Applicable Method Research Articles

Simultaneous determination of pesticides, mycotoxins and ferulic acid in Angelica sinensis by GC/LC-Q-TOF/MS

In this study, a strong applicable method that could determine a total of 33 pesticides (54 compounds), 11 mycotoxins and functional components (ferulic acid) simultaneously in Angelica sinensis was developed. The compatibility of the sample pretreatment method for pesticides, mycotoxins, and functional components was improved by optimizing the acidity of extraction solvents, the sequence of ice bath and oscillation, the volumetric solution, and so on. The PRiME HLB SPE pretreatment method was chosen as the optimal one when comparing four pretreatment methods. Among the 65 contaminants, 38 of those determined by liquid chromatography and 41 of those by gas chromatography, which showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9801), 97 % of them had a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of lower than 0.02 mg kg-1. The recovery of all compounds were suited between 70 % to 120 % and the RSD were all lower than 20 % at the spiked levels of LOQ, 2 × LOQ, and 10 × LOQ. For ferulic acid, the LOQ was 50 ng/mL, and it showed good linearity (R2=0.9988) within the range of 0.5 to 10 μg/mL. The recovery and RSD were 98.1 %, and 3.2 % (n = 6), respectively. The simultaneous determination of cross-category compounds in a single sample preparation was obtained by the combination of SPE and GC/LC-Q-TOF/MS. Therefore, this study could not only shorten the time for data acquisition and data analysis, but also improve the experimental efficiency.

Flexibility potential quantification of electric vehicle charging clusters

A significant obstacle to providing flexibility services with electric vehicles (EVs) is the uncertainty surrounding the profitability and flexibility potential of charging clusters when utilised as a flexible load. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive and easily applicable methods for quantifying flexibility in the literature. This paper introduces an evaluation tool and a set of flexibility indexes to assess the capability of charging clusters to deliver flexibility services. The method is designed to evaluate and quantify the flexibility potential of charging clusters in terms of short-term and long-term power adjustments and charge scheduling. Through sensitivity analysis, we examine how connection capacity, EV battery capacities, power capabilities, and the number of daily charging sessions influence the flexibility potential of charging clusters. Our findings highlight a direct relationship between the grid connection capacity of clusters and their ability to perform short-term power adjustments. Moreover, while larger batteries tend to reduce energy and time flexibility, their increased storage capability facilitates managing and scheduling a larger energy volume. Furthermore, for the days analysed, the flexibility potential showed minimal sensitivity to the number of daily charging sessions. Instead, the amount of energy requested and connection patterns emerge as key determinants of overall flexibility. In summary, this research provides valuable insights that can inform the design, monitoring, and assessment of EV charging clusters when evaluating their suitability for various flexibility services.

The Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation

In order to achieve intelligent production and quality control, improve production efficiency and accuracy, the author proposes an application method of artificial intelligence technology in mechanical manufacturing and automation. The author aims to explore the specific application of artificial intelligence technology in the mechanical manufacturing industry and summarize the main advantages of automation technology. By analyzing these advantages, the aim is to provide targeted recommendations for future technological development. Meanwhile, the author aims to provide theoretical support for promoting the application of modern artificial intelligence technology and automation technology in the field of mechanical manufacturing. In the manufacturing process, intelligent production and quality control can be achieved, improving production efficiency and accuracy; In the field of automation, artificial intelligence technology can achieve intelligent control systems and autonomous decision-making, improving the flexibility and adaptability of production lines. Overall, the application of artificial intelligence technology has brought revolutionary changes to mechanical manufacturing, promoting the upgrading and development of the industry.

An Image Compensation-Based Range–Doppler Model for SAR High-Precision Positioning

The range–Doppler (R–D) model is extensively employed for the geometric processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Refining the sensor motion state and imaging parameters is the most common method for achieving high-precision geometric processing using the R–D model, comprising a process that involves numerous parameters and complex computations. In order to reduce the specialization and complexity of parameter optimization in the classic R–D model, we introduced a novel approach called ICRD (image compensation-based range–Doppler) to improve the positioning accuracy of the R–D model, implementing a low-order polynomial to compensate for the original imaging errors without altering the initial positioning parameters. We also designed low-order polynomial compensation models with different parameters. The models were evaluated on various SAR images from different platforms and bands, including spaceborne TerraSAR-X and Gaofen3-C images, manned airborne SAR-X images, and unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted miniSAR-Ku images. Furthermore, image positioning experiments involving the use of different polynomial compensation models and various numbers and distributions of ground control points (GCPs) were conducted. The experimental results demonstrate that geometric processing accuracy comparable to that of the classical rigorous positioning method can be achieved, even when applying only an affine transformation model to the images. Compared to classical refinement models, however, the proposed image-compensated R–D model is much simpler and easy to implement. Thus, this study provides a convenient, robust, and widely applicable method for the geometric-positioning processing of SAR images, offering a potential approach for the joint-positioning processing of multi-source SAR images.

Nitrogen Fertilization in Snap Bean Following a Legume in the Sandy Soils of North Florida

Despite being a legume, snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lacks nodulation genes, restricting its ability for nitrogen (N) fixation through rhizobia, making N fertilization essential for maximizing yields. However, conventional fertilizer application may lead to N losses due to a lack of synchronization between plant uptake and N availability. A promising option could be controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs), which can be custom-formulated to synchronize nutrient release with plant growth needs, promoting efficient resource use. Field studies were conducted at the North Florida Research and Education Center-Suwannee Valley (NFREC-SV) in Live Oak, FL, during the spring of 2021 and 2022. The experiments also investigated broadcasting and banding application methods of the University of Florida’s recommended N rate (112 kg·ha−1). The experimental design comprised 10 treatments, including five N rates (0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg·ha−1 N) and two fertilizer sources (ammonium nitrate and CRF), applied to ‘Caprice’ in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed a significant yield improvement with N fertilization vs. the zero-N control. However, no yield increase was observed beyond 56 kg·ha−1. This finding could be due to the residual N from a preceding peanut crop rotation in both years. No notable variation in quality metrics (pod length and width) occurred above the 56 kg·ha−1 threshold. The results also revealed that the choice between conventional or CRF did not exert any statistically significant differences in snap bean yield. In addition, fertilizer broadcast and banding treatments yielded the same results.

Interpretable general thermal comfort model based on physiological data from wearable bio sensors: Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)

This study aims to develop a general thermal comfort model using physiological signals obtained from wristband-type wearable biosensors. Accordingly, we constructed and evaluated supervised machine learning models by leveraging a diverse array of features extracted from physiological signals, including electrodermal activity (EDA), photoplethysmogram (PPG), and skin temperature (SKT). The model’s performance was evaluated using data collected from 18 subjects across controlled experimental settings. Further, this study employed leave one subject out cross validation (LOSOCV) instead of the traditional k-fold CV to assess the model’s generalizability to new subjects. Furthermore, SHapley Addictive exPlanation (SHAP) was incorporated to augment the interpretability and transparency of the model. The LightGBM model demonstrated a commendable test accuracy of 79.7% in distinguishing thermal preferences, namely, “want warmer,” “comfort,” and “want cooler.” These findings underscore the feasibility of employing wearable biosensors to evaluate occupants’ thermal comfort in real-world environments. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature by laying the groundwork for a broadly applicable method of continuous, objective, and noninvasive thermal comfort monitoring among building occupants. Considering previous challenges associated with personalized thermal comfort models due to individual variability, our study represents a pivotal step toward the development of a generalized thermal comfort model.

Improving Sphenophorus levis Adult Mortality Through Solid Insecticide Applications and Increased Insecticide Dose.

The sugarcane weevil (Sphenophorus levis Vaurie, 1978) is currently considered the most important sugarcane pest in Brazil, causing significant yield losses. Application methods of insecticides for S. levis control have not been effective, mostly due to the insect's cryptic behavior below the soil surface which suppresses the correct placement of insecticide active ingredients on target. Two experiments were conducted using an innovative bioassay methodology that simulates sugarcane field conditions to effectively evaluate S. levis adult mortality and insecticide residues in the soil under different treatments. The first experiment aimed to assess the efficacy of two liquid- and solid-applied insecticides, while the second aimed to examine the effect of increasing the dose of lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam on S. levis adult control. The novel bioassays simulated liquid and solid insecticide applications on sugarcane by exposing S. levis adults to chemical residuals on rhizomes and in soil after insecticide application. In the first experiment, low S. levis adult control was detected (< 53% mortality) across all treatments, where both solid and liquid applications of lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam provided greater efficacy levels than imidacloprid and control treatments, respectively. Solid applications maintained higher insecticide concentrations in the soil for longer periods than liquid insecticide applications, providing maximum insect control levels 7days after application. The second experiment revealed that solid applications at higher insecticide doses significantly improved control of S. levis adult (76.7% mortality) and resulted in greater insecticide concentrations in the soil compared to the recommended label rate (58.8% mortality).

Bidirectional uptake and redistribution, bio-stimuli responsive xyloglucan-based nanodelivery system for enhanced translocation of non-systemic pesticide in soybean plants

Non-systemic pesticides, like fludioxonil, have the advantages of broad-spectrum and fast-acting, but the limited space of action restricts their effectiveness. This study proposed a nano-delivery strategy (Flu@EXG) by loading fludioxonil on aminated xyloglucan-based nanoparticles (EXG) to enhance the systematicity of fludioxonil in vivo and consequently achieve systemic defense against soybean diseases. The resulting Flu@EXG had an average diameter of 75.6 nm and exhibited responsive release properties to dual-stimuli of hemicellulases and pH value. The combined measurements of target dose and efficacy demonstrated that the Flu@EXG achieved bi-directional uptake and redistribution of fludioxonil, consequently inhibiting both Phytophthora sojae in roots and Botrytis cinerea on leaves meanwhile with a single application method (root irrigation or foliar spraying) in soybean. In contrast, fludioxonil commercial suspensions (Flu SC) hardly reached the roots to control root diseases when applied to foliage. Additionally, the direct inhibition of Flu@EXG against oomycetes was 2.0 times higher than Flu SC at high test concentrations as EXG could directly provide additional membrane damage. Finally, Flu@EXG provided comparable foliar performance to Flu SC and do not affect the growth of soybeans during the test cycle. Thus, the bio-stimuli responsive Flu@EXG nanodelivery system has promising for achieving the systemic prevention by overcoming the spatial and temporal limitations of non-systemic pesticide application, providing new perspectives and technologies for prompting sustainable development of agriculture.

Adipose-derived Stem Cells for Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Review

Abstract: This study investigates the therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). The goal is to further research regenerative medicine by improving knowledge of ASC-based therapies in diabetic wound management. A comprehensive literature review included studies from reputable databases, including PubMed and the Cochrane Library. We paid particular attention to the clinical, in vivo, and in vitro investigations of the utility and effectiveness of ASCs in treating DFU. We also highlighted novel isolation techniques and application methods for ASCs in chronic wound management. ASCs have shown great potential in regenerative interventions for diabetes, especially in DFU management. These cells facilitate wound repair by differentiating into different cell types, promoting angiogenesis, secreting growth factors, reducing inflammation, and increasing wound perfusion. However, the current body of research on ASC applications for DFU still requires further investigation. This shows the importance of thoroughly studying their biological mechanisms and therapeutic uses. This review establishes that ASC-based treatments effectively enhance outcomes for patients suffering from DFU. We recommend further investigation of the functionality of ASCs and therapeutic approaches to maximize their therapeutic potential in managing diabetic wounds, thereby advancing the development of regenerative medicine.

Research on the application of distributed smart grid protection technology scheme

Abstract Distributed smart grid is an organic carrier for achieving renewable energy substitution and promoting new energy consumption. It is an important component of the construction of new power systems. To meet the current operational needs of distributed smart grid construction, a distributed smart grid protection method based on AC/DC hybrid distribution network is proposed. The distributed smart grid protection and application method proposed in this article, has good promotion and application value.

Reliability of a Flight Helmet-Attached Force Gauge in Measuring Isometric Neck Muscle Strength

INTRODUCTION: Strong neck muscles may decrease the risk of flight-induced neck pain and possible disability among fast jet pilots. The purpose of this study was to examine the intra- and interrater reliability of a commercial force gauge attached to a pilot’s helmet for measuring isometric force production of the neck muscles. METHODS: A total of 41 subjects performed maximal isometric cervical flexion, extension, and lateral flexion in two measurement sessions for intrarater reliability, and 31 of these subjects participated in a third session for measuring interrater reliability. Delayed muscle soreness and neck pain were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale before and after each measurement session. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to compare values between the test and retest assessments. RESULTS: The overall interrater reliability was good (ICC 0.79–0.90), whereas the intrarater reliability varied from moderate to good (ICC 0.58–0.84). In both intra- and interrater reliability, the flexion test had good (ICC 0.84–0.89) reliability, while the lateral flexion test results had moderate to good (ICC 0.73–0.90) reliability. The extension test had the lowest reliability in both intra- (ICC 0.58) and interrater (ICC 0.79) tests. The average visual analog scale score (from 1–100 scale) prior to the second measurement session was 16 ± 18 in delayed muscle soreness and 0 ± 0 in neck pain. DISCUSSION: The present study demonstrated that the helmet-attached force gauge is a reliable, safe, and clinically applicable method to evaluate isometric neck strength in the flexion and lateral flexion directions. Honkanen T, Mattila V, Kinnunen O, Janhunen M, Sovelius R, Vaara JP, Kyröläinen H. Reliability of a flight helmet-attached force gauge in measuring isometric neck muscle strength. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(10):788–793.

Response of Malabar neem trees (Melia dubia Cav.) to the amount of fertilizer added and the method of application

Response of Malabar neem trees (Melia dubia Cav.) to the amount of fertilizer added and the method of application

DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE MILLING CHISEL PLOUGHWITH SIMULTANEOUS LOCAL APPLICATION OF HYDROGEL

The given article is related to agricultural engineering and the design of milling chisel ploughwith special working bodies for cutting water-absorbing slots with simultaneous introduction of hydrogel mixture into them was developed to increase moisture accumulation in soil in the article. Improved technologies and techniques are needed to improve the quality and quantity of crops, in particular cereals, in order to improve their production. Most of the territory of Kazakhstan belongs to the zone of risky agriculture. Every year there are droughts that significantly reduce cereal yields. Many farmers are making large amounts of fertilizer in order to increase yields. However, there is the problem of unsustainable use of fertilizers. Thus, most of fertilizers introduced into soil is washed into its lower layers and becomes inaccessible to plant roots. Therefore, we propose to use local application of hydrogel retention mixture to accumulate nutrients and soil moisture. Its granules are able to absorb liquid, in volume many times larger than their own, and hold it for a long time. For better nutrition of plants, we offer to enrich hydrogel with fertilizers. Possible machines for application of hydrogel mixture are considered in «Analysis of possible methods of application of hydrogel with fertilizers in soil». It is noted that there are no units capable of carrying out local application of granules with fertilizers together with milling chisel ploughinto seeding area in the modern system of machines. Existing machines allow the application of hydrogel in dispersed or subsoil way, and local application of granules together with fertilizers is used for the first time and allows place hydrogel with saturated fertilizers. The choice of optimal method of application of hydrogel mixture pellet was produced and the machine design for its implementation was developed on the basis of common and private methods. Keywords:milling chisel plough, working body, design, hydrogel, moisture, soil, technology.

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF DEPOLYMERISED CHITOSAN ENHANCES THE GROWTH AND CONTENT OF POLYPHENOLS AND L-ASCORBIC ACID IN Eucomis autumnalis, AN ORNAMENTAL AND MEDICINAL PLANT

Chitosan and its derivatives are promising plant biostimulants with potentially broad applications in agriculture and horticulture. In this study, we determined the effect of the application method and dose of depolymerised chitosan on morphological characteristics and metabolite levels in Eucomis autumnalis, a medicinal and ornamental plant. Depolymerised chitosan (molecular weight ~154,500 g/mol, number average molecular weight ~22,800 g/mol and degree of deacetylation ~85%) was used at 50 and 100 mg/l by drenching plants or spraying. In general, depolymerised chitosan increased the length of plant leaves and roots, especially at the dose of 100 mg/l, and also increased the fresh weight of leaves, bulbs and roots, with a more potent effect found when depolymerised chitosan was applied as a foliar spray. In addition, spraying the plants with chitosan solution at 50 and 100 mg/l caused a significant increase in the total chlorophyll content, by 55.4% and 42.0%, respectively, and the total polyphenol content, by 77.7% and 59.0%, respectively, compared with the control. On the other hand, the biosynthesis of carotenoids was most favourably affected by the application of 100 mg/l depolymerised chitosan by drenching and 50 mg/l depolymerised chitosan by spraying. Foliar application of depolymerised chitosan led to an increase in leaf L-ascorbic acid content by an average of 36.4%, regardless of the dose. The results suggest that depolymerised chitosan applied as a foliar spray promoted the growth of E. autumnalis and contributed to increased biosynthesis of polyphenols, which may be a future means of obtaining metabolites in this species.

수묵(⽔墨) 기법을 응용한 티타늄 구조색 발색 기법 연구

The purpose of this study is to present new color application possibilities using an anodizing device so that titanium, which is friendly to the human body and the environment, can be widely used in the art and design fields.In this study, it was found that controlling the appropriate viscosity of the glue that bonds titanium to paper is of utmost importance in order to develop the planned color. It was found that when the viscosity of the glue is low, the adhesion is weak, making it easy for the titanium to separate from the paper, and when the viscosity is high, the color development time is longer than normal. This study is a new structural color application method that has not been seen in the titanium anodization method until now. Through this study, we were able to confirm its usability in a variety of fields as well as art and design.

Modeling process for full forming sports underwear

Abstract Most of the sports underwear available is sewn using cutting and sewing techniques. During the exercise process, it is easy to cause discomfort to the skin due to repeated friction at the seam, and at the same time, it is also a waste of manpower and raw material costs. In order to address these issues present in existing sports underwear, during its design and development, combined with fully forming knitting technology, construction process model, so as to realize the integrated knitting of sports underwear. First of all, through the characteristics of the local style of sports underwear, the key points of its prototype were probed. Second, on this basis, its process model was established, including the forming methods and knitting rules of the body, shoulder collar, and bottom circumference. Finally, the feasibility of the technological model is proved by the braiding of a fully formed sports underwear. The change in the body size can be achieved by using the two-side braiding transfer method. The curve contour of the shoulder and neck can be obtained by using the triangular polyline segmentation method. The bottom part is divided into a cylinder part and a supporting part. The local braiding method is used to achieve the knitting. This study puts forward a process model and application method of fully formed sports underwear, which provides a certain method and reference for the design and production of fully formed sports underwear.

Study on the Reinforcement of South China Sea Island Resources and the Impact on Coral Sand Using Microbially Induced Calcification Technology

This paper aims to explore the application of Microbially Induced Calcification Process (MICP) in reinforcing South China Sea island resources and to analyze its impact factors on coral sand. Through literature review and field surveys, it firstly introduces the significance of South China Sea island resources and coral sand, as well as the principles and application methods of MICP technology. Subsequently, through field investigations and experimental design, the effectiveness of MICP technology in reinforcing these islands is assessed, and the changes in coral sand during the MICP process are analyzed. Further, factors affecting coral sand, including microbial activity, environmental conditions, and other factors, are discussed. The research findings indicate that MICP technology can effectively reinforce South China Sea islands and has a significant impact on coral sand, with microbial activity and environmental conditions being among the primary factors. This study provides an important reference for further exploration of the protection and utilization of South China Sea island resources and anticipates future research directions for MICP technology in this field.

Impacts of Humic Acid on Growth and Yield of Wheat: A Review

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crucial crop, providing 20% of caloric intake for many populations worldwide. Soil organic matter, an essential component of soil, directly influences soil fertility and texture. Humic substances, derived from biomolecules' physical, chemical, and microbiological transformation, are integral to soil humus. Humic acid has become a standard method for enhancing crop growth, yield, and soil fertility. While the effects of humic acid on wheat have been extensively studied, the optimal type and application method for wheat cultivation remain undetermined. This review investigates sustainable wheat production methods using humic acid to mitigate the negative impacts of chemical fertilizers and climate change factors. Research indicates that humic acid significantly increases wheat plant growth parameters: shoot length (18%), root length (29%), shoot dry weight (76%), root dry weight (100%), and chlorophyll content (96%). Moreover, humic acid substantially improves wheat yield and yield components, including spike length (14.66%), number of spikes per square meter (28.73%), number of spikelets per spike (23.52%), and 1000-grain weight (23.90%). As a sustainable organic substance, humic acid application offers a promising approach to improving wheat production. This method could help meet the food demands of the growing global population, particularly in countries like Afghanistan, where food security is a pressing concern.

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as an indicator of radiological disease activity in clinically stable multiple sclerosis

Purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and the most common neurological disorder causing disability in young people. There is no sensitive and specific marker for both diagnosis and follow-up. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is an easily applicable method and in this study we aimed to observe the changes in this ratio in the presence of isolated radiologic activity in MS. Materials and Methods: We compared 20 MS active patients with no clinical attack or neurologic progression and only radiologic activity with 20 age- and sex-matched clinically and radiologically stable MS patients in terms of NLR. Results: Mean NLR value was 2.22±0.87 in radiologically active patient group (Min 1.08-Max 4.28) and mean NLR value was 2.31±1.37 in control group (Min 0.96-Max 5.92). We observed that NLR values in patients with radiologic activity only were not significantly different from NLR values in patients with both clinical and radiologic stability. Conclusion: Marker studies in the diagnosis and follow-up of MS continue rapidly. Prospective studies involving a much larger cohort may be instructive in order to demonstrate the association of simple, easily applicable, non-invasive, inexpensive methods such as NLR with MS disease activity.

Matting Image Background Switching Application

With the development of the times, people are increasingly pursuing an ideal lifestyle, and frequent photography often makes it difficult for people to get rid of the modified "perfect" image in the images. Crop, as a commonly used image processing technique, plays an important role in beautifying images. This article will analyze and compare this image cropping technique in depth, and briefly introduce its application methods. From a technical perspective, this cropping algorithm is independent of Trimap technology. By performing mask cropping on the image, it effectively extracts details and ultimately generates a more natural image with background changes.