antigen-coated bead separation method efficiently enriched hybridoma cells expressing antigen-specific Abs with a yield of 83.5% (from the cell fusion pool) and a positive rate of 73.2%. Furthermore, because the separation could be performed after only a short (1–2-day) culture period following cell fusion, diverse hybridoma clones could be obtained, minimizing clonal selection and the incidence of duplicates. Given that the expression of membrane-bound IgG and sIgG are regulated by different splicing mechanisms, we speculate that the cell fusion step potentially attenuated the suppression of human sIgG expression. Overall, our proposed method is expected to markedly improve the efficiency of therapeutic Ab candidate production, which will have important clinical implications.

Prediction of the Intra-T Lymphocyte Tacrolimus Concentration after Kidney Transplantation with Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling.

The intracellular tacrolimus concentration in CD3+ T lymphocytes is proposed to be a better representative of the active component of tacrolimus than the whole blood concentration. However, intracellular measurements are complicated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the relationship between intracellular and whole blood tacrolimus concentrations in a population pharmacokinetic model. Twenty-eight de novo kidney transplant recipients, treated with a once-daily oral extended-release tacrolimus formulation, were followed during the first-month post-transplantation. Additional whole blood and intracellular tacrolimus concentrations were measured at day 6 ± 1 (pre-dose, 4 and 8 hours post-dose) and day 14 ± 3 (pre-dose) post-transplantation. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling software (NONMEM). The ratio between intracellular (n = 109) and whole blood (n = 248) concentrations was best described by a two-compartment whole blood model with an additional intracellular compartment without mass transfer from the central compartment. The ratio remained stable over time. Prednisolone dose influenced the absorption rate of tacrolimus, while hemoglobin, CYP3A4*22 allele carrier, and CYP3A5 expresser status were associated with the oral clearance of tacrolimus (P-value < 0.001). Furthermore, the intracellular tacrolimus concentrations were correlated with the intracellular production of interleukin-2 (P-value 0.015). The intracellular tacrolimus concentration can be predicted from a measured whole blood concentration using this model, without the need for repeated intracellular measurements. This knowledge is particularly important when the intracellular concentration is ready to be implemented into clinical practice, to overcome the complexities of cell isolation and analytical methods.

Rapid and robust isolation of microglia and vascular cells from brain subregions for integrative single-cell analyses

Cell isolation protocols from brain tissue include prolonged ex vivo processing durations, rendering them suboptimal for transcriptomic studies. Particularly for microglia and vascular cells, current isolation methods produce lower yields, necessitating addition of an enrichment step, and use of large tissue volumes - in most cases whole brain tissue - to obtain sufficient yields. Here, we developed a simple, rapid, and reproducible cell isolation method for generating single-cell suspensions from micro-dissected brain regions, enriched for microglia and vascular cells, without an enrichment step. Cells isolated using this method are suitable for molecular profiling studies using 10 × Genomics Chromium single-cell RNA sequencing with high reproducibility. Our method is valuable for longitudinal unbiased molecular profiling of microglia and vascular cells within different brain regions, spanning multiple time points across physiological development or disease progression.

Developing a simple and rapid method for cell-specific transcriptome analysis through laser microdissection: insights from citrus rind with broader implications

BackgroundWith the rapid development of single-cell sequencing technology, histological studies are no longer limited to conventional homogenized tissues. Laser microdissection enables the accurate isolation of specific tissues or cells, and when combined with next-generation sequencing, it can reveal important biological processes at the cellular level. However, traditional laser microdissection techniques have often been complicated and time-consuming, and the quality of the RNA extracted from the collected samples has been inconsistent, limiting follow-up studies. Therefore, an improved, simple, and efficient laser microdissection method is urgently needed.ResultsWe omitted the sample fixation and cryoprotectant addition steps. Instead, fresh samples were embedded in Optimal Cutting Temperature medium within 1.5 ml centrifuge tube caps, rapidly frozen with liquid nitrogen, and immediately subjected to cryosectioning. A series of section thicknesses of citrus rind were tested for RNA extraction, which showed that 18 μm thickness yielded the highest quality RNA. By shortening the dehydration time to one minute per ethanol gradient and omitting the tissue clearing step, the resulting efficient dehydration and preserved morphology ensured high-quality RNA extraction. We also propose a set of laser microdissection parameters by adjusting the laser power to optimal values, reducing the aperture size, and lowering the pulse frequency. Both the epidermal and subepidermal cells from the citrus rind were collected, and RNA extraction was completed within nine hours. Using this efficient method, the transcriptome sequencing of the isolated tissues generated high-quality data with average Q30 values and mapping rates exceeding 91%. Moreover, the transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences between the cell layers, further confirming the effectiveness of our isolation approach.ConclusionsWe developed a simple and rapid laser microdissection method and demonstrated its effectiveness through a study based on citrus rind, from which we generated high-quality transcriptomic data. This fast and efficient method of cell isolation, combined with transcriptome sequencing not only contributes to precise histological studies at the cellular level in citrus but also provides a promising approach for cell-specific transcriptome analysis in a broader range of other plant tissues.

Isolation and identification of primary cells: A comprehensive primary cell culture experiment for graduate students.

Experimental teaching is an important part of postgraduate training in basic and clinical medicine. While primary cell isolation and identification are among the most important research techniques for medical graduate students, most graduate students do not understand and master these techniques before starting their research experience. In particular, many students lack training in this field, and high-quality teaching and learning materials are still very sparse. Here, we designed a practical experiment course for graduate students engaged in research. The target students usually have research projects involving primary cell culture in their future research, making the course highly applicable for the students. The lab exercise focused on the methods of primary cell isolation (including mechanical grinding method, explant culture method and enzymatic digestion method) and identification (including flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining). It aimed to help students master the conceptual, principle, technical, operation, and analytical skills related to primary cell culture and contributed to their foundation for future research. Students generally reflect that they have initially mastered the isolation and identification of primary cell culture as a result of the course. Student feedback also indicates significantly increased confidence in the practical application of primary cell culture in the future. Here, we provide our experience for others who may want to implement similar courses.

Isolation methods and characterization of primary rat neurovascular cells

BackgroundThere is significant interest in isolating cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for use in in vitro screening of therapeutics and analyzing cell specific roles in neurovascular pathology. Primary brain cells play an advantageous role in BBB models; however, isolation procedures often do not produce cells at high enough yields for experiments. In addition, although numerous reports provide primary cell isolation methods, the field is lacking in documentation and detail of expected morphological changes that occur throughout culturing and there are minimal troubleshooting resources. Here, we present simplified, robust, and reproducible methodology for isolating astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells, and demonstrate several morphological benchmarks for each cell type throughout the process and culture timeframe. We also analyze common considerations for developing neurovascular cell isolation procedures and recommend solutions for troubleshooting.ResultsThe presented methodology isolated astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells and enabled cell attachment, maturation, and cell viability. We characterized milestones in cell maturation over 12 days in culture, a common timeline for applications of these cell types in BBB models. Phase contrast microscopy was used to show initial cell plating, attachment, and daily growth of isolated cells. Confocal microscopy images were analyzed to determine the identity of cell types and changes to cell morphology. Nuclear staining was also used to show the viability and proliferation of glial cells at four time points. Astrocyte branches became numerous and complex with increased culture time. Microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons were present in mixed glial cultures for 12 days, though the percentage of microglia and neurons expectedly decreased after passaging, with microglia demonstrating a less branched morphology.ConclusionsNeurovascular cells can be isolated through our optimized protocols that minimize cell loss and encourage the adhesion and proliferation of isolated cells. By identifying timepoints of viable glia and neurons within an astrocyte-dominant mixed culture, these cells can be used to evaluate drug targeting, uptake studies, and response to pathological stimulus in the neurovascular unit.

Non-enzymatic methods for isolation of stromal vascular fraction and adipose-derived stem cells: A systematic review.

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) have garnered substantial interest in regenerative medicine due to their potential to treat a wide range of conditions. Traditional enzymatic methods for isolating these cells face challenges such as high costs, lengthy processing time, and regu-latory complexities. This systematic review aimed to assess the efficacy and practicality of non-enzymatic, mechanical methods for isolating SVF and ADSCs, comparing these to conventional enzymatic approaches. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases. Studies were selected based on inclusion criteria focused on non-enzymatic isolation methods for SVF and ADSCs from adipose tissue. The risk of bias was assessed, and a qualitative synthesis of findings was performed due to the methodological heterogeneity of the included studies. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, highlighting various mechanical techniques such as centrifugation, vortexing, and ultrasonic cavitation. The review identified significant variability in cell yield and viability, and the integrity of isolated cells across different non-enzymatic methods compared to enzymatic procedures. Despite some advantages of mechanical methods, including reduced processing time and avoidance of enzymatic reagents, the evidence suggests a need for optimization to match the cell quality and therapeutic efficacy achievable with enzymatic isolation. Non-enzymatic, mechanical methods offer a promising alternative to enzymatic isolation of SVF and ADSCs, potentially simplifying the isolation process and reducing regulatory hurdles. However, further research is necessary to standardize these techniques and ensure consistent, high-quality cell yields for clinical applications. The development of efficient, safe, and reproducible non-enzymatic isolation methods could significantly advance the field of regenerative medicine.

Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles derived from human amniotic epithelial cells for perinatal cerebral and pulmonary injury.

Lung and brain injury that occurs during the perinatal period leads to lifelong disability and is often driven and/or exacerbated by inflammation. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC), which demonstrate immunomodulatory, anti-fibrotic, and regenerative capabilities, are being explored as a therapeutic candidate for perinatal injury. However, limitations regarding scalable manufacturing, storage, transport, and dose-related toxicity have impeded clinical translation. Isolated therapeutic extracellular vesicles (EVs) from stem and stem-like cells are thought to be key paracrine mediators of therapeutic efficacy. The unique characteristics of EVs suggest that they potentially circumvent the limitations of traditional cell-based therapies. However, given the novelty of EVs as a therapeutic, recommendations around ideal methods of production, isolation, storage, and delivery have not yet been created by regulatory agencies. In this concise review, we discuss the pertinence and limitations of cell-based therapeutics in perinatal medicine. We also review the preclinical evidence supporting the use of therapeutic EVs for perinatal therapy. Further, we summarize the arising considerations regarding adequate cell source, biodistribution, isolation and storage methods, and regulatory roadblocks for the development of therapeutic EVs.

A Simplified Method for Isolation and Culture of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Adult Mice

A Simplified Method for Isolation and Culture of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Adult Mice

Next-Level Efficiency: StraightFrom Spleen Isolation Kits - Standardizing Isolation of Untouched T cells with Minimal Hands-On Time

Abstract Isolation of T cells from mouse spleen is essential for various research fields. Studies using magnetically separated cells help to understand the immune system, develop new vaccines and advance immunotherapy. Thus, selecting a reliable cell isolation method is critical for consistent experimental results. Simultaneous spleen dissociation and labeling of unwanted cells with an antibody cocktail was performed using the GentleMACS dissociator. Subsequent automated magnetic labeling of cells and isolation of untouched T cells (CD4, CD8 or Pan T) was performed using the autoMACS NEO Separator. Target cell purity, yield, cell activation status and functionality were assessed. Untouched CD4, CD8 or Pan T cells obtained with our StraightFrom Spleen workflow were of the same high purity and yield as conventional more time-consuming protocols, which require preparation of single cell suspension and various centrifugation steps prior to enrichment. Flow cytometric analysis of isolated cells revealed no expression of the activation markers CD25 or CD69 in non-stimulated cells even after overnight cultivation. However, significant upregulation was observed after stimulation. In addition, isolated cells showed excellent proliferation in culture. We have developed a simple and fast cell isolation method that significantly accelerates the isolation of functional cells, providing an attractive alternative to the laborious multi-step protocols used in academic and industrial laboratories.

Research progress on optimization of in vitro isolation, cultivation and preservation methods of dental pulp stem cells for clinical application.

Due to high proliferative capacity, multipotent differentiation, immunomodulatory abilities, and lack of ethical concerns, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are promising candidates for clinical application. Currently, clinical research on DPSCs is in its early stages. The reason for the failure to obtain clinically effective results may be problems with the production process of DPSCs. Due to the different preparation methods and reagent formulations of DPSCs, cell characteristics may be affected and lead to inconsistent experimental results. Preparation of clinical-grade DPSCs is far from ready. To achieve clinical application, it is essential to transit the manufacturing of stem cells from laboratory grade to clinical grade. This review compares and analyzes experimental data on optimizing the preparation methods of DPSCs from extraction to resuscitation, including research articles, invention patents and clinical trials. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods and potential clinical applications are discussed, and factors that could improve the quality of DPSCs for clinical application are proposed. The aim is to summarize the current manufacture of DPSCs in the establishment of a standardized, reliable, safe, and economic method for future preparation of clinical-grade cell products.

450 Developing Methods for High-Resolution Characterization of Plasma Cells

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Antibodies play an important role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections. There are currently no reliable methods to isolate and study specific plasma cell subpopulations as antibody production sources. We aim to develop methods to study plasma cells in high resolution. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will use molecular cloning to engineer fusion proteins that would bind plasma cell proteins to study these cells based on their surface features. The first phase of our study consists of assessing the efficacy of this plasma cell isolation method in established cell lines (e.g., RPMI 8226) and also antibody-secreting cell lines that we are establishing as a part of this study. In the second phase of the study, we will assess the efficacy of this method by studying antigen-specific plasma cell populations in the bone marrow aspiration samples of 20 healthy volunteers using various assays, including ELISPOT, flow cytometry, and fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have designed the constructs and have completed the cloning. The final plasmids have been verified using various restriction enzymes and Sanger sequencing. Following the transfection of Freestyle HEK 293F cells and isolation of respective proteins, we expect to be able to utilize these engineered proteins to differentiate various antibody-secreting plasma cells. We will use cell lines for proof-of-concept experiments and will subsequently move this method to human bone marrow samples. We expect to be able to visualize multiple specific antibody-secreting plasma cell populations using fluorescent microscopy and utilize this method to isolate them by cell sorting via flow cytometry. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We expect to be able to use this method to target specific plasma cell clones in the advancement of precision medicine regarding the treatment of plasma cell disorders (e.g., multiple myeloma) and also expand its use in other areas, such as antibody discovery and the assessment of the humoral immune responses in infectious diseases.

Abstract 995: Preservation of patient whole blood preserves cancer immune cell biology at single cell resolution

Abstract Blood is an easily accessible clinical sample type that helps inform treatments, investigate disease mechanisms, and monitor outcomes. Logistical challenges in the transportation and processing of blood samples impact data output from single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Recent scRNA-seq studies have shown that significant changes in gene expression and immune cell populations occur in as little as a few hours post collection. Thus, there is a need for rapid preservation of blood upon collection before biological changes can occur. Existing preservation approaches compromise the cell membrane, making samples incompatible with single cell transcriptomic analyses. Here, we describe a novel workflow for fixation and long-term storage of whole blood, and isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the fixed blood using a readily available, low-cost, high-throughput procedure. We then profile the gene expression of these cells using the fixation-compatible Single Cell Gene Expression Flex workflow. Importantly, this novel blood collection and preparation workflow eases blood transportation logistical constraints, allowing distributed sample collection and batched shipping of blood samples for scRNA-seq and potentially enabling large-scale translational research studies. We compared whole blood fixed immediately after collection using our workflow with clinical blood samples stored at ambient temperature. This revealed that immune cell populations and biological pathways shift significantly as early as five hours following sample collection, if not immediately stabilized. Across a time course of ambient temperature storage of whole blood without immediate stabilization, we observe significant upregulation of stress-related genes (FOS, JUN, CIRBP) in samples using Single Cell Gene Expression Flex profiling. Additionally, expression of a proto-oncogene TNFAIP3 was upregulated in whole blood stored at 20°C compared to samples stored at 4°C for the same lengths of time, unless samples were stabilized using the novel workflow shown here. This novel whole blood fixation method, coupled with automatable cell isolation methods and Single Cell Gene Expression Flex-enabled multiplexed single cell sequencing, will usher in a new age of economical, large-scale translational research studies that result in valuable clinical insights. Citation Format: Kelly Martin, Connor Kunihiro, Jawad Abousoud, Tingsheng Drennon, Yina Li, Sean Marrache, Nandhini Raman, Veronica Rodriguez, Paul Lund, Jens Durruthy Durruthy, Sarah Taylor, Andrew Kohlway, Peter Smibert, Dagmar Walter, Jill Herschleb. Preservation of patient whole blood preserves cancer immune cell biology at single cell resolution [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 995.

Immune cells at the feto-maternal interface: Comprehensive characterization and insights into term labor

Immune cells at the feto-maternal interface play an important role in pregnancy; starting at implantation, maintenance of pregnancy, and parturition. The role of decidual immune cells in induction of labor still needs to be understood. Published reports on this topic show heterogeneity in methods of cell isolation, assay, analysis and cellular characterization making it difficult to collate available information in order to understand the contribution of immune cells at term leading to parturition. In the present study, available literature was reviewed to study the differences in immune cells between the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis, as well as between immune cells in term and preterm labor. Additionally, immune cells at the decidua parietalis were isolated from term not in labor (TNL) or term in labor (TL) samples and characterized via flow cytometry using a comprehensive, high-dimensional antibody panel. This allowed a full view of immune cell differences without combining multiple studies, which must include variation in isolation and analysis methods, for more conclusive data. The ratio of cells found in decidua parietalis in this study generally matched those reported in the literature, although we report a lower percentage of natural killer (NK) cells at term. We report that CD4 expression on CD8- NK cells decreased in term labor compared to not in labor samples, suggesting that natural killer cells may be migrating to other sites during labor. Also, we report a decrease in CD38 expression on CD8+ CD57+ T cells in labor, indicative of cytotoxic T cell senescence. Our study provides a comprehensive status of immune cells at the decidua-chorion interface at term.

Observation of the Effects of Different Enzyme Digestion Time and Enzyme Digestion Methods on the Extraction of Primary Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells from Sprague-Dawley Suckling Mice.

Renal tubular epithelial cells are one of the essential functional cells in the kidney. Optimizing the isolation and culture method of primary renal tubular epithelial cells from SD mammary rats provides better experimental materials for renal tubule-related studies, which is essential for studying the pathogenesis of renal diseases, especially diabetic nephropathy and drug screening. SD rat renal tubular epithelial cells were isolated and purified by 2.5-mg/ml collagenase II or 2mg/ml trypsin + 2.5mg/ml collagenase II enzymatic digestion. The isolation and purification were observed at different time points (15min, 30min, 45min, and 60min) to determine the optimal extraction time for the enzymatic digestion method. After comparing the two enzymatic methods, it was determined that the trypsin + collagenase II enzymatic method was more effective. The primary renal tubular epithelial cells extracted by the trypsin + collagenase II digestion method were identified by the marker Cytokeratin 18 of renal tubular epithelial cells at 45min of digestion with high purity. We established a simple, efficient, and reproducible method for isolation and culture of renal tubular epithelial cells in SD mammary gland rats.

Cell-Based Crustacean Meat: Commercial Species, Cell Isolation Methods, and Culture Conditions

Cell-Based Crustacean Meat: Commercial Species, Cell Isolation Methods, and Culture Conditions

Affinity-Based Magnetic Nanoparticle Development for Cancer Stem Cell Isolation.

Cancer is still the leading cause of death in the world despite the developing research and treatment opportunities. Failure of these treatments is generally associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs), which cause metastasis and are defined by their resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Although known stem cell isolation methods are not sufficient for CSC isolation, they also bring a burden in terms of cost. The aim of this study is to develop a high-efficiency, low-cost, specific method for cancer stem cell isolation with magnetic functional nanoparticles. This study, unlike the stem cell isolation techniques (MACS, FACS) used today, was aimed to isolate cancer stem cells (separation of CD133+ cells) with nanoparticles with specific affinity and modification properties. For this purpose, affinity-based magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by providing surface activity and chemical reactivity, as well as making surface modifications necessary for both lectin affinity and metal affinity interactions. In the other part of the study, synthesized and characterized functional polymeric magnetic nanoparticles were used for the isolation of CSC from the human osteosarcoma cancer cell line (SAOS-2) with a cancer stem cell subpopulation bearing the CD133 surface marker. The success and efficiency of separation after stem cell isolation were evaluated via the MACS and FACS methods. As a result, when the His-graft-mg-p(HEMA) nanoparticle was used at a concentration of 0.1 µg/mL for 106 and 108 cells, superior separation efficiency to commercial microbeads was obtained.

Mimicking the Tumor Niche: Methods for Isolation, Culture, and Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells and Multicellular Spheroids.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a significant role in driving several tumor hallmarks. Their behavior and tumor progression are strictly related to the tumor microenvironment (TME). The dynamic interplay between CSCs and TME drives metastasis, chemoresistance, and disease relapse. In this chapter, we describe different techniques and protocols for isolating, culturing, and characterizing CSCs and we explain the methodology for the culture of multicellular spheroids comprising CSCs.

An Enzyme-Free Method for Isolation and Expansion of Muscle Stem Cells for Cultivated Meat Applications.

Cultivated meat, an alternative to conventional meat, holds great promise in alleviating environmental and ethical concerns. Skeletal muscle stem cell isolation is a critical phase in cultivated meat production, and efficiency is a major determinant in the final differentiated muscle cell yield. The conventional enzymatic dissociation method for cell isolation presents drawbacks, including added costs and the destruction of vital extracellular matrix components. We developed an alternative cell isolation technique, explant cell isolation, to isolate muscle stem cells from muscle tissue. The present protocol yields myogenic cell populations, mainly composed of skeletal muscle stem cells without the use of enzymes, and through a simplified process. Overall, the explant method allows for propagation of cells in their natural environment, preserving intricate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, resulting in both economic efficiency and consistent generation of high-quality cells.

Vaginal reconstruction by collagen scaffolds loaded with vaginal epithelial and smooth muscle cells in pigs.

In women, a healthy and functional vagina is important for the maintenance of a good quality of life. Various factors, including congenital anomalies, cancer, trauma, infections, inflammation, or iatrogenic injuries, can lead to damage or loss of the vaginal structure, necessitating repair or replacement. Often, such reconstruction procedures involve the use of nonvaginal tissue substitutes, like segments of the large intestine or skin, which are less than ideal both anatomically and functionally. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new methods of vaginal reconstruction. In this study, we established a new method for isolation and expansion of vaginal epithelial and smooth muscle cells. Subsequently, collagen scaffolds designed for vaginal reconstruction were loaded with vaginal epithelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro and tested in vivo using the vaginal excision pig model. The results showed that the collagen scaffold loaded with vaginal epithelial and smooth muscle cells significantly promotes the reconstruction of the vagina compared with small intestinal submucosa (SIS) membrane or bare collagen scaffold. Notably, the reconstructed vaginal tissues exhibit remarkable similarity to their normal counterparts, encompassing not only the vaginal epithelium and smooth muscle but also the intricate networks of blood vessels and nerves. These compelling results underscore the feasibility of a tissue engineering approach in vaginal reconstruction, offering promising prospects for improving the quality of life in affected individuals.