Analysis Method Research Articles

Biochar from Malt Residue: Toward a Circular Economy for Sustainable Fluoroquinolone Removal in Aqueous Systems

Malt bagasse holds potential as a high-value material, contributing to a circular economy. Biochars were synthesized via pyrolysis (PC-500) and hydrothermal carbonization (HC-150), with one-pot activation using phosphoric acid. Additionally, PC-500 activated with H3PO4 was synthesized for comparison. Various analytical methods were used to characterize the materials. The PC-500 and PCA-500 samples exhibited higher degrees of carbonization, whereas the HC-150 sample retained its functional groups more effectively. Biochars showed higher porosity than biomass, with microspheres present in HC-150. Evaluations were conducted on the removal of fluoroquinolones from water using biochars. Maximum removal efficiency was obtained at pH 8, favoring neutral fluoroquinolone species with a Brønsted acid-base nature. The experimental outcomes were further rationalized by the computational calculation of the physicochemical properties of the adsorbates, in analogy with the structural activity relationship approach in medicinal chemistry. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model proved to be the most suitable for fitting the experimental data, while the Langmuir model effectively described the adsorption isotherms. Ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin showed maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of 95, 164, and 99mgg-1, respectively, when HC-150 was used. On the other hand, with PC-500, qmax of 57, 12, and 20mgg-1 were obtained for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin, respectively. Although PCA-500 enhanced adsorption capacity compared to PC-500, the qmax remained lower than the results obtained with HC-500, measuring at 51, 102, and 95mgg-1. These findings emphasize malt bagasse biochar as a viable adsorbent.

Economic Sector Study and Development Strategy for the Rebana Metropolitan Area

This research analyzed potential sectors and development strategies in each city/regency in the Rebana Metropolitan Area, from 2018 to 2022. The research method used was quantitative descriptive using several analytical methods, namely Location Quotient, Shift Share, Labor Productivity Levels per Sector, and Klassen Typology. The research results show that each district/city in the Rebana Metropolitan Area has different economic characteristics, apart from that priority infrastructure projects and industrialization which are the direction of development of the Rebana Metropolitan Area have not had a significant impact on the progress of cities/regencies in the Rebana Metropolitan Area.

Applicability of QbD-assisted Analytical Method for Simultaneous Detection of Tetrahydrocurcumin and Folic Acid in Developed Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

Aims: Applicability of QbD-assisted analytical method for simultaneous detection of tetrahydrocurcumin and folic acid in developed nanostructured. Background: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a multifactorial disorder that involves chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and neuropathy. Current treatment therapies involving the use of growth factors and skin substitutes being costly, are out of reach for the majority of patients. The present research explored the usefulness of (5929IN008, application number 202211045937), a combination of tetrahydrocurcumin and folic acid-loaded nanostructured lipidic carriers. Objectives: To develop and validate a QbD-assisted method for simultaneous analysis of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) and folic acid (FA). Applicability of the above method to determine total drug content (TDC) and entrapment efficiency (EE) of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded THC and FA. Methods: A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed, optimized and validated using Box-Behnken design for improved method performance. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Supelco 250 x 4.6 mm (5 μm) column with optimized mobile phase composition containing tetrahydrofuran: citric acid buffer pH 3.5 (50:50) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL.min-1 and diode array detection between 210 and 360 nm. Results: The method developed in a concentration range of 1 to 100 μg.mL-1 was found to be linear (R2 0.999, p≤0.001), accurate (99.10-101.70%) and precise with high recovery values in intra and inter-day results. The system adaptability and robustness evaluation revealed that the percent recovery ranged from 96.90 to 102.80%, and the percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) values were less than 2%. Moreover, the method was further applied for the determination of TDC (86±6% and 96±8%) and drug EE (81±21% and 73±13%) for THC and FA, respectively. Conclusion: The investigation indicated the applicability of the developed and validated method for the estimation of THC and FA in the developed nanostructured lipidic carriers.

Conceptual Change and Developing Mental Motivation in Physics: Effects of Transformational Learning Theory

This study to investigate the effect of using transformative learning theory (TLT) -based teaching model on a conceptual change and developing mental motivation in Physics for secondary school students. The study follows the descriptive, analytical, and experimental method with a quasi-experimental design for experimental and control groups. sample consisted of (70) students from 1st-grade secondary school who are divided into two groups: the experimental group (34) students and the control group (36) students. To achieve the objectives of the study, A Conceptual Change Test (CCT) and A Mental Motivation Scale (MMS) were constructed. The results revealed that a TLT-based teaching model has effects on changing concepts and developing mental motivation in Physics. Moreover, there is a statistically significant correlation (r= 0.358) between the growth of mental motivation and the inducing of a conceptual change in physics for secondary school students. In light of the results, the study recommended conducting further studies on transformational learning theory (TLT) and conceptual change and mental motivation in various fields and learning stages.

Camptothecin and its Analogs: High-Yielding Ophiorrhiza Species from Sri Lanka for Sustainable Anticancer Compound Production

Introduction: Camptothecin (CPT) is pivotal in cancer treatment, derived from various CPT-producing plant species, and is a fundamental component in synthesizing valuable cancer drugs like Irnotican and Topotecan. Sourcing from nature poses conservation issues, fostering interest in the herbaceous Ophiorrhiza plant as a more sustainable alternative. Ophiorrhiza species in Sri Lanka lack comprehensive study, warranting exploration for echo-friendly anticancer compound production. Objectives: This study examines CPT and analog content in Ophiorrhiza mungos, O. pectinata, and O. rugosa across diverse Sri Lankan regions. Methods: The study employs Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-DAD (HPLC-DAD), and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) to quantify and confirm CPT and its analogs. Results: Significant variations in the content of CPT and its analogs were observed among plant parts and regions. O. mungos from Deraniyagala and Bibile regions notably exhibited elevated CPT levels in fruits and roots. O. rugosa var. Angustifolia and O. pectinata also exhibited a considerable content of CPT in their roots, though it was significantly lower (p < 0.005) than O. mungos. Conclusion: The study validates analytical methods for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity per ICH guidelines. The results indicate that Ophiorrhiza species, especially O. mungos and O. rugosa var. Angustifolia holds the potential to be a sustainable source of CPT. Optimizing cultivation practices offers an eco-friendly solution for anticancer compound production, alleviating species threats and conserving biodiversity.

Cutting Finite Element Simulation of Quenched Steel GCr15 Based on ABAQUS

Background: The substantial cutting force and elevated cutting temperature during the machining of hardened steel GCr15 exacerbate tool wear. Objective: In this study, the influence of cutting parameters on cutting force and cutting temperature in the process of hard-cutting GCr15 was studied, the cutting parameters were optimized, and the cutting force and cutting temperature were predicted. Methods: The cutting simulation model was constructed using ABAQUS software, and the cutting force and cutting temperature were investigated under various cutting parameters through range analysis, variance analysis, and signal-to-noise ratio transformation analysis. Results: The simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the cutting force could be optimized by utilizing cutting speed vc=140 m/min, feed rate f=0.1 mm/r, and cutting depth ap=0.1 mm. Under these conditions, the cutting force in the x-direction was measured as 78.560N, while the cutting force in the y-direction was 32.423N. Moreover, for achieving the optimal cutting temperature, the recommended cutting parameters were cutting speed vc=120 m/min, feed rate f=0.1 mm/r, and cutting depth ap=0.4 mm. Conclusion: Compared to the conventional analytical method, which is burdened with high costs and low efficiency, the patent leverages finite element simulation technology to replicate the hardcutting process and its underlying cutting mechanism. This innovation simplifies the otherwise complex and laborious experimental and measurement procedures. By studying cutting force and cutting temperature, the optimization of cutting parameters can be achieved, thus offering valuable theoretical insights for practical production.

Comparison of off-target pesticide drift in paddy fields from unmanned aerial vehicle spraying using cellulose deposition sampler

Off-target pesticide drift in paddy fields following unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying was evaluated using cellulose deposition samplers (CDSs). An analytical method for quantifying ferimzone Z and E isomers deposited on CDSs was developed using LC-MS/MS. The suitability of the CDS method was confirmed by comparing deposition patterns on CDSs with residue levels in rice plant samples. To assess pesticide deposition in paddy fields, CDSs were strategically placed at varying distances from target areas, followed by UAV spraying. The fungicide agrochemicals were applied with and without adjuvants, and wind direction affected the drift trajectory for all treatment groups. Adjuvants, particularly soy lecithin as the major component, significantly enhanced pesticide deposition within the spray pathway while reducing drift rates relatively by 47.9-68.0%. Higher wind speeds were found to exacerbate drift, but adjuvant-treated sprays showed less variability in deposition patterns under these conditions. Pesticide residues in harvested brown rice were found to be below the maximum residue limits (MRLs), ensuring safety for consumption. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate adjuvants in UAV-based pesticide applications to optimize deposition efficiency and minimize environmental contamination.

Bioanalysis of antisense oligonucleotides: Techniques, challenges, regulatory considerations, and future perspectives

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are a powerful class of therapeutics designed to target RNA sequences and regulate gene expression, offering promising treatment avenues for various genetic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and viral infections. The bioanalysis of ASOs presents unique challenges due to their distinct chemical and biological characteristics, requiring specialized analytical methods and regulatory oversight. This review explores the latest methodologies in ASO bioanalysis, assesses the current regulatory environment, and considers future directions, particularly in the context of critical and emerging technologies (CETs) relevant to national security strategies. ASOs, classified under biotechnology, play a crucial role in gene expression modulation and protein regulation. By integrating insights from CETs, this review emphasizes the strategic significance of ASO bioanalysis in driving advancements in medical science and contributing to national security.

The management and evaluation of flats retribution rates in Surakarta City, Indonesia

PurposeSurakarta needs to evaluate its flat management as the most populous city in Central Java, Indonesia. This study examines the implementation of flat management in Surakarta City and evaluates and recommends the appropriate flat retribution rate.Design/methodology/approachThis study used the analytical descriptive method to explain the problems in managing flats in Surakarta City. The data were obtained through a review of existing regulations and in-depth interviews with the flat residents and managers. The proposed retribution tariff for flats is calculated with a market approach through a comparison with neighboring cities and/or districts adjusted to the regional minimum wage to accommodate the residents’ ability to pay.FindingsBased on the results of interviews and a review of regulations, problems were identified in the management of flats in Surakarta City. A comparison of levy rates with surrounding districts led to a proposal for new levy rates, which were divided into two tariff groups based on the characteristics of flats in Surakarta City.Research limitations/implicationsThe result of this study is a suggested retribution tariff derived from an economic framework that has yet to be validated by assessing the flat residents' willingness to pay.Originality/valueThis paper complements previous studies on the management and financing of flats by more in-depth evaluating the current tariffs and providing recommendations for appropriate tariffs.

Environmental Stewardship and Dignity of Labour in Gen 2:4b-15 and its Challenges for Nigeria

ABSTRACT This paper analyses Gen 2:4b–15, emphasizing its relevance to the primary purpose of human creation. The text explains why the earth lacks productivity and plants, attributing it to the absence of rain and lack of someone to till the ground. The creation of human beings is seen as the solution, with a mandate to care for the earth. The article urges humanity to uphold the dignity of labour and protect earth’s integrity, criticizing modern society, particularly Northern Nigeria, for chemical abuse and destructive practices. The study employs qualitative research and an analytical method, and contextualizes the text in contemporary society.

Spicebags, slippery masks and ‘Free Staters’: anti-republican anti-populism in contemporary Irish political discourse

ABSTRACT This article critically interrogates how in contemporary Irish political discourse anti-populism, specifically anti-left populism, is articulated as a form of anti-republicanism. This is large part due to the histories of anti-colonial republicanism in Ireland and the popular republican grammar they have bequeathed to contemporary political discourse. This thematic of (anti)populist politics is of renewed interest and urgency given the recent surge in popularity of Sinn Féin, a broadly left-wing republican populist party. This article adopts a discourse analytical method and identifies several key tropes of anti-republican anti-populism that centre largely around the framing of Sinn Féin as a non-normative or not-normal political party, given its historical connection to paramilitarism. Other key themes of anti-republican anti-populism include the politics of housing, policing and the nature of democratic representation. What emerges is a picture of Irish republicanism as a spectral remainder of past political struggles against colonial order and political exclusion. As such, republican politics bring into view the contingency of established order and reveals the fragile nature of political legitimacy in post-partition Ireland. This article concludes by commenting on what the Irish postcolony reveals about the nature of anti-populisms in Europe and its peripheries.

Reducing Leakage of Single-Qubit Gates for Superconducting Quantum Processors Using Analytical Control Pulse Envelopes

Improving the speed and fidelity of quantum logic gates is essential to reach quantum advantage with future quantum computers. However, fast logic gates lead to increased leakage errors in superconducting quantum processors based on qubits with low anharmonicity, such as transmons. To reduce leakage errors, we propose and experimentally demonstrate two new analytical methods, Fourier ansatz spectrum tuning derivative removal by adiabatic gate (FAST DRAG) and higher-derivative (HD) DRAG, both of which enable shaping single-qubit control pulses in the frequency domain to achieve stronger suppression of leakage transitions compared to previously demonstrated pulse shapes. Using the new methods to suppress the ef transition of a transmon qubit with an anharmonicity of −212 MHz, we implement RX(π/2) gates achieving a leakage error below 3.0×10−5 down to a gate duration of 6.25 ns without the need for iterative closed-loop optimization. The obtained leakage error represents a 20-fold reduction in leakage compared to a conventional cosine DRAG pulse. Employing the FAST DRAG method, we further achieve an error per gate of (1.56±0.07)×10−4 at a 7.9-ns gate duration, outperforming conventional pulse shapes both in terms of error and gate speed. Furthermore, we study error-amplifying measurements for the characterization of temporal microwave control-pulse distortions, and demonstrate that non-Markovian coherent errors caused by such distortions may be a significant source of error for sub-10-ns single-qubit gates unless corrected using predistortion. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Improved Rapid Algorithm for Continuous Shading Based on the Fully Analytical Polygon-based Method

Improved Rapid Algorithm for Continuous Shading Based on the Fully Analytical Polygon-based Method

Understanding Network Meta‐Analysis: A Practical Introduction for Nurses

ABSTRACTAimsThis paper examines network meta‐analysis (NMA) as a methodological advancement in nursing research and discusses considerations for interpreting and applying NMA results in clinical practice.Design and MethodsMethodological discussion.ResultsThe NMA method simultaneously evaluates multiple interventions by combining direct and indirect evidence. The publication of NMA articles in nursing journals has been increasing. However, interpreting NMA results can be complex and challenging. In this paper, we outline the prerequisites and assumptions of NMA, provide a graphical representation, discuss effect estimation and quality of evidence and give an overview of applying NMA results in clinical practice.ConclusionNMA is a valuable analytical approach in nursing research that can provide high‐level evidence to guide clinical decision‐making. Accurate interpretation of NMA findings is necessary to inform clinical practice. This paper serves as an introduction to NMA for nurses unfamiliar with the approach.Implications for the ProfessionNMA is a powerful statistical technique for assessing the relative effectiveness of different nursing interventions and informing evidence‐based nursing guidelines. When interpreting the results, nurses should consider the certainty of evidence and the practical value of the results and be cautious of misleading conclusions.ImpactNMA is a recent analytical method in nursing research. This practical introduction seeks to enhance comprehension of NMA and the interpretation and application of NMA findings in clinical practice. NMA is a robust statistical technique to assess the relative effectiveness of various nursing interventions.Reporting MethodIn the methodological discussion guide, no new data was generated. A hypothetical dataset was used.Patient or Public ContributionThis methodological paper contributes to understanding NMA and interpreting its results, integrating it into clinical practice, and improving patient outcomes.

Label-free ghost cytometry for manufacturing of cell therapy products

Automation and quality control (QC) are critical in manufacturing safe and effective cell and gene therapy products. However, current QC methods, reliant on molecular staining, pose difficulty in in-line testing and can increase manufacturing costs. Here we demonstrate the potential of using label-free ghost cytometry (LF-GC), a machine learning-driven, multidimensional, high-content, and high-throughput flow cytometry approach, in various stages of the cell therapy manufacturing processes. LF-GC accurately quantified cell count and viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and identified non-apoptotic live cells and early apoptotic/dead cells in PBMCs (ROC-AUC: area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.975), T cells and non-T cells in white blood cells (ROC-AUC = 0.969), activated T cells and quiescent T cells in PBMCs (ROC-AUC = 0.990), and particulate impurities in PBMCs (ROC-AUC ≧ 0.998). The results support that LF-GC is a non-destructive label-free cell analytical method that can be used to monitor cell numbers, assess viability, identify specific cell subsets or phenotypic states, and remove impurities during cell therapy manufacturing. Thus, LF-GC holds the potential to enable full automation in the manufacturing of cell therapy products with reduced cost and increased efficiency.

Exploring Chinese enterprise innovation ecosystem health: a dynamic evaluation method

PurposeThis study identifies a methodology to explore the issues of enterprise innovation ecosystem health (EIEH).Design/methodology/approachFirst, this study constructs the indicator system of EIEH based on the research objective; second, the dynamic vertical projection method (DVPM) and entropy weight method are proposed to analyze the status and influencing factors of EIEH; finally, the future development of EIEH is analyzed using GM (1,1).FindingsIn terms of methodology, the DVPM can effectively analyze EIEH, which can not only analyze the development status and potential of EIEH every year but also analyze the comprehensive state of EIEH for many years. In terms of practice, the value and grade of EIEH in China have been gradually increasing from 2016 to 2020, but the overall development is unbalanced, and five key factors affecting EIEH have been identified. The EIEH in China is predicted to steadily grow from 2021 to 2025.Originality/valueThe analytical method employed in this study can effectively analyze EIEH, which provides a new analytical perspective for the evaluation of EIEH and enriches the research content of the enterprise innovation ecosystem (EIE). By analyzing the results, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of the state of different EIEs, enabling each EIE to design tailored remedial measures to enhance EIEH and achieve sustainable development.

Comparative Studies of Some Biochemical and Toxicological Investigations of Chromolaena odorata and Ipomoea involucrata from Lagos Suburb in Nigeria

The search for plants and plants products of medicinal potentials cannot be underestimated. Hence this study sought to investigate some parameters of medicinal importance.The phytochemical constituents, proximate and mineral composition, anti-nutrient contents, and acute toxicity of Chromolaena odorata and Ipomoea involucrata were analyzed using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of reducing sugars, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids in both plants. Notably, Ipomoea involucrate exhibited higher saponin levels, suggesting potential unique medicinal properties. Proximate and mineral composition analysis indicated that both plants have low moisture content, which helps in preserving the active compounds by minimizing chemical degradation. Additionally, the plants were found to be rich in crude fiber, protein, and nutritionally valuable elements. Anti-nutrient assessments showed that Chromolaena odorata had the lowest cyanide (5.45mg/100 g) and phytate (0.23mg/100 g) levels, while Ipomoea involucrate had the lowest oxalate content (0.40 mg/100 g). Furthermore, no mortality was observed in tested animals following oral treatment with 2000 mg/kg body weight, indicating a high margin of safety. This study highlights that both Chromolaena odorata and Ipomoea involucrate possess beneficial phytochemical and nutritional profiles. The low moisture content in these plants contributes to the stability of their active compounds, enhancing their potential medicinal value. Ipomoea involucrata stands out for its higher saponin content, which may offer distinctive therapeutic benefits. The minimal presence of anti-nutrients andless lethal effectsfurther support their safety and efficacy as medicinal plants. The findings in this study however underscore the therapeutic potential of these plants and their suitability for use in drug development and their application in therapeutic products.

Ivermectin-based products in the context of green pharmaceutical analysis

Abstract Background Ivermectin (IVE), a broad-spectrum antiparasitic, is used in human and animal health. Analytical methods for evaluating IVE in pharmaceutical products are found in the literature and in official compendiums. However, the vast majority of them do not have an eco-friendly approach. Objective and Method The aim of this review is to present an overview of existing analytical methods for evaluating IVE in pharmaceutical matrices in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and show possibilities for increasing their greenness. Results GAC is a current alternative to promote sustainable development in laboratories and chemical-pharmaceutical industries, therefore, through its principles, such as reducing the use of aggressive solvents, it is possible to make processes more ecological. However, the vast majority of analytical methods available in the literature and official compendiums do not present an eco-friendly approach. 70% of the methods are by HPLC. Among the various pharmaceutical matrices, the most evaluated are tablets (37%). Of all the solvents used in HPLC, UPLC, HPLC-MS/MS, UV and TLC methods, the combination of methanol and acetonitrile is the most chosen, accounting for more than 50% of occurrences. Conclusions Analytical methods for evaluating IVE-based products can be leveraged within the scope of GAC, bringing sustainable work opportunities to analytical development laboratories around the world. Highlights This review shows an overview of the analytical methods present in the literature and official compendiums to evaluate pharmaceutical IVE matrices, in the context of green analytical chemistry.

Development, Validation, and Greenness Assessment of HPLC and ATR-FTIR for Mangiferin Quantitative Analysis in Raw Material

Due to the benefits of mangiferin, including antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it is a natural raw material used in botanical health and cosmetic products. This research aims to develop and validate analytical methods for the quantification of mangiferin in raw material, isolated from Mangifera indica L. leaves, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The greenness assessment of both analytical methods was performed. The results indicated that both methods were validated in terms of specificity, linearity, range, detection limit, quantitation limit, accuracy, and precision. The ranges of mangiferin used in HPLC and ATR-FTIR were 30 to 360 µg/mL and 5.00 to 27.27% w/w, respectively. The mangiferin content in five batches, analyzed by using the validated HPLC and ATR-FTIR, ranged from 88.35 to 109.4% w/w and 90.7 to 111.8% w/w, respectively. Statistical analysis using a paired t-test revealed no significant difference in the mangiferin quantity between the two techniques at a 95% confidence level. The greenness scores of the HPLC and ATR-FTIR determined according to AGREE metric were 0.49 and 0.81, respectively. Both methods can be applied to quantify mangiferin content and control the quality of mangiferin raw material. Additionally, the validated ATR-FTIR, which proposed excellent environmental friendliness, was suggested as an alternative analytical method for routine assay of mangiferin raw material.

Survey effort and targeted landbird community metrics at Indiana lowland forest restoration sites.

Many sampling and analytical methods can estimate the abundance, distributions, and diversity of birds and other wildlife. However, challenges with sample size and analytical capacity can make these methods difficult to implement for resource-limited monitoring programs. To apprise efficient and attainable sampling designs for landbird monitoring programs with limited observational data, we used breeding season bird point survey data collected in 2016 at four forest restoration sites in Indiana, USA. We evaluated three subsets of observed species richness, total possibly breeding landbirds, Partners in Flight Regional Conservation Concern (PIF RCC) landbirds, and interior forest specialists (IFSs). Simulated surveys based on field data were used to conduct Bayesian Michaelis-Menten curve analyses estimating observed species as a function of sampling effort. On comparing simulated survey sets with multiple habitat types versus those with one habitat, we found that those with multiple habitat types had estimated 39%-83% greater observed PIF RCC species richness and required 41%-55% fewer visits per point to observe an equivalent proportion of PIF RCC species. Even with multiple habitats in a survey set, the number of visits per point required to detect 50% of observable species was 30% higher for PIF RCC species than for total breeding landbird species. Low detection rates of IFS species at two field sites made precise estimation of required effort to observe these species difficult. However, qualitatively, we found that only sites containing mature forest fragments had detections of several bird species designated as high-confidence IFS species. Our results suggest that deriving specialized species diversity metrics from point survey data can add value when interpreting those data. Additionally, designing studies to collect these metrics may require explicitly planning to visit multiple habitat types at a monitoring site and increasing the number of visits per survey point. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-15. © 2024 The Author(s). Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.