Analytic Hierarchy Process Method Research Articles

The effects of global product design on supply chain efficiency and natural resources management

The significance of global product design as a primary factor in determining supply chain efficiency and natural resource management. This study examines the impact of global product design changes on process and supply chain practices. Specifically, it seeks to understand in promoting sustainable practices across global supply chains. This study, utilizes the fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods to evaluate the criteria, sub-criteria, and various significant opportunities influencing sustainable product design and supply chain management. The fuzzy AHP method is used to assess the key criteria and their respective sub-criteria. The fuzzy TOPSIS method is used to rank the opportunities in driving sustainable practices across global supply chains. The results of fuzzy AHP show that innovation and product differentiation (C4), economic viability (C1), and supply chain efficiency (C5) are the crucial criteria. While the results of fuzzy TOPSIS present that supply chain transparency (O2) is the most suitable opportunity, followed by circular economy practices (O1) and policy advocacy and compliance (O6) in adopting global product design on supply chain efficiency and natural resources management. Thus, this study is highly relevant to the governments, industry specialists, and policymakers who aim at enhancing the dynamic business environment and sustainable development.

Exploration of Sustainable Potential Sports Tourism in Sumedang, Indonesia Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making

Objective: This research aims to explore sports tourism, which has the greatest potential for the development of sports tourism, economic quality, regional image and human resources Theoretical Framework: Sport Tourism is a form of special interest tourism in the world of tourism and is widely developed in various regions because it can encourage tourists to visit. Method: The method used in this research is the qualitative method, a Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach withusing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine potential sport tourism. Criteria AHP using the concepts of Marketability, Sustainability, Participation, and Disaster Mitigation (MSPDM). Results and Discussion: The results of this research, based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis utilizing the MSPDM indicator, the three most promising sports tourism activities among the eight currently operating in Sumedang were identified: paragliding, golf, and rafting. Among these top contenders, paragliding and rafting emerged as priorities for further development. While golf also holds potential, it is managed by a private company, which might limit its reliance on government funding due to its own revenue streams from the resort business. Research Implications: The implications of this research are discussed. The ranking of potential sports tourism activities provides valuable insights for the government in determining which areas to prioritize for development. Originality/Value: This study use A multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, was utilized to assess the potential of various sports tourism activities. The AHP criteria were based on the concepts of MSPDM.

Measurement of development level of digital transformation of banks in Northwest China

Abstract. In the current era, the digital economy has become an important opportunity for commercial banks. In order to keep up with the pace of The Times, build a solid foundation of science and technology finance, and promote the economic development of the Northwest region, this paper adopts the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to explore the influential factors of the digital transformation of banks in the Northwest region. The analysis shows that net capital, operating income and loan-to-deposit ratio have the greatest impact on the digital transformation of banks. In terms of digital transformation of banks in Northwest China, Shaanxi Province and Gansu Province have a better development level, Qinghai Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region are relatively average, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Province is relatively backward. Based on this, the paper puts forward suggestions to improve the level of capital management, optimize the structure of deposits and loans, and promote income diversification.

The impact of pilot policies for low carbon city construction on the development of urban circular economy multiple time-point difference-in-differences model

IntroductionAs a means of environmental regulation, the low-carbon city pilot policy aims to address climate change and alleviate environmental resource pressures in economic development. The development of low-carbon cities often requires changes to the existing industrial and energy structures, which will have a significant impact on the regional economy.MethodsThe study is based on panel data from 273 prefecture level cities in China from 2012 to 2022, and uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy Comprehensive Evaluation Method to construct an evaluation index system for urban circular benefits. Finally, the multiple time point differences model and mediation effect model were used to evaluate the impact and influencing factors of policies on urban economy.ResultsThe results indicate that at the 1% level, the explanatory variable coefficient significantly improves the level of urban circular economy development after adding control variables. The construction of low-carbon pilot cities has improved the performance of circular economy development by about 6.42%. The mediating effect of industrial structure rationalization is significantly positive at the 1% significance level, indicating that the construction of low-carbon pilot cities has greatly promoted the coordinated development of industrial relations within China’s low-carbon development regions.DiscussionIt can be seen that the low-carbon city pilot policy has a significant promoting effect on China’s economic development and the development of urban circular economy. Therefore, it is recommended to further expand the pilot scope of low-carbon cities and fully leverage their promoting role.

Estimating weight for multidimensional health poverty using Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process: a case of China

BackgroundTraditionally, poverty assessment has relied on a single income criterion, which is inadequate in contexts where absolute poverty has been mitigated. This study developed a weighting scheme for the Multidimensional Health Poverty Index (MHPI) based on sustainable livelihood framework (SLF), aimed at enhancing the accuracy of poverty identification in China.MethodsA two-round Delphi process was used to determine the indicators of the index system. The weight of each indicator was calculated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. The multidimensional poverty index incorporates SLF’s five dimensions: financial, natural, physical, social, and human capital.ResultsThe initial 46 indicators formed an indicator pool for the Delphi questionnaire. Based on the final consensus of the expert panel, the Delphi consultation resulted in an index system comprising six first-level and 23 second-level indicators. The weight values of the first-level indicators (economic security, health status, education, social capital, healthcare utilisation, and living conditions) were 0.2715, 0.2593, 0.0855, 0.0657, 0.1812, and 0.1363, respectively.ConclusionThis study established a scientific and effective index to evaluate generate weight for estimating multidimensional health poverty in China. Economic security, health status, and healthcare utilisation are the most crucial aspects of multidimensional health poverty. Moreover, the results indicated that vocational training and social capital should be emphasised.

The Red Sports Culture is Integrated Into The Public Sports Curriculum of Colleges And Universities Evaluation System Construction And Path Analysis

The red sports culture, which was born in the revolutionary era, is an excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation. Its inheritance and development reflects the theoretical consciousness of the coordinated development of "cultural power" and "sports power". The integration of red sports culture into the public physical education curriculum of colleges and universities is the in-depth analysis of the concept of cultivating college students' "cultural self-confidence" and the goal path of forging ahead "sports power". In this study, the literature method, Delphi method, expert interview method, analytic hierarchy process and other research methods are used to construct the evaluation system of integrating red sports culture into public physical education courses in colleges and universities, including 4 first-level indicators, 13 second-level indicators and 42 third-level indicators, and determine the weights of indicators at all levels. Finally, objective analysis and case enumerations are made according to the weights assigned to indicators at all levels. And put forward the path of integrating red sports culture into college public physical education curriculum construction.

Penentuan Penentuan Prioritas Lokasi Fasharkan TNI AL dengan Metode Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process dan Geographic Information System

Based on the regulation of the Navy Chief of Staff No. Per Kasal/39/V/2009 dated May 26, 2009 concerning the development policy of the Navy towards minimum essential force, namely the preparation of the Navy's combat power is directed to achieve minimum essential force or abbreviated as MEF. According to the Chief of Staff of the Navy Number Kep/1771 / XII / 2013 concerning the Administrative Guidebook for the Standardization of TNI AL Bases (PUM-7.03) that a TNI AL Main Base (LANTAMAL) must have a class A Fasharkan, whose ability is to be able to carry out maintenance and repair up to the depot level for all types of KRI, both ship buildings, machinery, sewaco, electricity and ship armaments. There are many studies of location prioritization using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, but the results have uncertainty or decision uncertainty. So this research was conducted using the Fuzzy AHP method to overcome uncertainty or decision uncertainty. The Fuzzy AHP method is used for calculations to select alternatives. After the alternative is selected, then verification of location feasibility is carried out using the Geographic Information System (GIS) display. From the calculation using the FAHP method, Lantamal IX Ambon was selected as an alternative with a weight value of 0.251630342. While verifying the feasibility of the location using GIS, the Tawiri location was chosen as a more feasible land compared to other land options.

Research on the aging-suitability of community outdoor spaces in Zhengzhou based on the analytic hierarchy process and semantic differential method.

As global populations age, the suitability of community outdoor spaces for older adult residents has become a critical urban planning concern. However, comprehensive evaluation methods for assessing these spaces are lacking. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the aging-suitability of community outdoor spaces in Zhengzhou, China, and provide optimization suggestions for urban planners and policymakers. An evaluation index system was established using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), with aging-suitability as the goal layer. The criteria layer included outdoor behavioral activities, green space configuration, transportation and road systems, and basic service facilities. The semantic differential (SD) method was employed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation among older adult residents in three communities (A, B, and C) in Zhengzhou city. The evaluation revealed that older adult residents generally had a favorable assessment of their community spaces' aging-suitability. Community A received the highest overall rating. Green space configuration and transportation systems emerged as critical factors influencing aging-suitability. The combined AHP-SD approach proved effective in evaluating the aging-suitability of community outdoor spaces. The study identified key areas for improvement in each community, with variations in strengths and weaknesses across the three sites. Implications: Based on the findings, optimization suggestions are proposed in four aspects: enhancing outdoor behavioral activities, improving green space landscapes, refining road transportation systems, and upgrading basic service facilities. These recommendations can guide urban planners and policymakers in creating more age-friendly community environments.

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Optimal Energy Storage System Selection and Applications in Oman

This research aims to support the goals of Oman Vision 2040 by reducing the dependency on non-renewable energy resources and increasing the utilization of the national natural renewable energy resources. Selecting appropriate energy storage systems (ESSs) will play a key role in achieving this vision by enabling a greater integration of solar and other renewable energy. ESSs allow for solar power generated during daylight hours to be stored for use during peak demand periods. Additionally, the proposed framework provides guidance for large-scale ESS infrastructure planning and investments to support Oman’s renewable energy goals. As the global renewable energy market grows rapidly and Oman implements economic reforms, the ESS market is expected to flourish in Oman. In the near future, ESS is expected to contribute to lower electricity costs and enhance stability compared to traditional energy systems. While ESS technologies have been studied broadly, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis for optimal ESS selection tailored to Oman’s unique geographical, technical, and policy context. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of ESS options and identify the type(s) most suitable for integration with Oman’s national grid using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology. This study addresses this gap by applying the Hesitate Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (HF-AHP) and Hesitate Fuzzy VIKOR methods to assess alternative ESS technologies based on technical, economic, environmental, and social criteria specifically for Oman’s context. The analysis reveals pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) and compressed air energy storage (CAES) as the most appropriate solutions. The tailored selection framework aims to guide policy and infrastructure planning to determine investments for large-scale ESSs and provide a model for comprehensive ESS assessment in energy transition planning for countries with similar challenges.

Evaluation model design of project construction safety level based on bidirectional recurrent neural network (BiRNN) and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM)

Integrating deep learning methods for multi-element regression analysis poses a challenge in constructing safety evaluations for building construction. To address this challenge, this paper evaluates the integration of construction safety by quantitatively analyzing practitioners’ information and on-site construction conditions. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method quantifies construction safety capabilities, considering four key aspects: operators’ primary conditions, organizational personnel’s working conditions, on-site management conditions, and analysis of unsafe behaviors. A comprehensive set of 19 secondary causal factors is constructed. Furthermore, a hybrid model based on bidirectional recurrent neural network (BiRNN) and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) is developed for construction safety evaluation, enhancing the model’s generalization ability by introducing the Dropout mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that the fusion of BiRNN and BiLSTM methods outperforms traditional methods in construction safety evaluation, yielding mean squared error (MSE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) values of 0.48 and 0.69 and mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of 0.54 and 3.36%, respectively. The case study affirms that BiRNN-BiLSTM can accurately identify potential safety risks, providing reliable decision support for project management.

Measurement and Sorting of MSMEs Business Performance Rating Using Analytical Hierarchy Process

This research was conducted in an enterprise that provides venture capital assistance to its 876 Micro,Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) partners to measure and sort the performance of theirbusiness. The enterprise wished for a business performance calculation system that is more reliableand utilized more than one criterion. In addition, the enterprise also desired to give rewards to MSMEswith the most excel accomplishment, so they need to know which MSMEs are the most developedamong others. This study uses focus group discussions and existing data to obtain the appropriateperformance measurement criteria. The determination of the weight of the importance of eachcriterion was carried out using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method using pairwisecomparison techniques and its consistency is measured using the transitive property and consistencyratio. The proposed method is emphasized on ease of use and delivery to stakeholders but still capableof acquiring the performance calculation. The calculation includes the increase or decrease rate of thebusiness performance for each MSME, and after sorting the rating, the most accomplished MSMEalso can be found. The application of this method also can help the stakeholder to reach consensusswiftly.

Decision Support System for Extracurricular Determination to Increase Student Involvement in Activities Outside the Classroom Using the AHP Method

SMK Dharma Pancasila Medan is a private school located at Jl. Dr. T. Mansyur No.71 C Medan, Kel. PB Selayang. Currently, the selection of extracurricular activities at the school relies on a conventional manual system, lacking a formal system to identify the best extracurricular activities among the available options. This study aims to develop a Decision Support System (DSS) using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to evaluate and prioritize extracurricular activities based on four main criteria: achievement, short-distance running, height, and discipline. The system is designed to provide objective and measurable recommendations, facilitating students in choosing the most suitable extracurricular activities to enhance their success in out-of-class activities. The research findings demonstrate that the DSS developed with the AHP method is effective in providing accurate recommendations and increasing student engagement in extracurricular activities. The analysis and assessment process using AHP results in more targeted decisions aligned with the goal of enhancing student involvement. Overall, the system not only aids students in optimal extracurricular selection but also contributes to the development of better extracurricular activity strategies at SMK Dharma Pancasila Medan. This research enriches educational theory and practice by offering practical solutions to the challenges in extracurricular selection and enhances the overall educational experience for students.

Evaluation system of vocational education construction in China based on linked TOPSIS analysis

In response to the task of vocational education reform in the new era, in order to cultivate innovative skilled talents, it is necessary to improve traditional evaluation methods to enhance their efficiency. This study proposes an evaluation model for vocational education construction that combines grey relational analysis and approximate ideal point method (TOPSIS). By selecting indicators and combining subjective analytic hierarchy process and objective entropy weight method for weight allocation, the weights of the indicators are determined using subjective analytic hierarchy process and objective entropy weight method. Through experimental analysis, the results showed that among the 11 analysis indicators, the weight of policy environment indicators was the highest at 0.124, while the weight of employment rate and contract signing rate indicators was the lowest at 0.050. The above results indicate that the TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation system based on grey correlation analysis has better application effects in practical scenarios and is more suitable for the development requirements of vocational education.

Groundwater potential and recharge zone mapping using GIS and remote sensing techniques: the Melka Kunture Watershed in Ethiopia

Groundwater is the most dynamic natural resource that is not uniformly distributed both in space and time. Identifying it for sustainable water resource development for domestic use, irrigation, and industrial purposes is the biggest challenge and key concern due to climate change, overexploitation, and a lack of proper management. Geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) play a fundamental role in identifying suitable groundwater potential and recharge zones. In this study, groundwater potential and recharge zone map are delineated using GIS and RS techniques integrated with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for the Melka Kunture Watershed in Ethiopia. The thematic layers used were: Lithology, geomorphology, slope, lineament density, land use/cover, rainfall, drainage density and soil. GIS has been used to integrate and overlay thematic layers using a weighted overlay analysis tool, whereas the AHP method has been used to assign the weights, normalize, and rank thematic layers and their associated sub-themes based on their suitability, characteristics, or influence on groundwater potential and recharge zones. The output groundwater potential zone map is categorized into four suitable zones: high potential cover 1105.60 km2 (25.70%), moderate potential 2308.00 km2 (53.73%), low potential 880.0 km2 (20.49%), and very low potential 47.80 km2 (1.10%), whereas there are three suitable groundwater recharge potential zones: high potential cover 250.20 km2 (5.80%), moderate recharge 3647.90 km2 (84.00%), and low recharge 443.50 km2 (10.20%) of the study area. Hence, the study areas have been more suitable for groundwater potential and recharge zones as compared to the total area. The groundwater potential map was validated using the existing water source and well points, and it indicated a good prediction accuracy of 88%. Thus, the delineated groundwater potential and recharge zone maps are reliable, and the resultant potentiality mapping has played a vital role in the sustainable development and management of the water resources in the study area.

Application of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model for solar plant location selection

This study aims to systematically evaluate and identify the most suitable locations for establishing solar farms in the United Kingdom. It employs a comprehensive Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) model that incorporates the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method. Eight potential locations have been identified and selected for their climatic conditions and other pertinent parameters. These potential locations underwent additional assessment considering several factors including temperature, annual hours of sunshine, absolute humidity, proximity to major roads, distance from the power network, and potential demand. The data was normalized to eliminate scale effects and improve comparability. A MATLAB program has been developed with universality and user-friendliness in mind. Its purpose is to establish location selection factors graphs according to application-specific criteria and generate the matrix representation of these graphs for each potential candidate location. The permanent matrix, a composite metric synthesizing six criteria, identifies Torquay as the optimal location with a permanent value of 18.16. This quantitative approach, intersected with qualitative assessments, presents a clear hierarchy of site suitability. The model's simplicity, scalability, and proven accuracy make it a valuable tool for assessing renewable energy project viability in diverse regions.

Integrated Geospatial and Analytical Hierarchy Process Approach for Assessing Sustainable Management of Groundwater Recharge Potential in Barind Tract

Groundwater depletion in Bangladesh’s Barind tract poses significant challenges for sustainable water management. This study aims to delineate groundwater recharge potential zones in this region using an integrated geospatial and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. The methodology combines remote-sensing data with GIS analysis, considering seven factors influencing groundwater recharge: rainfall, soil type, geology, slope, lineament density, land use/land cover, and drainage density. The AHP method was employed to assess the variability of groundwater recharge potential within the 7586 km2 study area. Thematic maps of relevant factors were processed using ArcGIS software. Results indicate that 9.23% (700.22 km2), 47.68% (3617.13 km2), 37.12% (2816.13 km2), and 5.97% (452.70 km2) of the study area exhibit poor, moderate, good, and very good recharge potential, respectively. The annual recharge volume is estimated at 2554 × 106 m3/year, constituting 22.7% of the total precipitation volume (11,227 × 106 m3/year). Analysis of individual factors revealed that geology has the highest influence (33.57%) on recharge potential, followed by land use/land cover (17.74%), soil type (17.25%), and rainfall (12.25%). The consistency ratio of the pairwise comparison matrix was 0.0904, indicating acceptable reliability of the AHP results. The spatial distribution of recharge zones shows a concentration of poor recharge potential in areas with low rainfall (1200–1400 mm/year) and high slope (6–40%). Conversely, very good recharge potential is associated with high rainfall zones (1800–2200 mm/year) and areas with favorable geology (sedimentary deposits). This study provides a quantitative framework for assessing groundwater recharge potential in the Barind tract. The resulting maps and data offer valuable insights for policymakers and water resource managers to develop targeted groundwater management strategies. These findings have significant implications for sustainable water resource management in the region, particularly in addressing challenges related to agricultural water demand and climate change adaptation.

AHP VIKOR framework for selecting wind turbine materials with a focus on corrosion and efficiency

The research objective in the context of the study relates to the major concern of corrosion affecting the wind turbines in operation to find materials with high durability in relation to environmental conditions of operation, strength, and cost. A method is an integration of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and VIKOR Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques that will assess seven different material options on sixteen criteria that comprise corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, cost, and a negative environmental impact. From this result, the AHP method calculated the weights for the indicators and chose potential materials, and finally, the VIKOR method used these materials and compared and ranked them to obtain a compromise solution. The research novelty integrates the AHP and VIKOR MCDM methods to address corrosion in wind turbines. By evaluating seven materials against challenging sixteen criteria—including corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, cost, and toxicity, AHP ranks and weights the criteria, while VIKOR identifies the optimal material choice. This dual approach enhances the selection process, ensuring the chosen material improves turbine performance and durability, offering a significant advancement in the sustainable development of wind energy technology. In conclusion, by integrating AHP and VIKOR, it comprehensively evaluates multiple material options based on corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, cost, and environmental impact. This methodology effectively identifies materials that enhance wind turbine performance and extend their lifespan, addressing a critical industry challenge. The alternative exhibits a similarity to the positive ideal solution (Si) of 0.3704 and a relative closeness to the ideal solution (Ri) of 0.0750. Additionally, its priority ranking (Qi) is 0.001, placing it in the first rank for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) within the selection methodology.

Optimization of ore pillar recovery based on weighting combined with uncertainty measurement theory

Abstract Given the multi-objective nature and inherent uncertainty in evaluating ore pillar mining schemes, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy method were applied to determine factor weights. A new combined weighting method was proposed to obtain more objective and accurate results. Seven quantitative and four qualitative indicators were selected based on various mining performance factors and grading standards. A combined weighting–uncertainty measurement theory evaluation model was then constructed, integrating weight values and confidence levels from the recognition criteria. This model was applied to evaluate three proposed schemes, determining their relative merits and ranking. The evaluation demonstrated that the combined weighting–uncertainty measurement model outperformed both the fuzzy theory and the TOPSIS method in delivering comprehensive, objectivity and reliable results for assessing ore pillar mining schemes.

Groundwater potential mapping and its sustainable management using AHP and FR models in the Jedeb watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Groundwater potential mapping and its sustainable development are important aspects of the Jedeb watershed due to an increase in groundwater demand and the local population. This study aimed to delineate potential groundwater zones in the Jedeb watershed, using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and frequency ratio (FR) model. Nine thematic layers, including lithology, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, land cover and land use, lineament density, rainfall, soil, and static water level, were considered. The thematic layers obtained were integrated into a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment to generate the groundwater potential map. Four classes of groundwater potential have been identified: low, moderate, high, and very high. The low classes represent 12.8% and 7.02%; moderate 25.35% and 34.84%; high 38.8% and 33.11%; and very high 23.05% and 25.03%, for the AHP and FR models, respectively. The result map was also validated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve from which result accuracy was obtained is 85.6% and 88.3% for the AHP method and FR method, respectively. The study's validation verified that the FR model produced more efficacious results than the AHP model. This study, will be helpful in providing planners, and decision-makers with rapid decision-making when it comes to managing groundwater resources.

Cloud Model-Based Intelligent Construction Management Level Assessment of Prefabricated Building Projects

Intelligent construction is vital for achieving new building industrialization by enhancing prefabricated buildings through integrated, digital, and intelligent management across production and construction processes. Despite its significance, detailed research on evaluating the intelligent construction management (ICM) level of prefabricated projects remains limited. This study aims to develop a comprehensive, multi-level, multi-dimensional ICM assessment system. By reviewing the literature, engaging in expert discussions, and conducting case studies—specifically using a project in Guangzhou as an example—this study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and entropy weight methods to assign indicator weights. Utilizing cloud model theory, it establishes evaluation standards for intelligent construction management. This model identifies the project’s ICM level, suggests practical improvement methods, and validates its applicability. This work not only advances theoretical understanding but also provides a practical framework for assessing ICM levels in prefabricated projects, thus contributing significantly to the field by offering new research perspectives and empirical evidence.